Reinforcing Steel Bars Research Articles

Corrosion effects on bond strength in reinforced concrete with fly ash

Reinforcing steel bars provides additional strength and ductility to concrete by forming a strong bond with the concrete matrix. Corrosion of steel bars can significantly reduce the bonding effect between the steel bar and concrete, which can compromise the structural integrity and durability of reinforced concrete structures. An experimental investigation was performed to examine the influence of fly ash (FA) and corrosion on concrete–steel bond behavior. The accelerated corrosion method was employed to obtain the desired level of corrosion. The FA content, corrosion percentage, and presence of stirrups were considered significant factors influencing bond behavior. The bond–slip curves and bond toughness were used to discuss bond behaviors. The findings indicated that mild corrosion (below 2.5%) can enhance concrete–steel bond performance, and the addition of 20% FA leads to higher ultimate bond strength (τu ), significantly mitigating the decrease in bond strength caused by severe rebar corrosion. Also, this study analyzed the influence of stirrups on the bond strength of FA concrete and had a nearly insignificant effect compared to regular concrete. The results and discussions of the present study carry significant importance in the establishment of a bond–slip constitutive model under multifactor coupling conditions. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into the design of engineering structures.

Corrosion Protection of Embedded Steel Reinforcement Using Canarium Schweinfurthiia Exudate for Coastal Concrete Structures

This experimental study evaluated the effects of corrosion on the bond behavior and structural integrity of reinforced concrete. A total of 36 concrete cube specimens containing reinforcing steel bars were divided into control, uncoated, and Canarium schweinfurthiia exudate/resin coated groups and immersed in 5% NaCl solution for 360 days. Periodic tests were conducted to analyze corrosion levels, bond strength, steel bar properties, and failure loads. Results showed the control specimens exhibited little corrosion while uncoated bars experienced significant corrosion after exposure. In contrast, exudate/resin coated bars demonstrated a substantial reduction in corrosion, indicating the coating's inhibitory effects. Pull-out bond strength and maximum slip tests consistently revealed lower strengths and higher slips in corroded samples compared to controls. However, coated specimens maintained higher bond capacities and lower displacements, validating the coating's protective performance. Measurement of bar diameters, cross-sectional areas, and weights before and after corrosion highlighted the proportional losses associated with the corrosion process. Dimensions and masses of corroded reinforcements decreased by 2-7% on average from initial values. In comparison, controls showed minimal variations. Failure load analyses found controls withstood the highest loads, while corroded members exhibited reduced capacities. Overall, the study demonstrated corrosion negatively impacts the critical steel-concrete bond and undermines composite action essential for structural integrity. Exposure to NaCl solutions markedly increased corrosion and decomposition of unprotected bars. However, natural Canarium schweinfurthiia exudate/resin coatings were highly effective at mitigating corrosion effects by preserving bond strength, slip resistance, steel geometries and load capacities close to uncorroded levels. The findings validate protective coatings as a viable solution for durable reinforced concrete design in marine environments. Proper corrosion prevention through coatings or inhibitors can help ensure structures withstand service loads over their design life.

Analytical model for concrete crack width of steel lined reinforced concrete penstock

Cracking in steel lined reinforced concrete penstock (SLRCP) poses substantial challenges to both serviceability and safety, particularly when crack width exceeds specified limits. Despite its critical implications, accurately calculating crack width remains a persistent challenge. To address this issue, a multi-layer steel-concrete ring analytical model is derived through the concept of orthotropic and thick-walled cylinder theories. In this model, the cracked concrete is assumed to be an orthotropic material incorporating both elastic modulus reduction and tensile softening behavior based on its cracking characteristic of radial penetrating cracks uniformly distributed on the circumference. The steel liner and reinforcing steel bar are modeled as continuous steel rings using equivalent stress theory, while thick-walled cylinder theory is applied due to geometric features and bearing characteristics. Crack width is determined through equilibrium of force and compatibility of deformations at steel-concrete interfaces, utilizing these assumptions and the developed calculation model. To validate the proposed model, data from prototype observations and large-scale model tests of SLRCPs were systematically collected. The crack width results obtained from the proposed model exhibit strong agreement with the collected data, confirming its accuracy and reliability. In conclusion, the proposed analytical model provides an effective solution for calculating the crack width of SLRCP and offers valuable insights for durability evaluation.

Utilizing Electrochemical Techniques for Assessing the Probability of Concrete Resistivity and Corrosion Potential in Reinforced Concrete Structures

Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a major durability issue for reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments. Early assessment of corrosion probability is important for effective maintenance planning. This study investigates the application of non-destructive electrochemical methods like concrete resistivity and half-cell potential measurement, along with integrated assessment and advanced techniques, for evaluating corrosion risk in reinforced concrete. Concrete specimens with and without Albizia amara resin coating were subjected to accelerated corrosion testing. Concrete resistivity and half-cell potential values showed an inverse correlation, with lower resistivity indicating higher corrosion risk. Resistivity and potential results for the coated samples exhibited intermediate values compared to the control and corroded samples, demonstrating the resin's partial passivating effects. Rebar diameter measurements before and after exposure confirmed corrosion led to reductions in diameter and cross-sectional area, which coating mitigated. Statistical analysis validated the significant impacts of original bar diameter and corrosion level on subsequent geometry changes. Mechanical testing of reinforcing steel bars found the control samples had the highest strength and ductility, while the coated bars exhibited properties closer to the controls than the corroded bars. The protective capabilities of the bio-based Albizia amara resin coating were validated through multipoint monitoring of material durability parameters. Overall, results demonstrated the effectiveness of integrated electrochemical testing with non-destructive techniques for comprehensive condition assessment and corrosion risk evaluation in reinforced concrete structures

Experimental testing and predictive machine learning to determine the mechanical characteristics of corroded reinforcing steel

Chloride-induced deterioration of reinforcing steel bars has become a densely researched topic over the past several decades because of the severe ramifications to the structural reliability of aging infrastructure. The ever-growing volume of experimental and field data continually enables advances in the field through deeper micro-macro analyses and various modeling applications. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, an experimental program is introduced, describing the tensile testing of 284 artificially corroded, 25 mm diameter deformed Grade500E reinforcing bars. Secondly, the mechanical characteristics of corroded bars are predicted through a collection of regression-based machine learning algorithms. Models are trained and tested on a database of 1387 tensile tests compiled from 25 other experimental programs available in the literature. The complete database includes 19 input parameters used to predict nine key mechanical properties of the corroded steel bars. Nine machine learning models were selected from a balanced assortment of algorithm typologies to determine the most appropriate methodology for each response variable. The adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model was found to have the strongest individual predictive ability across all models. Meanwhile, ensemble tree-based learning algorithms categorically provided the most consistently high-performing models over the selected response variables.

REN-GAN: Generative adversarial network-driven rebar clutter elimination network in GPR image for tunnel defect identification

In ground penetrating radar (GPR) images, the signals from reinforcing steel bars (rebars) can significantly obscure the signals of void defects beneath them, which hinders defect detection in tunnel linings. This study introduces a novel, end-to-end unsupervised deep learning-based network that is trained on unpaired GPR images. The primary objective is to suppress the rebar signal and enhance the accuracy of void defect identification in recorded GPR B-Scan images. The network incorporates an autoencoder generator with feature attention and feature mix-up modules, designed to recover textural information and generate improved images devoid of rebar interference. Crucially, this network leverages a strategy of comparing images in feature space, rather than pixel space. The features extracted by the autoencoder are constrained by cycle perceptual consistency loss, derived from a pretrained VGG19 network, to ensure fidelity and perceptual accuracy. Furthermore, this study introduces an enhanced Faster-RCNN network, specifically improved through a more robust feature extraction module, for detecting void defects beneath rebars. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been thoroughly validated using both synthetic and real-world data sets. The results indicate that our method not only surpasses other unsupervised techniques in performance but also effectively diminishes rebar signals and accurately reconstructs and identify void defect signals.

Comparative analysis of the BFRP and steel reinforcement bars under fire conditions

The FRP reinforcement gained importance due to high tensile strength, high durability and ecological friendliness [1–7]. Its usefulness as the internal or Near Surface Mounted reinforcement in bent concrete elements has already been proven. Though, in terms of the compressive behaviour of the bars and concrete elements incorporating them, there are still few experimental and numerical considerations, especially when high temperatures are considered. This article contains further considerations on the performance of concrete columns with BFRP main reinforcement in fire resistance tests on the basis of previously presented authors’ numerical analyses. Comparative analysis in terms of temperatures, deformations and stresses of concrete columns with BFRP and steel main reinforcement in fire resistance tests is presented by the example of two columns, for which also experimental investigations were performed. Also, a comparative analysis of stress-strain relations for BFRP, steel and concrete at temperatures up to 600°C is presented. It can be concluded that BFRP bars’ properties are strongly different when compressive and tensile performance is considered, especially at elevated temperatures. Tensile strength was higher for BFRP than steel at room temperature, but along with temperature growth, it came the other way (at around 600°C). The compressive strength of the BFRP bars was higher than the value for concrete, but only for temperatures lower than 200°C.

Inelastic Cyclic Tests of Grade 80 (550 MPa) Bars with Mechanical Splices

This study addresses low-cycle fatigue performance of high-strength steel reinforcement bars (HSRB) when used with mechanical couplers due to the growing demand for higher-strength steel reinforcement bars in both seismic and non-seismic applications, driven by the need to reduce bar congestion, lower material quantities, and consider economic and environmental factors. Low-cycle fatigue involves material failure owing to a finite number of load or deformation cycles, generally occurring under substantial strain rates that surpasses the yielding limit. The experimental program assesses the fatigue behavior of HSRB produced using microalloying, quenching, and tempering techniques, coupled with mechanical couplers (eleven different types) from five companies in the United Stated of America. The study highlights significant differences in fatigue endurance based on the type and make of couplers and suggests potential improvements in manufacturing processes to enhance fatigue resistance. It is found that the mechanical couplers sustain a loading protocol of (-1% to 3%) when there is a clear distance of 2 times the diameter of the bar between the coupler and the gripping machine from top to bottom. The coupled bars sustained a minimum of 6 half cycles and a maximum of 38 half cycles.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Reinforcement under Low-Temperature Impact

Abstract Ammonia is an important carrier of hydrogen energy, and the large-scale storage of liquid ammonia is the next trend of cryogenic energy storage. At present, the international mainstream liquid ammonia tank is generally about 50, 000 m3. The outer storage tanks generally adopt a metal structure, and the material applied for larger concrete full-capacity tanks is worth doing further research. Steel reinforcement bars (rebar) are an important construction material for full-capacity cryogenic energy storage tanks. The performance of rebar is an important index in the process of designing the strength of building structures. The factors affecting the properties of rebar are diverse, and reasonable control of each influencing factor can improve the performance of rebar used for liquid ammonia storage tanks. This paper carries out the study on the mechanical properties of the steel reinforcement bars from the concrete of the main container under low temperatures for storing liquid ammonia. Through experimental research on the failure of steel used in external tanks, it has been shown that temperature has a significant impact on the ductile-brittle transition. Further treatment can effectively prevent the brittleness of steel bars, improve the safety and reliability of storage tanks at low temperatures, and is of great significance for the design and construction of subsequent large liquid ammonia storage tanks.

Bond Stress Behavior of a Steel Reinforcing Bar Embedded in Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Natural and Recycled Aggregates

The rise in greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in the atmosphere is one of the major causes of global warming and climate change. The production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) emits harmful CO2 gases, which contribute to sporadic heatwaves, rapid melting of glaciers, flash flooding, and food shortages. To address global warming and climate change challenges, this research study explores the use of a cement-less recycled aggregate concrete, a sustainable approach for future constructions. This study uses fly ash, an industrial waste of coal power plants, as a 100% substitute for OPC. Moreover, this research study also uses recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs) as a partial to complete replacement for natural coarse aggregates (NCAs) to preserve natural resources for future generations. In this research investigation, a total of 60 pull-out specimens were prepared to investigate the influence of steel bar diameter (9.5 mm, 12.7 mm, and 19.1 mm), bar embedment length, db (4db and 6db), and percentage replacements of NCA with RCA (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) on the bond stress behavior of cement-less RA concrete. The test results exhibited that the bond stress of cement-less RCA concrete decreased by 6% with increasing steel bar diameter. Moreover, the bond stress decreased by 5.5% with increasing bar embedment length. Furthermore, the bond stress decreased by 7.6%, 7%, 8.8%, and 20.4%, respectively, with increasing percentage replacements (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of NCA with RCA. An empirical model was developed correlating the bond strength to the mean compressive strength of cement-less RCA concrete, which matched well with the experimental test results and predictions of the CEB-FIP model for OPC. The CRAC mixes exhibited higher costs but significantly lower embodied CO2 emissions than OPC concrete.

Comparative study on fracture evolution in steel fibre and bar reinforced concrete beams using acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques

In recent decades, the demand for sustainable construction practices has increased, but raw materials such as reinforcing steel remain scarce. Therefore, steel fibres have emerged as a popular and sustainable choice in the construction industry, offering a cost-effective alternative to traditional steel bar reinforcement for both flatwork and elevated structures. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare the performance of fracture behaviour between steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) and steel bar-reinforced concrete (SBRC) beams subjected to three-point bending. The fracture process was monitored by using two non-invasive techniques: acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC). The damage level was identified by characterizing the parameter-based AE data such as hit rate, energy release, count, rise time, amplitude, and signal strength. DIC images were employed to visualise the crack propagation in parallel with the AE data. To further understand the fracture characteristics, the integration of 2D source localization of AE events (based on local AE fracture energies) with DIC results was investigated. The parameter-based AE results showed that SBRC beam experienced a high density of AE hits with large peak amplitude events that were accelerated during the pre-peak loading phase. The Ib-value analysis revealed that SBRC beam exhibited a higher degree of fracture magnitude during the primary crack development process than SFRC beam. Following the main cracking stage, SFRC beam demonstrated an improved post-cracking softening behavior and superior ability to arrest crack propagation compared to SBRC beam. The integration of local AE fracture energy and DIC results provided a novel approach for a better understanding of the fracture behaviour in both SFRC and SBRC beams. This study’s findings contribute to more precise monitoring of fracture evolution in SFRC and SBRC beams, ultimately improving the selection process for primary reinforcement in flatwork and elevated structures.

Water-based corrosion inhibitor for prevention and repair of reinforcement in chloride and carbonated environment

This paper explores the influence of 2-aminopyridine (2AP) as water-based migratory corrosion inhibitor (M-CoI) on the corrosion resistance of reinforcing steel bars embedded in ordinary Portland cement and pozzolanic Portland cement concrete subjected to combined chloride and carbonation ingress. Two applications of 2AP are considered i.e., preventive (applied before exposure to aggressive environment) and repair (applied after corrosion initiates). Corrosion performance was assessed using electrochemical techniques and gravimetric mass loss method. The study also examines the impact of 2AP application on chloride ion concentration and carbonation depth of both concrete systems. The compressive strength of each concrete system was also measured to study the impact of M-CoI application on strength properties. Surface condition of hardened concrete and extracted rebar was evaluated by optical microscopy. Results conclude that 2AP effectively retards reinforcement corrosion when used as preventive measure by forming a homogeneous inhibitive layer on steel. However, when used as a repair technique, localised and uniform corrosion was perceived. An attempt has been made to identify the cause of non-performance of 2AP as repair measure. It was concluded that reached concentration of 1 mM was not sufficient to reduce ongoing corrosion due to the accumulation of corrosion products. The influence of the inhibitor on chloride profile and carbonation depth was found to be insignificant. It is concluded that chloride ions initiate the corrosion mechanism, while carbonation exacerbates it, particularly in blended cement concrete. Nonetheless, inhibitor application can provide similar resistance in both concrete systems.

Material Characterization of 550D Reinforcing Steel Bar at High Strain Rates

Material Characterization of 550D Reinforcing Steel Bar at High Strain Rates

Crack Resistance of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Structures.

The crack resistance of concrete structures with low reinforcement ratios requires a broader examination. It is particularly important in the case of foundations working in changing subsoil conditions. Unfavorable phenomena occurring in the subsoil (e.g., ground subsidence, landslips, non-uniform settlement) can lead to unexpected cracking. Therefore, it is necessary to check the effectiveness of the low reinforcement provided. As there are limited studies on lightly reinforced concrete structures, we performed our own experimental investigation and numerical calculations. In the beams analyzed, the reinforcement ratio varied from 0.05% to 0.20%. It was found that crack resistance in concrete members depends on the reinforcement ratio and steel bar distribution. A comprehensive method was proposed for estimating the crack resistance of lightly reinforced concrete members in which both the reinforcement ratio and the reinforcement dispersion ratio were taken into account. Furthermore, the method considered the size effect and the fracture properties of concrete. The proposed method provides the basis for extrapolation of the test results obtained for small elements and conclusions for members with large cross-sections, such as foundations, which frequently use lightly reinforced concrete.

Investigating the quality of ethiopian steel reinforcing bars through comprehensive analysis

The fast economic growth, urbanization, and industrialization of Ethiopia led to the requirement for the establishment of various infrastructures and many residential building constructions consuming different types of materials. Reinforced steel bar is one of the most consumed construction materials in Ethiopia. The demand for reinforced steel bars in Ethiopia is satisfied by the local production and international market. However, most people lack trust to the use local products without justified reasons. This investigation work was done to evaluate the performance of the locally produced rebar concerning the Compulsory Ethiopian Standard (CES) to develop trust in contractors and consultants of different projects. A Compulsory Ethiopian Standard (CES) is an Ethiopian standard that has been prepared under the direction of the Technical Committee for Concrete and Concrete Products and published by the Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA). Experimental works were done on rebar of grades B400BWR and B500BWR with different diameters collected from four different factories. The collected samples were investigated based on their yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, hardness, chemical composition, and microstructure formation of the product. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of the rebar were analyzed based on the tension test results obtained from the 2000 KN Universal Testing Machine (UTM), and the chemical composition analysis was done using the Spark Emission Spectrometer Analyzer. The micro-hardness test was done using the Vickers Hardness Tester with 3kgf and 15-s dwell time at a 0.5 mm gap along the cross-section of the rebar. Microstructure analysis is done using EDX scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscopy with different magnifications and resolutions on the cross-section of the rebar. From the tested samples one sample failed from B400BWR to achieve the minimum required yield strength of 400 MPa stated by CES 101, 2017. Samples of B500BWR satisfy all the requirements stated by the standard even if there is an increment up to 41 % beyond the minimum requirement.

Damage detection of lightweight concrete dual systems reinforced with GFRP bars considering various building heights and earthquake intensities

Because of their distinct mechanical, rheological, and physical features, lightweight concrete and glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) bars have a significant growth in the modern building sectors over the past decade. Minimizing subsequent quake damages, particularly in multistory residential or administrative RC structures, is a key concern for governments in earthquake zones. The dual frame-wall system is among the most appropriate structural systems for resisting seismic loads in multistory concrete structures. Therefore, this research aims to quantify the seismic damage of multistory dual frame-wall systems with varying heights of 12, 20, and 25 stories under mild, medium, and severe earthquake intensities. The inelastic damage analysis of RC buildings program is utilized to nonlinearly analyze 54 cases containing various materials such as normal concrete, lightweight concrete, steel reinforcement bars, and GFRP bars. Using lightweight concrete with half the density of normal concrete and pure linear-elastic GFRP bars in floor construction will significantly decrease the geometric nonlinearity effect created by the load-displacement (P-Δ) effect and dissipate a large amount of the kinetic energy generated by seismic excitation, resulting in a significant reduction in post-earthquake damage. When compared to the normal concrete, using lightweight concrete in floor construction reduced the mean story damage index by 14–20% as the building's height increased, while reinforcing these floors with GFRP bars resulted in substantial decreases in the overall damage index, reaching about 57–68% when both building's heights and seismic excitation intensities were considered.

Experimental Investigation into Strength Properties of Ribbed Mild Steel Reinforcing Bars (RMSRBs) Produced by Local Companies in Ghana

The construction of high-rise buildings has increased the production and demand of ribbed mild steel reinforcing bars (RMSRBs) in Ghana. This study aimed at investigating the strength properties of RMSRBs manufactured in Ghana from scrap metals. Three steel-producing companies were considered for this study. A total of 90 samples of 12, 16, and 20mm diameters with lengths of 500, 50, and 20mm were used for the study. The prepared specimens were subjected to tensile strength test, chemical composition analysis, micro-hardness test, and microstructure analysis. The results indicate that the average tensile strength of between 576.00 and 768.40N/mm2 were above the minimum tensile strength of 250N/mm2 recommended by ASTM E8/E8M-16a. The carbon equivalent values (CEVs) of between 0.287 and 0.333% obtained were almost within the range of 0.3 to 0.55% recommended by ASTM A706/A706M-09b. It was also identified that the average Vickers hardness values of between 255.76 and 295.38HV were acceptable. The microstructural images showed good distribution of the pearlite and ferrite of the core. One Way ANOVA results indicated that the differences in the tensile strength values for 12mm (p-value ˂0.000) and 16mm (p-value =0.001) were statistically significant, however, the 20mm (p-value =0.138) was not statistically significant. The study, therefore, concludes that the strength properties of the 12, 16, and 20mm diameters of the RMSRBs produced by the three different companies in Ghana meet the standard requirements, and are recommended for use by contractors for the production of reinforced concrete.

Structural Behavior of Circular Concrete Columns Reinforced with Longitudinal GFRP Rebars under Axial Load

This paper presents experimental and theoretical assessments of the structural behavior of circular steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) columns reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars subjected to a concentric axial compressive load. Laboratory experiments were planned to evaluate and compare the effect of different design parameters on the structural behavior of column specimens based on experiments and finite element (FE) analysis. The experimental variables were (i) concrete types, i.e., conventional concrete (CC) and fiber-reinforced concrete (FC), (ii) longitudinal reinforcement types, i.e., steel and GFRP bars, and (iii) transverse rebar configurations, i.e., tied and spiral with different pitches. Sixteen column specimens were fabricated and categorized into four groups with respect to rebar configurations and concrete types. The results showed that the failure modes and cracking patterns of those four column groups were comparable, particularly in the pre-peak branches of load-deflection curves. Even though the average ultimate load of the columns with longitudinal GFRP bars was 17.9% less than that with longitudinal steel bars, the ductility index (DI) was 10.2% greater than their counterpart on average. The addition of steel fibers (SF) to concrete increased the axial peak load by up to 3.1% and the DI by up to 6.6% compared to their counterpart CC columns without SFs. The DI of specimens was increased by higher volumetric ratios (up to 12%) and spiral types (up to 5.5%). The concrete damage plastic (CDP) model for FC columns was updated in the finite element software ABAQUS 6.14. Finally, a new simple equation was theoretically proposed to predict the axial capacity of specimens by considering the inclusion of longitudinal GFRP rebars, volumetric ratio, and steel spiral/hoop ties. Good agreement between the proposed model predictions and the experimental/numerical results was observed.

Effect of high-energy shot peening on the corrosion behavior and chloride threshold concentration of AISI 316L stainless steel rebar in simulated concrete pore solution

The corrosion behavior and chloride threshold concentration of AISI 316L stainless steel reinforcement bar (rebar), subjected to high-energy shot peening (HESPed), are compared with its solution-annealed (SAed) counterpart in simulated concrete pore solution (CPS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that HESP significantly reduces the surface grain size to the ultrafine/nanometric range and increases the density of various dislocation structures, including dislocation walls and cells. This augmented presence of grain boundaries and dislocations, acting as high diffusivity paths, contributed to the formation of a thicker surface film with higher Cr content and lower donor/acceptor density in the HESPed sample compared to the SAed. Moreover, corrosion behavior analyses in CPSs with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 2.0 M demonstrated that HESPed samples exhibit broader passivation ranges, more positive corrosion potentials, and higher polarization resistance under equivalent chloride concentrations. Additionally, threshold chloride concentrations obtained from the potentiodynamic polarization tests show values between 0.5 and 1.0 M for the SAed and between 1.0 and 1.5 M for the HESPed samples. Based on diffusion equations, a physical model is proposed to elucidate the improved behavior resulting from the HESP treatment.

Experimental Analysis on Partial Replacement of Cement by Glass Powder and Using of Steel Fiber

Abstract: Concrete consists of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and optional admixtures, such as Portland cement or another hydraulic cement. Because of its massive resource consumption, the concrete industry poses a serious danger to the sector's long-term viability. The concrete industry is struggling in part because of concerns about the environment and the economy. Many studies are currently being conducted on the utilisation of waste materials like Pulverised Fly Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as supplemental cementitious materials. Similar to PFA and GGBS, waste glass powder can be used to partially substitute cement during the hydration reaction. To some extent, waste glass can substitute cement in concrete and contribute to strength development if it is ground to a very fine powder and demonstrates pozzolanic properties due to its high SiO2 content. This research examined the Compressive, Tensile, and Flexural strengths of concrete that had been aged for up to 60 days with concrete that had been partially replaced with Glass Powder at percentages ranging from 0% to 40%. The aggregate test findings suggest that Waste Glass Powder could be used as a suitable cement replacement in construction projects. Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is a composite building material made from small, discontinuous fibres that are randomly distributed throughout the concrete part. Steel, glass, and polymer fibres, as well as fibres originating from natural sources, are the most common types of fibre used in cement-based composites. The tendency of fibres to be more closely spaced than traditional reinforcing steel bars makes them more effective at preventing cracking. It's important to note that fibre is not a suitable replacement for steel bars when reinforcing concrete.