Rejection Of Self Research Articles

Strategies for Self-Fulfillment of Ambitious Young People

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of self-fulfillment strategies in ambitious and unambitious young people. Ambition is understood by us as the desire of a person to become a significant person and to be recognized by other people for their achievements. Self- fulfillment is a person’s empowerment of himself, his personality, his value, this desire for high appreciation and self-esteem, and the behavior corresponding to this desire. Self- fulfillment can be implemented in one of three strategies – constructive, aggressive, or in the rejection of self- fulfillment. We assumed that there would be differences in the representation of self-fulfillment on strategies among ambitious and unambitious young people. The study involved 94 young people aged 18-22 years. The majority of young people consider themselves ambitious or rather ambitious people (70.21%). Less than a third of young people consider themselves to be unambitious or rather unambitious people (29.79%). In ambitious young people, two strategies of self- fulfillment were identified – constructive self-affirmation (60.60%) and rejection of self-affirmation (39.39%). Three strategies were identified among ambitious young people – refusal of self- fulfillment (42.86%), constructive self- fulfillment (42.86%) and aggressive self- fulfillment (14.28%). There were no statistically significant differences in the representation of constructive self- fulfillment and rejection of self- fulfillment in ambitious and unambitious young people. The only difference is that aggressive self- fulfillment is presented unambitious in unholy young people and is not present in ambitious young people.

Indicators of socio-psychological adaptation and emotional status of adolescents and adolescents

Te purpose of the study was to study the features of socio-psychological adaptation (SPA) and the emotional status of students of different ages. 60 students 17-20 years and 60 schoolchildren 12-16 years old were examined. Te parameters of the SPA, including its integral characteristics, were evaluated by the questionnaire of K. Rogers — R. Diamond. Indicators of emotional status (anxiety, depression) were assessed on a scale (HADS) (Zigmond AS, et Snaith R.P., 1983) and Covi Anxiety Scale. Еstablished that the structure of violations of SPA in adolescents includes a low degree of adaptability, acceptance of oneself, acceptance of others, emotional comfort and internal control; Low estimates of the integral characteristics: adaptation, self-acceptance, acceptance of others, emotional comfort and internality. Reflection of social and psychological disadaptation among students is moderately pronounced disadaptation, rejection of self, rejection of others, list, escapism; From integrated indicators — higher scales of scales adaptation, self-perception and aspiration to domination. Students are more likely to differ subclinically, less ofen — clinically expressed anxiety and or depression. Tere are differences in the frequency of occurrence and structure of violations of sociopsychological adaptation in persons of different age groups (students and adolescents). Emotional disorders are more common in students than in adolescents and are predominantly subclinical, less commonly with clinically expressed anxiety and / or depression.

Corrigendum

New PhytologistVolume 213, Issue 3 p. 1555-1555 CorrigendumFree Access Corrigendum This article corrects the following: Self/nonself perception and recognition mechanisms in plants: a comparison of self-incompatibility and innate immunity Natasha Sanabria, Daphne Goring, Thorsten Nürnberger, Ian Dubery, Volume 178Issue 3New Phytologist pages: 503-514 First Published online: March 13, 2008 First published: 09 December 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14365 Author for correspondence: Ian A. Dubery Tel: +27 11 559 2401 Email: [email protected] AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL New Phytologist 178 (2008), 503–514 Since the publication of Sanabria et al. (2008), it has been brought to our attention that a short section of text in this article replicates text that first appeared in an article authored by June Nasrallah (2015, p. 417). The sections in question are on p. 508 of Sanabria et al. and are replicated below, with quotation marks and correct attribution included. We apologize to our readers and to Professor Nasrallah for these errors. References Chookajorn T, Kachroo A, Ripoll DR, Clark AG, Nasrallah JB. 2004. Specificity determinants and diversification of the Brassica self-incompatibility pollen ligand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 911– 917. Dangl JL, Jones JDG. 2001. Plant pathogens and integrated defense responses to infection. Nature 411: 826– 833. Geitmann A, Franklin-Tong VE, Emons AC. 2004. The self-incompatibility response in Papaver rhoeas pollen causes early and striking alterations to organelles. Cell Death and Differentiation 11: 812– 822. Janeway CA, Medzhitov R. 2002. Innate immune recognition. Annual Review of Immunology 20: 197– 216. Jordan ND, Franklin FC, Franklin-Tong VE. 2000. Evidence for DNA fragmentation triggered in the self-incompatibility response in pollen of Papaver rhoeas. Plant Journal 23: 471– 479. Mishima M, Takayama S, Sasaki K, Lee J, Kojima C, Isogai A, Shirakawa M. 2003. Structure of the male determinant factor for Brassica self-incompatibility. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278: 36389– 36395. Nasrallah JB. 2005. Recognition and rejection of self in plant self-incompatibility: comparisons to animal histocompatibility. Trends in Immunology 26: 412– 418. Sanabria N, Goring D, Nürnberger T, Dubery I. 2008. Self/nonself perception and recognition mechanisms in plants: a comparison of self-incompatibility and innate immunity. New Phytologist 178: 503– 514. Thomas SG, Franklin-Tong VE. 2004. Self-incompatibility triggers programmed cell death in Papaver pollen. Nature 429: 305– 309. Corrected text section, p. 508 Parallels exist where plant SI and plant immunity have similar outcomes, such as the elimination of undesirable cells or organisms. Nasrallah (2005, p. 417) states: ‘both immunity and at least some SI systems (the crucifer and possibly the poppy systems) use highly variable receptors to recognize highly variable ligands. In addition, SI systems that have biodestructive activity towards pollen tubes use components that are also used in defense. For example, programmed cell death and other reactions triggered in the incompatible pollen tubes of poppy are also induced during the plant immune response’ (see also Jordan et al., 2000; Dangl & Jones, 2001; Geitmann et al., 2004; Thomas & Franklin-Tong, 2004). Nasrallah (2005, p. 417) notes that ‘Another example relates to the nature of SCR/SP11, the pollen determinant of SI specificity in crucifers. SCR/SP11 is similar in structure (Mishima et al., 2004; Chookajorn et al., 2003) although not in primary sequence, to defensins, the molecules of innate immunity that present a first line of defense to microbial challenge in plants and animals. … the similarity between the two classes of molecules suggests an evolutionary link, albeit a distant one, between crucifer SI and innate immunity.’ The most notable parallels, however, emerge from comparisons of the self-recognition loci and genes of plant SI with those that control self/nonself recognition in a variety of recognition systems, the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in particular (Janeway & Medzhitov, 2002). As outlined by Nasrallah (2005, p. 417) ‘in both plants and animals, and from immunity to reproduction, self/nonself discrimination systems have been molded by similar selective pressures for diversification and coevolution of recognition functions, and by a shared requirement to maintain the genetic linkage of coadapted gene complexes’. Volume213, Issue3February 2017Pages 1555-1555 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The Reject: Community, Politics, and Religion after the Subject by Irving Goh

Reviewed by: The Reject: Community, Politics, and Religion after the Subject by Irving Goh John Paul Ricco Irving Goh. The Reject: Community, Politics, and Religion after the Subject. Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press, 2015. There is no better indication of the failure of the practice of critical theory than the extent to which those who claim to be theorists remain attached to “the subject” and “subjectivity.” Regardless of the ways and the extent to which poststructuralism and deconstruction have fundamentally put into question its status, the subject remains incredibly resilient to critique; it is central to queer and affect theory, as well as to disability, gender, and race studies; and it is present in the work of the most revered and cited of contemporary thinkers. In The Reject, Irving Goh not only traces the persistent presence of the subject in the work of Badiou (“the faithful subject of the event”), Rancière (“the uncounted subject”), Balibar (“the citizen-subject”), Rosi Braidotti (“the critical post-human subject”), and Katherine Hayles (“the flickering post-human subject”), he also provides clear and reasonable arguments as to why this presence poses serious problems for their respective attempts to think community, democracy, religion, love, friendship, the post-secular, and the post-human in wholly new ways. More important, through his brilliant theoretical conceptualization of “the reject,” Goh offers one of the most rigorous and carefully articulated responses to the question “who comes after the subject.” Jean-Luc Nancy posed that question thirty years ago in a letter to fellow continental philosophers. Their responses were published two years later in the journal Topoi, and subsequently in Who Comes After the Subject? (1991). Over the past 25 years, I have been struck by how little known this book has become. Thus we owe Goh a debt of gratitude for returning us to this groundbreaking volume and the seismic critical theoretical question it inaugurated. Goh structures his discussion according to three distinct valences or “turns” of the reject, which can be defined as follows: “passive rejects” are those who are rejected (e.g. refugees, sex workers, black bodies, the indigenous, et al.); “active rejects” are those who reject others; and “auto-rejects” are those who ‘self-reject,’ by rejecting the a priori subjective autonomous and hypostatized self. While the first two rejects will be familiar to any reader, the originality of Goh’s argument—and hence the potential un-familiarity of its figure or image—lies in his conceptualization of the auto-reject. Not to be confused with any form of auto-critique, de-subjectivation or the nihilism of the abject, the auto-reject is predicated upon the a priori abandonment that is the originary force of existence. Singularities are born out of this abandonment of being to existence, thereby becoming the rejects that they are in relation to others. In its rejection of self, the auto-reject sustains this infinite abandonment, perhaps right up to the point at which neither the auto- nor the reject can be sustained. Without being immune to being a passive or active reject, according to Goh, the auto-reject breaks their dialectical cycle by “keeping in mind that there is always the possibility that one is a reject in the eyes of others” (8), and thus in doing so, at times “sidestep[s] to an adjacent space” as a way to abandon any asserted self-positioning and effectively ‘get over itself.’ However, lest this be confused with some liberal acquiescence toward the other, Goh further specifies that this “shift or sidestepping to an adjacent space further requires that the auto-reject respect the other’s desire to not fill the space left by the auto-reject.” Thus Goh has outlined what might be described as a non-imperative ethics, one that is without demand (or obligation, responsibility, mutuality), or even an ethics conceived as infinitely demanding. For one of his scenes, Goh turns to contemporary digital-network technologies and social media platforms in order to underline the extent to which the reject is the exact opposite of the subjective self or “selfie” produced by Instagram, Facebook, and the like. As he notes, the selfie subject as inward-solipsistic-me is the subject...

The Role of Self-Esteem in Suicides Among Young Men.

This study explores self-esteem in suicide among young males with no earlier history of suicide attempt(s) or treatment in mental health services. The data come from an ongoing psychological autopsy study; 10 cases of young men aged 18 to 30, were selected to generate a phenomenologically based understanding of the psychological mechanisms and processes involved in the suicidal process. The analyses are based on in-depth interviews with 61 closely connected individuals, as well as suicide notes. We used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. For these young men, the transition to young adulthood, a period of major life challenges, seemed to be associated with personal defeats. According to their significant others, the deceased seemed to have experienced intolerable discrepancies between their actual performances and their ideal self standards. Four themes emerged from the analysis: (a) striving to find a viable path to life as an adult man; (b) experiencing a sense of failure according to own standards; (c) emotional self-restriction in relationships; and (d) strong feelings of loneliness and rejection of self. Improved understanding of suicides outside the mental illness paradigm may have important implications for preventive strategies.

Disability and Poverty: Stories that Resist Attitudinal Barriers to Inclusion

This ongoing project is about listening: listening to stories of impoverished disabled peoples' lived experiences of exclusion. The project embraces Emancipatory Disability Research (EDR) principles and is grounded in a human rights framework. The project objective is to understand how attitudinal barriers such as stigma and discrimination impact the (lack of) social inclusion in Canada. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight individuals who live with various conditions such as poverty, bi-polar disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, diverse mobility needs, intellectual diversity, Asperger’s syndrome, etc. Stories were audio-recorded and transcribed. Qualitative thematic and content analysis incorporated all story content; derived results include key emergent themes. Results to date indicate that social inclusion is currently linked to the obstruction of individual ability (inability) to scale attitudinal barriers or ‘walls’ to full participation in Canadian society. Research participants (co-researchers) lived experiences of exclusion encapsulate stigmatization and oppression from others as well as rejection of self. This ongoing project has begun to highlight the dire need to question normative understandings of social inclusion and how those understandings of citizenship violate human relationships in Canada.

Rejection of Self or Others? Majority–Minority Status Moderates Responses to Strongly Identified Members of the Out-group

The actor–partner interdependence model was used to examine how one's own ethnic identification—and one's interaction partners' ethnic identification—predicted reactions to mixed-group discussions. The 104 participants interacted in groups of four, with half from the ethnic majority (European Americans) and half from an ethnic minority (African-, Asian-, or Latino Americans) in each group. Analyses revealed that ethnic identification had generally positive relationships with one's own outcomes, including greater attraction to one's fellow in-group member. However, higher ethnic identification resulted in negative outcomes for one's cross-group interaction partners, with different patterns for majority and minority members. When interacting with highly-identified members of the out-group, minority members responded with lower self-esteem whereas majority members responded with lower group attraction.

The King's Speech and The Fighter: A Review of Two Academy Award Selections

GROUP, Vol35, No.4,Winter 2011 Film Review The King's Speech and The Fighter: A Review of Two Academy Award Selections Reviewed by Bernard Frankel1 On thesurface, itmayseemthatthesetwofilms havelittle incommon, excepta widepublicreceptivity topaying box-office prices.One film is aboutthefuture KingGeorge VI,1930s vintage, afflicted bya stutter andperformance anxiety about anticipated broadcast speeches. Theother film isabouta washed-up professional boxerwhois attheendofhiscareer. The fighter andthekinghaveconsciously failed toliveuptotheir families expectations, while intheir performance, they have faithfully maintained their rolesas inadequate. Butpeopledontpaygoodmoney toseefailure as a repetitive theme. Moviebuffs maybe enamored ofbrilliant acting anddirection, butthepublic lovestoseethestruggle anddrama ofconquering obstacles andemerging victorious. Weallpartly haveanunderdog self, vicariously wishing vindication byresuscitatingourheroic ambitions intoactuality. Anyheroworth hisorhersaltundergoes a struggle toovercome internal andexternal demons. Briefly, hereisthestoryline ofTheKingsSpeech :World WarII isbrewing, and Edward, thefavored sonofthefather George V,hasabdicated for a divorced commoner , andourstutterer, Bertie, istobe crowned. Toprepare theCommonwealth for darkdaysahead,thekingmustmakea speechtobeworthy ofthethrone and assurethenationoffortitude andtrust. In thisemergency, thestutter isa symbol ofnationalshame.Bertie, theking, consults LionelLogueas a speechtherapist. Theirprocess ofinteraction istheheart ofthemovieandthetriumph ofhowtheir relationship becomesthecatalytic agentofgrowth through theprocessofcorrectiveattachment . 1 Correspondence should beaddressed toBernard Frankel, PhD, ABPP, BCD, LCSW, LFAGPA, P.O. Box 790, East Moriches, NY11940. E-mail: bfbc@optonline.net. ISSN 0362-4021©2011 Eastern Group Psychotherapy Society 353 354 FRANKEL TheplotofTheFighter isbasically thatofa comeback ofa professional boxer whoisneartheendofhisrope.Liketheinadequate soninTheKingsSpeech ,Irish Micky Wardlivesintheshadowofhisadoredolderbrother Dicky. Dicky, a crack addictandtrainer ofMicky, with thecollusion ofhismother, hasdeveloped a false identity as a winning warrior inhisprime. Everyone's familial needtohavea hero andlegend cripples Micky asthedestined loser. LikeBertie theking, Micky isrescued bya woman's love,thatofCharlene, whonurtures himawayfrom thedestructive aimsofmother andbrother. Mickyresumes hisboxing, nowindependent ofhis failure role, andsucceeds beyond hisbrother's fables ofhimself asa winner (whiner). Thecomeback kidtheme hasproduced Oscarsfor Rocky ;Million DollarBaby ; and as farbackas Jackie Cooperand TheChampwithWallaceBeery, circathe1930s. TheFightery however, isa truestory ofa working-class family inLowell, Massachusetts , andtheir aspirations toriseabovepoverty and"become a contender." Itwas often thedream ofa minority group toelevate thegroup bytheathletic feats ofone ofitsmembers. "Irish" Micky Ward, "Jewish" MaxBaer, "Tough" Tony Galento, and "TheBrown Bomber" Joe Lewisareonly a few ofthefighters whoseexploits elevated their ethnic group with pride. Ina similar manner, England andtheCommonwealth had Bertieand KingGeorgeVI fortherestoration ofhonorandcourage.In the shadowoftheabdication oftheDukeofWindsor andthedarkcloudsoffascism, Bertie hadtorepresent thebelief andheritage oftheBritish continuity ofculture andcustom, thatis,"there willalways be anEngland." BothBertie andMicky are tonics for restoration ofethnic andnational pride. Bothfilms affirm thestruggle to developandresist newattachments. Thisisquitevisible inBertie's initial rejection ofLionelLogueasthespeechtherapist. Breaking through thebarriers ofclassand status, anddemanding equalfooting, Lionelreaches Bertie. Assisted byloving and patient wives, bothmenengage eachother without pretense, andthey change. The relationship isthetransformative vehicle for them, whichembodies overcoming a speechdefect orrecovering physical skillsas a champion boxer. Therelationship epitomizes thebasichuman goodness andlovethat transcend power, prestige, status, andfame. Micky istorninhisloyalties bothtofamily andfailure. Charlene isthe catalyst whooffers a lovingandnurturing attachment. Shedirectly intervenes to helpeffect a separation between thetoxic elements intheDicky-Mom pairing and Micky. Theyarehardy andtough enough tosurvive these familial changes without needing theformer grandiosity andthefalsification ofreality. Although notadvertised as such,thesefilms illustrate theroleandpowerof siblings. Ineachfamily, siblings portray a top-dog, bottom-dog position that isultimately injurious toeachsibling. Theinjury limits eachtoa forced roletocontain natural emotions ofcompetition, anger, andaffection. Itprevents a trueequality and friendship basedon realelements rather thanmutually supported illusions. Bothfilmsalso illustrate theapplication ofsystems theory forchange.The symptom bornebyanindividual, Bertie's stutter andMicky's masochism, helpsto maintain family structure. Dicky's grandiosity andMom'sfavoritism hidethedrug Film Review: The Kings Speech andThe Fighter 355 addiction aswellasallthepunches Micky absorbs. Thestutter maintains Edward as thefavorite sonandthefathers rejection ofself, projected ontoBertie. Eachfamily structure isentered byanoutsider, LionelandCharlene. Thereisanambivalence aboutpermitting orprohibiting entry; however, with theslight complicity ofMicky andBertie andthetenacity oftheoutsider, thesymptom is no longer neededfor homeostatic balance. Again, though this sounds mechanistic, thedynamic ofchange rearranges oldpatterns byintroducing newattachments that become valued. Systems theory meets objectrelations during behavioral exercises. Theworking classmeets theruling classwithout a revolution. ...

Evolutionary Biology: The Origins of Two Sexes

Evidence is accumulating that in the green algae the evolution of female and male gametes differing in size--anisogamy--involves genes linked to the mating-type locus, as was predicted theoretically.

Me, myself and I

Flowering plants have diversified and conquered the land. To do so, they have evolved strategies to avoid incest and promote compatible outcrossing. Philip Hunter explores some of the latest research in this area and its application to agriculture and horticulture.

Investigating mechanisms involved in the self-incompatibility response in Papaver rhoeas.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants is controlled by recognition mechanisms involving the male gametophyte (the pollen) and the female sporophyte (the pistil). Self-incompatibility (SI) involves the recognition and rejection of self- or incompatible pollen by the pistil. In Papaver rhoeas, SI uses a Ca(2+)-based signalling cascade triggered by the S-protein, which is encoded by the stigmatic component of the S-locus. This results in the rapid inhibition of incompatible pollen tube growth. We have identified several targets of the SI signalling cascade, including protein kinases, the actin cytoskeleton and nuclear DNA. Here, we summarize progress made on currently funded projects in our laboratory investigating some of the components targeted by SI, comprising (i) the characterization of a pollen phosphoprotein (p26) that is rapidly phosphorylated upon an incompatible SI response; (ii) the identification and characterization of a pollen mitogen-activated protein kinase (p56), which exhibits enhanced activation during SI; (iii) characterizing components involved in the reorganization and depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton during the SI response; and (iv) investigating whether the SI response involves a programmed cell death signalling cascade.

The different mechanisms of gametophytic self-incompatibility.

Self-incompatibility (SI) involves the recognition and rejection of self or genetically identical pollen. Gametophytic SI is probably the most widespread of the SI systems and, so far, two completely different SI mechanisms, which appear to have evolved separately, have been identified. One mechanism is the RNase system, which is found in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae. The other is a complex system, so far found only in the Papaveraceae, which involves the triggering of signal transduction cascade(s) that result in rapid pollen tube inhibition and cell death. Here, we present an overview of what is currently known about the mechanisms involved in controlling pollen tube inhibition in these two systems.

Recognition and rejection of self in plant reproduction.

Plant self-incompatibility (SI) systems are unique among self/nonself recognition systems in being based on the recognition of self rather than nonself. SI in crucifer species is controlled by highly polymorphic and co-evolving genes linked in a complex. Self recognition is based on allele-specific interactions between stigma receptors and pollen ligands that result in the arrest of pollen tube development. Commonalities and differences between SI and other self/nonself discrimination systems are discussed.

The Word Within: Predicating the Presence of God in George Herbert's The Temple

The Word Within: Predicating the Presence of God in George Herbert's The Temple

ACCEPTING SELF, ACCEPTING OTHERS, AND RATING PEERS GENEROUSLY

Summary.-After participating more than 20 hr. in 58 small groups, 487 undergraduates rated own and each other's within-group behavior separately acceptance versus rejection of others and of self. Individuals' ratings by pooled group peers and self agreed substantially, although more strongly self-accepting than otheraccepting conduct. Despite moderate positive correlations between self-acceptance and acceptance of others, how favorably one rated one's group peers correlated appreciably, consistently, and positively only with acceptance of others, not with acceptance of self. Theorists such as Gibb (1964), Rogers (1951), and M. Rosenberg (1979) associated self-acceptance with high regard others, although empirical findings (J. Brown, 1986; Hurley, 1976b) have challenged this view. The present study explored this issue through round-robin ratings of interpersonal conduct in small, continuing groups. These ratings were on measures of interpersonal behavior's two principal dimensions, consistent with Conte and Plutchik's (1981) conclusion that for interpersonal personality data, however, any factors after the first two account very little of the total variance (p. 707). In accord with Adams (1964), Foa (1961), and Hurley (1976a), these dimensions were labeled acceptance versus rejection of self and acceptance versus rejection of others, although they have also been denoted status and love (R. Brown, 1965), dominance and affiliativeness (Wiggins, 1982), and so forth.

Novice Leaders' First Three Groups: Change and Consistency in Acceptance of Self and Others

Abstract In 95 small personal development groups for American undergraduates, all participants rated and were rated by their group leaders on measures of the two central dimensions of interpersonal behavior—acceptance versus rejection of self and others. Independent sets of group members rated 37 novice leaders or co-leaders relatively high on both scales; two subsequent groups rated them progressively higher, especially for acceptance of self. In contrast, these leaders rated the members of their successive groups progressively lower, particularly for acceptance of others. Because this mix of declining appraisals of others with rising self-acceptance moved leaders toward a less constructive interpersonal stance, these shifts invite further study. Despite such mixed trends and other complications, individual leaders' member-based ratings showed marked intragroup and moderate intergroup consistency. The latter finding is new evidence against Smith's (1980) depiction of small group leaders as “prisoners of ...

Leaders' behavior and group members' interpersonal gains

Early and late in 18 2-day solo-led psychodynamic groups for mental health professionals, 185 participants rated their own behavior and each other's on composite measures of Acceptance versus Rejection of Self (ARS) and of Others (ARO). Only on ARO were leaders consistently rated more favorably than members. Considered by group units, members' mean ratings of peers made modest but significant early-to-late advances on both measures. About two-thirds of all intergroup differences in members' net shifts were separately predictable from ratings of leaders by self and also by pooled group members each time. Groups' ARO shifts were best predicted by members' ratings of leaders toward Warm versus Cold. Leader self-ratings toward Accepts others versus Rejects others best predicted groups' ARS shifts. Featuring interpersonal behavior's two principal dimensions and bridging the common split between studies of group outcome versus group processes, these findings generally support Roger's (1959) theory of personality change.

The coopersmith self-esteem inventory: Analysis and partial validation of a modified adult form

Determined the factor structure of an adult form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), tested several hypotheses related to its content, and assessed the utility of the five derived scores for differentiating psychiatric outpatients from normals. The modified Self-Esteem Inventory and six other scales were completed by 200 local-government employees. A principal components analysis of correlations among 58 SEI items and two marker variables revealed five factors. The rotated dimensions were labelled (1) anxiety; (2) defensiveness; (3) negative social attitude; (4) rejection of self; and (5) inadequacy of self. Fifty psychiatric outpatients were compared with 100 normals with respect to the five derived factor scores. Tests of significance indicated that the two groups differed significantly on all measures except the defensiveness or lie scale factor. It is concluded that the Coopersmith Inventory is complex and measures several characteristics in addition to self-esteem.