Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Research Articles

Erimiş Filament Üretim Yöntemi ile Üretilen Kompozit Yapılarda Yöne Bağlı Yüzey Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi ve İyileştirilmesi

Additive manufacturing methods, which have begun to be used in final product production beyond producing prototypes, are popular research topics today. The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method, which has a wider usage area and user base, is the most well-known among these methods. The method in which the polymer is extruded in layers has advantages such as design freedom and topology optimization, as well as disadvantages such as surface roughness and low production speed. The number of materials that can be used in the FFF method is diversifying day by day, and polymeric composites can also be produced beyond pure polymers. The use of engineering polymers such as polyamide in this production method creates many new opportunities. In addition, the start of production of short fiber reinforced polymeric composites has paved the way to produce high-performance final products. In this study, the effects of parameters such as layer thickness and printing orientation on the surface roughness of samples produced using polyamide and short carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials were examined. Chemical surface treatment was applied to the surfaces of 3D-printed samples to improve surface roughness. It was concluded that the increase in layer thickness increases the surface roughness, the -/+45 filling orientation creates higher roughness than the 0 and 90 orientations, and the surface quality can be increased by chemical surface modification.

Excellent flexibility and stab-resistance on pangolin-inspired scale-like structure composite for versatile protection

Fabric-reinforced polymer matrix composites are promising candidates for numerous cutting-edge fields, especially special personal protection, due to their excellent properties, including high specific strength and stiffness, lightweight, and ease of integration for component integration, and freedom in design. However, the poor mechanical properties in the thickness direction, low stab resistance, and ease to delaminate of traditional textile structural materials seriously restricted their wide application in various industries. Inspired by Pangolin scales, a novel scale-like structure composite is designed for versatile protection. These scale-like knitted fabrics reinforced with resin (R-SLKF) have variable bending abilities and achieve a synergy of excellent stab resistance and flexibility. Surface hardness and internal tensile effect are the keys to the superb stab resistance of this scale-like structure composite. This work opens up the possibilities for the industrial production of flexible and lightweight personal protection products and devices, which is expected to guide structure design for future innovations in advanced composites of versatile protection.

Development and Mechanical Testing of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites for Micro Wind Turbine Applications

In this century, composites have been discovered to be the most promising and discriminating material accessible. Composites reinforced with synthetic or natural fibres are becoming more popular as demand for light weight, high strength materials for specialized applications grows are on the rise in the market. In the current work Carbon fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite material is developed aiming wind turbine blade applications. This research demonstrates the successful development of a carbon fibre reinforced Epoxy matrix composite that can be utilized to make micro wind turbine blades and is very cost effective thanks to the utilization of a simple hand lay-up approach. The peak elongation varies from 12.248 mm to 14.417 mm, and the tensile strength varies from 939.472 N/mm2 to 960.910 N/mm2. It was observed that the Compressive Strength varies from 8.992 N/mm2 to 46.895 N/ mm2 and peak elongation varies from 1.808 mm to 3.462 mm. In three-point bending test, the peak load was found to be 509.96 N. Due to the presence of carbon fibre reinforcement, the bending strength of polyester resin has been greatly increased.

Analysis of Low-Velocity Impact Properties of Kevlar 149-Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

Aircraft undergoes various low-velocity impacts such as bird strike, runway debris, foreign tools drop, etc. on its structure. Kevlar is widely used in several components and structure of the aircraft as Kevlar is an organic fiber from an aromatic polyamide family. Carbon fiber has advantages like high stiffness and properties like that of kevlar. The present study focuses on the analysis of low-velocity impact properties of kevlar 149-carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite material. In this analysis, kevlar 149-carbon fiber, pure kevlar 149 by 10 layers of laminate and pure carbon fiber by 10 layers of laminate are impacted by ball material with a mass of 8g at velocity of 9m/s. The ball impact on the laminate is simulated using LS-DYNA. The max. principal stress, absorbed energy, velocity and displacement of K149C, CK149, KK149CC, CCKK149, KK149 and CC are obtained and compared with all the six composite laminates. The composite laminate, K149C, proves to be the best laminate for aircrafts as it possesses a higher max. principal stress and lower displacement.

Homogenized modeling approach for effective property prediction of 3D-printed short fibers reinforced polymer matrix composite material

Homogenized modeling approach for effective property prediction of 3D-printed short fibers reinforced polymer matrix composite material

Development of fabric-reinforced polymer matrix composites using bio-based components from post-consumer textile waste

Textile waste fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites are usually reinforced with fiber, bands, fabrics, tows, woven and non-woven textiles, it is also possible to combine different types of materials in one composition. Individual textile plies of a polymer matrix component can be reinforced. This is a reason why the different textile waste are increasingly use it as a bio-based components in structural materials like sandwich structure composites with multiple layers bound in a monolith by a polymer matrix material. Also, hybrid sandwich structure composites can be manufactured, combining different textile waste plies with carbon fiber and/or glass fiber reinforcement. Having in view that a cotton fibers (i.e. denim or chambray weave) and bast fibers (i.e. jute, flax or hemp hessian fabric), as woven textile materials, destined to the textile waste fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites are highly mouldable, lightweight and tough, several possibilities for industrial applications, sustainable material for architectural and consumer products along with other custom production make this bio-based products unique. In our research, polymer matrix based composite structures were studied by using different natural-reinforcements from eco-friendly, breathable, biodegradable and recyclable post-industrial and post-consumer waste (woven fabrics made of cotton fibers – like denim textile fabric and bast fibers – like jute hessian fabric bags).

Numerical prediction of damage mechanisms of E-Glass/epoxy composite material against ballistic impact of 7.62 MS projectile

The fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite materials have acquired more credibility over other materials like metals and ceramics due to their high specific strength. Numerical simulations of ballistic impact of 7.62 mild steel projectile on various thicknesses of plain woven E-Glass/epoxy composite material were performed. Residual velocity and ballistic limit of the composite material were determined numerically and the results are compared with that of experiments published elsewhere. The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement. The numerical results are also compared with Recht-Ipson (R-I) and Gellert et al analytical models and are found to be in good correlation. Various failure mechanisms such as two stage damage mechanism namely dishing in target materials less than 10mm and indentation followed by dishing in target materials greater than 10 mm, delamination, and fibre and matrix failure modes of the composite material were studied and compared with the analytical models and experimental results. The wave propagation mechanisms and the damage phenomena are also studied and correlated.

Investigations of Micro-Milling Parameters in Woven Banana Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Filled with Rice Bran Particles

In modern day of manufacturing, micromachining plays a key function in machining of new developed harder materials, which is an alternate machining procedure for many processes in industrial scenario. The core objective of this current effort is to progress a micromachining setup and to examine effects of micromachining parameters, for which an open source small Arduino CNC machine was developed for performing the micro-milling operation on a natural fibre (banana) and rice bran particles reinforced polymer matrix composite material with fiber resin combination of 1:3. By using Taguchi method experiments combinations were formulated considering speed, feed and depth of cut and the outputs of MRR and surface roughness were investigated using TOPSIS methodology for identifying the optimal parametric conditions. Analysis of variance is employed for identifying the most significant parameter and a validation experiment was performed with the identified optimum conditions.

Creep analysis of E‐glass/vinyl‐ester laminated composites for underground vault structures

AbstractCreep is eminent in fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials given the susceptibility of polymers to constant loading. The response of polymer matrix composites used in retrofitting vital infrastructure to long‐term flexural loadings is investigated to elucidate the effect of creep. The experimental approach consisted of first establishing a benchmark of the quasi‐statically tested flexural properties. A fresh set of samples were then flexural tested for an extended period. Failure was determined to be strain‐driven in both quasi‐static and long‐term testing conditions. The mechanical properties were found to be insensitive to the strain rate (in the low strain regime), while being mildly sensitive to creep loading. The flexural response also showed dependence on the historic creep loading. The creep strain was successfully fitted into Baily‐Norton power law, which allowed for forecasting the creep life based on the critical strain failure criteria. The overall results explicate the interrelation between long‐term loading and fidelity of composites‐based infrastructures.

The Regression Models of Impact Strength of Coir Coconut Fiber Reinforced Resin Matrix Composite Materials

The need of coconuts in Indonesia is relatively high. The use of large quantities of coconuts produces large amounts of organic waste from coco fiber, which tends to become waste if it is not used to be beneficial for humans.One of the potential uses of coconut fiber is as a reinforcement of natural fibers in polymer matrix composite materials. Recently, the applications of composite materials have been expanded widely including structural angine component which whitstand certain load like impact load. But most of them used synthetic fiber. Although the use of natural fibers as reinforcement in composite materials has been widely studied, their use is still limited because natural fibers have their own advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact strength of specimens of coconut fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite material, and to determine the effect of the length and concentration of coconut fiber on its impact strength. A significant and valid regression model was also generated in this research, that states the relationship between fiber length and fiber content of resin matrix composite material to its impact strength. The result shows that the impact strength of the samples were influenced by fiber content and fiber length. The regression models for the impact strength of resin composite reinforced with coconut fiber is Y = 4.44 +0.180 X1 – 0.52 X2 Where: Y = Impact Strength (kJ/m2), and X1= Fiber length (mm), and X2= Fiber content (%).

Investigation of Green Composite: Preparation and Characterization of Alkali-Treated Jute Fabric-reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

ABSTRACT Jute, a natural fiber available in India is used as reinforcement in composites because it is cheap, renewable and easy to process. Therefore, jute composites have drawn the attention of various industries and researchers. In this study, a new treating method in which sodium hydroxide solution introduced to treat jute fabric in order to enhance the performance of jute/epoxy composite. Different percentages of alkali-treated jute fabric-reinforced composites have been developed and their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength have been assessed. Physical properties like thickness swelling and water absorption test were studied.

Development of E-Glass Woven Fabric / Polyester Resin Polymer Matrix Composite and Study of Mechanical Properties

E Glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites have been widely used as a substitute materials in automobile and aerospace applications because of their light weight characteristics and better mechanical properties. This paper describes the hand layup technique to prepare the specimen. Investigation deals with the characterization of Tensile, hardness and impact strength properties according to the ASTM standards. E Glass fibers are available in different formats, in the present research work E glass woven fabric is used as a reinforcement material and Polyester resin is used as a matrix material. The synthetic glass fiber is selected because of its excellent mechanical strength and Polyester resin is used because of its better elastic properties. Tests were carried out for a 60, 65 and 70% volume fraction of E glass woven fabric reinforced polymer matrix composites. Obtained results evident that 70% of Woven roving mat (E-glass fiber) has good mechanical properties compare to 60% volume fraction reinforced polymer matrix composite.

Micro Stress Evaluation and Analysis in FRP Composites for Rocket Motor Casing

The current research is carried out to compare the structural behaviour of a rocket motor casing which is made of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials. The analysis is carried out on FRP Composites made of different fiber materials such as S-Glass and Graphite individually combined with low and high modulus phenolic resin as coating and the matrix materials respectively. An analytical model has been developed based on cylindrical composite assemblage consists of fiber, coating, matrix and composite are the constituent phases of the composite and the analysis is carried out using Mathematica software. The above mentioned fibers with phenolic resin are considered for the analysis as they provide high specific strength and specific stiffness. The results of this analysis are compared with allowable strengths of corresponding constituent phases. These materials have potential applications in aerospace and pressure vessels industry. The micro stress distribution pattern is studied at different temperature and moisture conditions and compared between these materials.

UV radiation effect towards mechanical properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Composite material: A Review

The use of natural fibres as reinforcement material have become common in human applications. Many of them are used in composite materials especially in the polymer matrix composites. The use of natural fibres as reinforcement also provide alternative solution of usage instead of being a waste materials. In some applications, these natural reinforced polymer composites were used as the outer layer, making them exposed to ultra violet exposure, hence prone to UV radiation. This paper reviews the effect of UV radiation towards the mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite material. The effect of chemical treatment towards the natural fibre is also investigated. One of the important features that was critically explored was the degradation of the composite materials. The influence of UV radiation on the degradation rate involve several parameters such as wavelength, intensity and exposure time. This review highlights the influence of these parameters in order to provide better solution for polymer matrix composite’s development.

Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Composites Reinforced by Textile Fabric

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Interest to structural application of textile reinforced polymer matrix composite materials (CM) is growing during last years. In different branches of machine building, aerospace, automotive and others industries we can find structural elements preferably be produced using such reinforcement. At the same time, such materials are exhibiting elastic and strength properties scatter. In the framework of the present investigation, we observe yarn penetrated by a resin in a composite as a reinforcing “macro” fiber. Such “macro” fiber mechanical properties were measured experimentally, for this purpose was produced and was tested by tension until fracture fiber samples, having different length. Then was elaborated and was realized structural strength probabilistic model. In the textile geometry, was picked out repeating structural element – polymer matrix volume with two curved “macro” fiber’s chunks inside it. Complete composite material volume is possible to represent as a set of repeating structural elements. External loads application leads to disperse structural elements failure. Neighboring to ruptured elements are overloaded leading to higher probability to fail for them. Using FEM was modeled stress state in “macro” fibers inside CM. Then, was numerically obtained stress distribution in composite material, having different number of broken loops. Probabilities of different numbers of failed elements were calculated. Strength probability function, based on Weibull approach was obtained. CM samples were tested under tension and obtained results were compared with numerical modeling as well as were analyzed.</span></p>

Determination of Resistance to Wear of Particulate Composite

Current paper concentrates on the wear resistance of a particle reinforced polymer matrix composite material. The composite material consists of unsaturated polyester resin that is filled with aluminum hydroxide. Aluminum hydroxide acts as hard phase and polyester as binding agent. The aim of the work was to understand the influence of particle size and filler material mass fraction to the wear resistance of the composite. The wear properties were determined according to standard test method using rubber wheel and silica.

Drilling Of Tio2 and Zns Filled Gfrp Composites: A Taguchi Approach

The main affecting parameter for Delamination of the composites and in turn the failure of composites is the Thrust force. In the present work an attempt has been made in order to investigate the Thrust force generated during drilling of the TiO2 and ZnS filled Glass Fabric Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites (GFRP). The volume fractions in the matrix were chosen as 1, 2 and3%. A plan of experiments, based on the techniques of Taguchi, was performed to acquire data in a controlled way. An L27 orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to investigate the influence of process parameters on the drilling of these composites. Drilling has been conducted on a radial drilling machine. Speed of drilling (S), volume fractions (VF) and drill tool diameter (D) were considered as the varying parameters with three levels. Thrust force has been considered as the output parameter and is been measured in each combination of parameters chosen. Results reveal that, the addition of filler will increase the thrust force developed during drilling. As per ANOVA values, drill tool diameter contributes more towards generation of thrust, followed by speed of drilling. Main Effect plots shows that, contribution of speed towards thrust generation is only upto a certain level of increase in speed.

Influence of bolt configuration and TiO2/ZnS fillers content on the strength of composites fasteners

In the present work, an attempt has been made to investigate the strength of bolted fasteners and hybrid fasteners under tensile loading for unfilled, TiO2 and ZnS filled Glass Fabric Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites (GFRP). Bolt configurations were chosen as 2, 3 and 4, in order to analyze the effect of number of bolts on the strength aspect. For filled GFRP composites, the volume fractions in the matrix were chosen as 1%, 2% and 3%. The result obtained shows that, the static tensile strength of the GFRP composites increases with increase in number of bolts. Specimens with 4 bolt configurations have shown significantly more absorption of load before failure of the joint. Hybrid fasteners are more sustainable to failure than bolted fasteners. Also it is noticed that, the strength of the composites increases with raise in TiO2 and ZnS fillers content up to 2vol.%. In comparison with TiO2 and ZnS filled composites, it was found that ZnS filled composites bears more load.

Heat Resistant Composite Materials for Aerospace Applications

Heat resistant composites are widely used for high temperature thermal protection systems and as flame deflectors for aerospace applications. Advanced composites made of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites because of their strength, stiffness, low weight and their excellent thermal properties made them to replace metallic components. In this study bi-directional E-glass/ phenolic and Rayon/ phenolic laminates were made by auto clave vacuum bagging process and their properties were evaluated by destructive and nondestructive testing methods. Laminate with known defect was examined by Ultrasonic method. Effect of modification of matrix system was studied on laminate properties. Composite made with modified phenolic resin was compared with conventional phenolic composite. Defect in the composite was analyzed by UT and Radiography methods. Oxy-acetylene erosion tests were carried out on laminate specimens and data was generated for ablative materials characterization. Heat resistant composites are essential for the successful launch and operation of all space vehicles. The selection of a composite material depends upon the mission of the space craft. While often the temperature capability is a major concern, the goal remains to protect the internal components at a minimal weight. This means extra insulation if the exterior material has a high heat capacity. In order to meet the mission objectives and the criteria the heat resistant material essential properties are it should have high heat of ablation, specific heat and low thermal conductivity, expansion coefficient, erosion rate. Fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials has constituted a major breakthrough in the construction of lightweight structures. In particular significant benefits have been realized in the aerospace sector to meet the severe performance requirements with stringent demands of reliability. Almost all aerospace structural components – airframes of fighter aircraft, helicopters, control surface and fins of civil aircraft, various planes in satellites, antennas, rocket motor casings and some complete airframes of small aircraft are witnessing an increasing use of the advanced composites. An important technological development that has contributed significantly to this growth of composites is the development of strong and stiff fibers such as Glass, Carbon and Aramid along with concurrent developments in the polymer chemistry resulting in a various polymeric materials to serve as matrix materials. In particular the versatility of the technology of the carbon fibers having various properties has played a key role in this growth. With complimentary developments in computer hardware and software technology, and in computational methods of analysis rendering help to the analyze and understand the material behavior and to provide predictive as well as design tools, the complexity of the polymer – matrix composites has been overcome to facilitate the extensive applications. Composites have the applications in many fields some of them are given in the following, since we are interested in aerospace applications it illustrated briefly.The creation of reliable heat resistant laminate composites for space applications requires precision design and proper tests. Because composite materials are necessary to meet heat resistant requirements for the aerospace applications such as nose cones, flame deflectors, airframes etc Selection of Materials: Since E-Glass V-9 is a conventional fibre for structural applications at high temperatures, it is also the insulating and since it is cheap in cost and easily available which is being used for many aerospace applications, hence it is selected.Though the

Effect of TiO2 and ZnS fillers on the bearing strength of gfrp composites

In the present work an attempt has been made to investigate the bearing strength of the TiO2 and ZnS filled glass fabric reinforced polymer matrix composites (GFRP). The volume fractions in the matrix were chosen as 1, 2 and 3%. Single-hole-pin-loaded specimens of each composite material were tested in tension. The result showed that the bearing strength of the glass fabric reinforced polymer matrix composites joints is associated with the filler content and the geometrical parameters. The increase of the filler content in the matrix has increased the bearing strength of the composites. The height bearing strength was obtained in case of composites with 2 volume% of filler content, and it was found that ZnS filled composites bears more load than the TiO2 filled composites.