Related Fear Research Articles

Expectations and emotions concerning infant transitions to ECEC: international dialogues with parents and teachers

ABSTRACTAlthough a large body of literature recognises the impact of parent-teacher relationships on infant everyday experiences, less is known about the emotional experience and associated expectations of the adults themselves during earliest transitions. In the context of a multi-site international investigation across five countries – Brazil, Finland, Scotland, New Zealand, and the United States – the present paper examines teacher and parent interviews to reveal expectations prior to and after the transition to ECEC, highlighting the associated emotions that arise during this process. Irrespective of whether expectations are met, parents universally express insecurities and fears in relation to the transition. Parents are aware of the impact that the various aspects of the ECEC setting have on their child, and acknowledge difficulty in relinquishing control of the care of their child. Despite these concerns, parents consistently articulate their strong trust in the institution and the professional expertise of the staff. Correspondingly, teachers are keenly aware of the importance of their role in supporting families, and hold certain expectations for how the transition experience will play out accordingly. Regardless of country of context, the study shows that clear communication surrounding both centre and parental expectations establishes high levels of trust and ameliorates anxiety. Teacher-parent dialogues concerning routines, preferences, and anticipations are seen as pivotal in supporting a positive transition for all.

Violence as a symptom: The case of Colombia

With a view to developing certain arguments put forward in previous works, my intention in this article is to approach the persistence of violence in Colombia as if it were a symptom. By symptom, I mean a traumatic impossibility, an enduring rupture that resists symbolization, at the intersection of the social and the symbolic. Examples of this symptomatology include the implacable antagonisms between rural supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties during the period known as La Violencia; between paramilitaries and guerrilla groups, which was a constant for more than 30 years; and, more recently, between those on either side of today’s clashes over the peace process that was finally agreed with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) in 2016. In each of these three cases, there appears to be an impossible dynamic between two binary terms, each preventing the other from realizing its self-identity. In contrast to my previous work, where I examined the notion of the symptom from a Lacanian perspective, in this article, I will explore it through a series of metaphors or tropes that have been in common usage in Colombia at different times, understanding them as survivors of past events, carrying memory into the present. These tropes bear a heavy symbolic weight, as they serve to encapsulate and articulate emotions, anxieties, and fears in relation to antagonistic groups or political enemies. Although they belong to different periods in history, and as such their meanings are distinct, what they share is a capacity to crystallize the content of a conceptualization of a hated and feared other that must be eliminated. It is in this respect that they can be described as symptoms of a hatred for which the only outlet is violence.

Testing the birth attitude profile scale in a Swedish sample of women with fear of birth

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the “Birth Attitude Profile Scale (BAPS)” in a selected sample of women with fear of birth. Another aim was to develop profiles of women according to their birth attitudes and levels of childbirth fear in relation to background characteristics. Methods A secondary analysis of data collected in two different samples of women with fear of birth. Data were collected by a questionnaire in gestational week 36 and background data from mid-pregnancy. A principal component analysis and a cluster analysis were performed of the combined sample of 195 women. Results The principal component analysis revealed four domains of the BAPS: “personal impact, birth as a natural event, freedom of choice and safety concerns”. When adding the fear of birth scale, two clusters were identified: one with strong attitudes and lower fear, labeled “self-determiners”; and one with no strong attitudes but high levels of fear, labeled “fearful.” Women in the “Fearful” cluster more often reported previous and current mental health problems, which were the main difference between the clusters. Conclusion The BAPS instrument seems to be useful in identifying birth attitudes in women with fear of birth and could be a basis for discussions and birth planning during pregnancy. Mental health problems were the main difference in cluster membership; therefore, it is important to ask women with fear of childbirth about physical, mental and social aspects of health. In addition, a qualitative approach using techniques such as focus groups or interviews is needed to explore how women come to form their attitudes and beliefs about birth.

On Freedom: The Environment of Freedom

The following research nurtures an environment of freedom in our contemporary society. Climate change demands attention to intergenerational equity – the fairness to provide an as favorable standard of living to future generations as we enjoy today. The currently ongoing introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics and big data into our contemporary society causes a market transformation that heightens the need for ethics in the wake of an unprecedented outsourcing decision making to machines. Discrimination of excellence occurs when focusing away from merit can pushes excellent outperformers down when relative underperformers fear not being able to keep up with outperformance and discriminate excellence. All mentioned areas appear to hold novel and unprecedentedly-described freedom challenges in our contemporary world. In an homage to freedom, the following paper first lays open these freedom-threatened areas in order to then provide strategies to alleviate these potential freedom deficiencies but also set new freedom potential free.

Korea in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Korea in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Management of Cauda Equina Syndrome: NHS Staff Perceptions in a DGH

Objective: Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a challenging condition to diagnose due to such variability in clinical features and poor correlation with MRI findings. It requires surgery within hours to avoid damage to the bowel, bladder, sexual organs and lower limbs. There are empirical studies exploring patients’ perspectives of having CES, however, there is no literature to review NHS staff perceptions of managing this neurosurgical emergency. The aim is to explore perceptions of senior clinical staff who commonly manage patients with suspected CES in secondary care within the Emergency Department (ED) and Trauma and Orthopaedics (T&O) to improve the management of CES. The main objective is to identify barriers to successful management and possible solutions to improve care. Methods: A self-administered non-validated questionnaire was designed to identify barriers experienced and potential solutions. In addition, a Nominal Group Technique (NGT) was used to gain a greater insight. The qualitative data obtained was analysed by thematic analysis. Results: The questionnaire generated a 73% response rate. Six senior clinicians attended the NGT with representation from the three clinical specialities; ED, T&O and Advanced Physiotherapy Practitioner (APP). The challenges and potential solutions were categorised into themes and subthemes. The barriers highlighted included; staff confidence in clinical diagnosis; fear of litigation and inter-professional relations; patient psychosocial factors, expectations and comorbidities; lack of agreed local pathway. The solutions raised include; staff training; standardising local/national pathway; access to daily Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) slots. Conclusion: Patient safety and accurate diagnosis of CES is at the forefront of decision-making despite organisation barriers and limitations of existing pathways. A shift away from admission to expedite an urgent MRI requires a change to traditional clinical practice and expectations. In times of rising pressures and financial constraints, collaborative working is essential to implement and sustain the required changes highlighted in this study.

Assessment of Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases in Europe: Results from the REUMAVID Study (Phase 1)

Background: The aim is to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs).Methods: REUMAVID is a web-based survey developed by an international multidisciplinary patient-led collaboration across seven European countries targeting unselected adult patients with RMD. Questions pertained to access to healthcare, daily activities and quality of life, disease activity and function, wellbeing (WHO-5), general health status, mental health (HADS), access to information, as well as COVID-19 related hopes and fears. Data were collected at two time points, coinciding with the first and second wave of the pandemic. Here, we present the data collected during the first wave (April-July 2020). Findings: The survey included 1,800 patients with 15 different RMDs (37.2% axial spondyloarthritis, 29·2% rheumatoid arthritis, 17·2% osteoarthritis, and others), a mean age of 52, 80% were female, and 49% who had undertaken university studies. During the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, 58·4% had their rheumatologist appointment cancelled and 15·8% reported changes to their medication. Regarding habits, 24·6% increased smoking, 18·2% raised their alcohol consumption, and 45.6% were unable to continue exercising. Health status was reported as “fair to very bad” in 63·9%, with 57·3% and 45·9% being at risk of anxiety and depression, respectively. The main source of information on COVID-19 and RMDs were patient organisations (27·6%), with 45·6% reporting not having received any information.Interpretation. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, RMD patients have experienced disruption in access to healthcare services, limited access to credible information, poor lifestyle habits, and negative effects on their overall health, mental health, and wellbeing.Funding: This study was supported by Novartis Pharma AG.Declaration of Interests: HM-O is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (LBRC). The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the (UK) National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR, or the (UK) Department of Health. HM-O reports grant/research support from: Janssen and Novartis, consultant for: AbbVie, Celgene, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, speakers’ bureau: AbbVie, Biogen, Celgene, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda and UCB. LC is an employee of Novartis Pharma AG CJ has received grant funding from Abbvie, Amgen, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi & UCB DW has received grant funding from AbbVie, Biogen, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis and UCB. SI, has received funding from the Coronavirus Community Support Fund, distributed by The National Lottery Community Fund. SM reports unrelated honoraria from Novartis, GSK and Bayer. EFM has received support for specific activities: grants and non-financial from Pfizer, grants from Lilly Portugal, Sanofi, AbbVie, Novartis, Grünenthal S.A., MSD, Celgene, Medac, Janssen-Cilag, Pharmakern, GAfPA, and non-financial support from Grünenthal GmbH. VN-C reports honoraria/research support from: Abbvie, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB.Ethics Approval Statement: REUMAVID was first approved by the ethical committee of University Hospital La Paz under the code PI-4121, and was subsequently approved in all other participating countries as legally required. Prior to participating in the survey, participants gave informed consent.

Role of telerehabilitation in musculoskeletal conditions during COVID-19 pandemic

Sir, The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented challenges and dilemmas for physiotherapists in relation to physical exercise procedures, continuation of education, and research around the world. The global coronavirus is reminding us the importance of telehealth to deliver rehabilitation services. Implementing telehealth proactively rather than reactively is more likely to generate greater benefits in the long term and help with the everyday (and emergency) challenges in health care.[1] Several states in India have adopted safety and social distancing measures to prevent infection and to further minimize the risk of community transmission through manual contact. Telerehabilitation [Figure 1] is the common term utilized by the physiotherapist internationally for telehealth applications. Telephysiotherapy is the technology used for virtual visit consultations and protocols, which makes use of information and communication to facilitate rehabilitation of patients who are confined in their homes. It is an ultimate tool to provide high-quality personalized musculoskeletal physiotherapy practice in the society and an effective way to reduce crowding of patients and accompanying persons in clinics/hospitals at this crucial time of COVID pandemic.Figure 1: Telerehabilitation at workDespite the significant benefits, a number of challenges in the implementation of telephysiotherapy have been identified in developing countries like India such as underdeveloped infrastructure (poor energy and inadequate power supply, network issues, and shortage of multimedia devices), lack of comprehensive training for professionals, ethical issues (professional licensing, liability and malpractice, privacy, confidentiality, culture, environmental stigma, abuse, and quackery), and financial implications (affordability of mobile phones and reimbursement of rendered services). Complex optical image, sensor-based technologies, and virtual reality-based telerehabilitation systems have eroded these barriers in the last decade in developed countries.[2] Knee osteoarthritis causes musculoskeletal pain and disability affects up to one-third of people aged over 60 years. High-quality evidence has suggested that therapeutic exercise to strengthen muscles can significantly reduce pain and improve physical function and the quality of life (Qol). A health-related survey (36-item short questionnaire) to assess Qol recommends physical, psychological, and social domains of health. It refers to cognitive factors including coping, self-efficacy, somatization, pain catastrophizing, and helplessness and behavioral factors include kinesiophobia (pain related fear of movement) and pain-related fear avoidance.[3] Moderate quality of intervention and positive impact on health outcomes and satisfaction noted in musculoskeletal conditions in a systematic review of telehealth video conferencing physiotherapy.[4] University of Queensland (Australia) and the University of Sherbrooke (Canada) practiced physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy under the supervision of clinical educators at their state art of telerehabilitation clinial. Theory and practical aspects were introduced via teleheath online learning modules for the academic purpose to develop unique skill through hands-on practicum, in which students and clinical educators worked through clinical cases.[5] PhysioDirect, a united kingdom-based telephone-delivered physiotherapy service, has proven equally effective as usual treatment for people with musculoskeletal conditions. Telephysiotherapy is more accessible and affordable and does not require access to a computer or Internet and does not even require skills needed to operate high tech gadgets. It may therefore mitigate the clinical, economical, and social burden in the society and in some ways revolutionize the practice of physiotherapy in future.[6] Physiotherapists have proven their resilience and professional dedication to stand firm with other health-care professionals as a frontline rehabilitative team. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Grau de conhecimento das gestantes do serviço público sobre parto humanizado

Introdução: A conscientização das gestantes é fundamental para experiências positivas de parto. Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de conhecimento das gestantes em dois serviços públicos sobre parto humanizado. Caracterizar epidemiologicamente a população estudada. Métodos: Estudo descritivo realizado entre julho e agosto de 2017. Amostra com 297 gestantes foram selecionadas 200 após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão. Utilizados testes estatísticos de associações de variáveis (Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher). Resultados: A média de idade das gestantes foi 26,6 anos. A maioria era procedente do interior do estado (72,5%), com renda até um salário mínimo (90,5%), e com mais de oito anos de estudo (62,5%). 71% iniciaram pré-natal até o primeiro trimestre e o pré-natal foi conduzido por médico em 72% dos casos. 71% preferiam parto normal e 44% tinha medo de cesárea. Profissional pré-natalista não ofereceu informações para 66,5%. 30,5% conhecia parto humanizado, destas 83,6% apresentaram conceito adequado. Houve associação entre conhecimento sobre parto humanizado e procedência (Aracaju) (p=0,03), maior renda (p=0,02), menor ocorrência de aborto (p=0,04), médico pré-natalista (p=0,04) preferência pelo parto vaginal (p=0,04). Dentre as que não conheciam o parto humanizado houve associação de respostas corretas com a maior renda (p=0,03) e anos estudados (p=0,02) e médico pré-natalista (p=0,01) Conclusão: A maioria desconhecia o parto humanizado, era procedente do interior com menor renda, preferência por parto normal, sem informações quanto aos tipos de parto pelo profissional executante (na maioria médicos), quem conhecia adequadamente. Conceitos adequados sobre parto humanizado mesmo na ausência de informação prévia associaram-se às variáveis sócioeconômico e pré-natal.

Ketaatan Muslim Indonesia terhadap Penetapan Hari Raya antara Itsbat Pemerintah dan Ikhbar Ormas Islam

The issue of “hisab rukyat” in terms of determining the beginning of the Islamic month often makes a difference. Government efforts through itsbat trial basically are based on efforts to achieve uniformity, benefit and unity of Indonesian Muslims. But in the level of reality, it turns out that each party (read; religio social organizations) issued its own decision. Religion has an influence as a motivation in encouraging individuals to carry out an activity, because actions carried out against the background of religious beliefs are considered to have an element of purity and obedience. This connection will influence someone to do something. Then came the Islamic groups who wanted to compromise with the government and Islamic groups who continued to fight outside the system with the wider community. Regulations are less effective if the degree of compliance only revolves around compliance (obeying for fear of being sanctioned) or identification (obeying only because of fear of good relations with someone being damaged). Conversely, if the degree of compliance reaches internalization (obedience to a rule because he truly feels that the rule is material and his spirit is in accordance with the intrinsic values ??adopted), it means the quality of the effectiveness of the regulation is very high, so the system runs according to the rules existing without stressing the strict control function. Of the three motives of obedience it is very likely to be the basis for consideration of the Muslim community in Indonesia to prefer to compromise with the government or mass organizations in terms of the determination of the holiday.

Effects of "Dirty" Information on Disgust Responding to an Unknown Animal in Children: The Moderating Role of Maternal Disgust Proneness

Although research has shown that disgust facilitates avoidance of small animals among adults, much less is known about disgust appraisals of small animals in children as well as the predictors of such appraisals. To address this gap, children (ages 5–13) were exposed to dirt-related and cleanliness-related information about unknown animals. The extent to which these types of information influenced children's feelings of fear, disgust, positivity, and avoidance behavior in relation to the animals was examined. The present study then examined the extent to which child and maternal disgust proneness predicted feelings of disgust to the ‘dirty’ animal. The findings show that providing dirt-related information resulted in a significant increase in disgust, but not fear, responding to the animal. Dirt-related information also resulted in a significant decrease in positive feelings toward the animal. Conversely, providing cleanliness-related information resulted in a significant decrease in disgust, but not fear, responding to the animal. In addition, providing cleanliness-related information resulted in a significant increase in positive feelings toward the animal. Children also engage in more avoidance of the animal described as dirty compared to the animal described as clean. In addition, subsequent analysis revealed an interaction between child and maternal disgust propensity in predicting learned disgust to the dirty animal such that the highest levels of feelings of disgust to the dirty animal were observed among children with high disgust proneness who also have mothers with high disgust proneness. The implications of these findings for conceptualizing the role of disgust in animal phobias among youth will be discussed.

PDB96 THE IMPACT OF ADJUNCT DAPAGLIFLOZIN ON TREATMENT SATISFACTION IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

The Dapagliflozin Evaluation in Patients With Inadequately Controlled Type 1 Diabetes (DEPICT) clinical trial programme, showed that for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) inadequately controlled by insulin alone, adjunct dapagliflozin (10mg or 5mg) reduced body weight and improved glycaemic control, without increased risk of hypoglycaemia versus placebo. Incidence and related fear of hypoglycaemia and weight gain are among factors that influence patient-reported outcomes, such as quality of life and treatment satisfaction. This study aimed to assess the impact of dapagliflozin on patient-reported treatment satisfaction in DEPICT. Patient treatment satisfaction was measured via the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) total score. All patients from DEPICT (consisting of the DEPICT-1 and DEPICT-2 trials) with complete DTSQ measurements were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The proportion of patients achieving a 3-point improvement in DTSQ total score from baseline was evaluated at week 24 and week 52. Statistical significance of differences in observed proportions between study arms was assessed using a Z-test of proportions. A higher proportion of patients treated with dapagliflozin achieved at least a 3-point increase in DTSQ total score compared to placebo over 24 weeks (dapagliflozin 10mg: 37%; dapagliflozin 5mg; 39%, placebo: 28%) and 52 weeks (dapagliflozin 10mg: 43%; dapagliflozin 5mg: 37%; placebo: 32%). At both doses, statistically significant differences were observed between dapagliflozin and placebo at 24 weeks (10mg: p=0.002; 5mg: p<0.001). At 52 weeks a significant difference was observed between dapagliflozin 10mg and placebo (p=0.001), but the difference between dapagliflozin 5mg and placebo was not statistically significant. The results of this study demonstrated that treatment with dapagliflozin was associated with an improvement in treatment satisfaction compared to placebo. Together with improvements in glycaemic control, weight and incidence of hypoglycaemia, improvements in patient-reported outcomes support the role of dapagliflozin in T1DM management.

Use of vein-viewing device to assist intravenous cannulation decreases the time and number of attempts for successful cannulation in pediatric patients.

Every child who contacts a healthcare setting has a potential for intravenous cannulation (IV) procedure and related pain, fear, and distress. Many of the healthcare professionals recognize that there is a lack of intervention to prevent multiple cannulation attempts and to reduce pain and distress inflicted to children during IV cannulation. A quasi‐experimental study was undertaken in pediatric patients to study the effect of a vein‐viewing device (VTorch) on IV cannulation procedure. The number of cannulation attempts and time taken for successful cannulation were assessed with the use of this device (experimental group, n = 159) and compared it with the standard procedure (control group, n = 159). The effect of this device in cannulation associated pain, fear, and behavioral distress were also evaluated among these children. Using Vein‐viewing device as an aid for IV cannulation significantly reduced the time taken for cannulation (P = .003) and the number of cannulation attempts (P = .03). In addition, there was a significant increase in the first‐attempt cannulation success rate with the use of this device (P = .04). The use of vein‐viewing device did not have any direct effect on cannulation associated pain, fear, or behavioral distress among the study participants. The results of this study may aid in improving the quality of intravenous access procedure in pediatric patients.

Barriers to Cancer Pain Management Among Nurses in Kenya: A Focused Ethnography

BackgroundUp to 80% of cancer patients in Kenya suffer from untreated moderate to severe pain. AimThis study explored barriers to cancer pain management among nurses caring for oncology patients in Kenya. This was part of a larger study whose primary objective was to understand the role of nursing subculture on cancer pain management. DesignA focused ethnographic was used in this study. SettingsAn oncology private unit in large referral hospital in Kenya. ParticipantsTwenty-five (n = 25) nurses participated in this study. MethodsSemi- structured interviews and observations were used to collect data. Nurses were recruited through purposive, snowball sampling strategy. Content analysis led to identification of key barriers to optimal cancer pain management. ResultsOrganizational, cognitive, professional and patient/family related barriers to cancer pain management were noted. Specifically, barriers such as lack of accessibility to pain management guidelines and training, professional collaboration, restrictive dispensing guidelines, and opioid related fears were identified. ConclusionsInterventions should streamline palliative care training and implementation of pain management guidelines in both units. Interventions should consider the influence of different subcultures while implementing pain management policies and training.

Placebo analgesia induced by verbal suggestion in the context of experimentally induced fear and anxiety.

The role of state anxiety and state fear in placebo effects is still to be determined. We aimed to investigate the effect of fear of movement-related pain (FMRP) and contextual pain related anxiety (CPRA) on the magnitude of placebo analgesia induced by verbal suggestion. Fifty-six female participants completed a modified voluntary joystick movement paradigm (VJMP) where half participated in a predictable pain condition (PC), in which one of the joystick movements is always followed by pain and the other movement is never followed by pain, and half in an unpredictable pain condition (UC), in which pain was delivered unpredictably. By varying the level of pain predictability, FMRP and CPRA were induced in PC and UC respectively. Colour stimuli were presented at the beginning of each trail. Half of the participants were verbally informed that the green or red colour indicated less painful stimuli (experimental groups), the other half did not receive any suggestion (control groups). We measured self-reported pain intensity, expectancy of pain intensity (PC only), pain related fear and anxiety (eyeblink startle response and self-ratings) and avoidance behaviour (movement-onset latency and duration). The results indicate that the placebo effect was successfully induced in both experimental conditions. In the PC, the placebo effect was predicted by expectancy. Despite the fact that FMRP and CPRA were successfully induced, no difference was found in the magnitude of the placebo effect between PC and UC. Concluding, we did not find a divergent effect of fear and anxiety on placebo analgesia.

Generic and psychological patient-reported deficits in those with chronic ankle instability: A cross sectional study

ObjectivesTo quantify differences in generic and psychological patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between those with CAI and uninjured controls. To determine associations between generic and psychological PROs, in those with CAI, to regional PROs and injury history characteristics. DesignCross-sectional, descriptive. SettingSport Medicine Research Laboratory. ParticipantsIncluded 45 individuals with CAI and 45 uninjured controls. CAI was defined based on the recommendations of the International Ankle Consortium. Main outcome measuresTwo regional PROs (e.g. Foot and Ankle Ability Measure), and several generic and psychological PROs (e.g. SF-36, select PROMIS short forms, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire). ResultsThose with CAI had worse scores, relative to controls, in PROs related to regional function, generic physical function, pain, ability to participate in social roles and activities, and injury related fear. The number of giving way episodes, CAI severity, and regional PROs associated with generic physical function scales as well as a pain scale. ConclusionsSelect generic physical function and psychological scales can detect differences between those with and without CAI. Specific injury history characteristics and regional PROs associate with generic and psychological PROs.

Future Hopes and Fears of Portuguese Emerging Adults in Macroeconomic Hard Times: The Role of Economic Strain and Family Functioning

Thinking about the future is paramount in emerging adulthood. The present study examines the role of economic strain during macroeconomic hard times and family functioning on emerging adults’ domain-specific future hopes and fears and their links with psychological well-being. Participating were 418 Portuguese emerging adults aged 18–30, mean ( M) = 22.4; standard deviation ( SD) = 2.8. Results from path analysis showed that greater economic strain was associated with a higher number of financial resources–related hopes and fears, positive levels of family functioning were associated with a higher number of work/career-related hopes and fears, and a higher number of property-related hopes were associated with a greater psychological well-being. Multigroup analyses indicated that these associations were moderated by living arrangements but not by participants’ sex, age, occupational status, and socioeconomic status. In sum, this study shed light on emerging adults’ lives during times of financial instability in Portugal.

Impact of Energy Technologies on Public Health

This paper discusses the issue of public health. Public health depends crucially on environmental conditions such as drinking water quality, air and food pollution level as well as on radiation environment, radiation doses received with air, water, food, and ionizing radiation. The paper shows that among various ways of energy harnessing, the use of natural gas and nuclear are the most effective and have minimal impact on public health, especially when compared with coal-fired energy. The paper hypothesises that coal energy is the main danger to public health as well as states that nuclear is the most environmentally effective type of energy and id associated with minimal adverse effect on public health. The paper argues that risk related fears are largely exaggerated and employs a risk-oriented approach to assessing advantages of nuclear and its safety for public health.

Parents' and primary caregivers' conceptualizations of fever in children: A systematic review of qualitative studies.

This study was a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. The aim was to explore parents' and primary caregivers' knowledge and conceptualizations of fever in children aged between 0 and 12 years. A systematic literature search of the Medline, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, BIREME, CUIDEN, ProQuest, and PsycINFO databases was undertaken for qualitative studies published in English or Spanish up to December 2018. Ten studies were included in the thematic synthesis. Parents' perceptions of their children's fever were classified according to three criteria: fever as a pathology, care for the febrile child, and the search for understandable and reliable information on this topic. Fever was perceived as being harmful to children's health and as a pathology that requires health care. Further studies are necessary to gather key information for improving health action plans and satisfaction with the care received. This information might help us to understand the management of fever and the related fears experienced by caregivers. These perceptions can be influenced by parents' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs on fever and their previous experiences.

Fear of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis as Social Contagion

ABSTRACT This article explores the spread of tuberculosis, the fear of infection as well as rejection and care across family ties and doctor-patient relationships based on a case study in Odisha, India. Social contagion is seen as the communication of the phenomenal in ways that reproduce perceptions, feelings or the faculty of will in another person, involving modifications of intensity, meaning and context. This paper discusses the impact of the social contagion of fear in relation to drug-resistant tuberculosis. It shows how such contagion can be stimulated by medical doctors and severely disrupt kinship ties with a serious negative impact on the course of treatment. The paper argues that in such cases, social contagion and biological infection become mutually reinforcing through a vicious cycle: the former may undermine necessary social support embedded in family relations, thereby allowing the latter to thrive and in turn cause more fear in the patient and her family.