Regulatory Basis Research Articles

Demonstrating the possibility of safe operation in the first phase of the site selection procedure in Germany

Abstract. The Federal Company for radioactive waste disposal (BGE) is responsible for the search for a site with the best possible safety for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in Germany. The site selection procedure is regulated in a law that was adopted by the German Federal Parliament (Repository Site Selection Act – StandAG, 2017, last updated 2020 (StandAG)) and aims to be a participatory, transparent, learning, and self-questioning process based on scientific expertise. The first step of the first phase of the site selection procedure was completed in September 2020 and resulted in the identification of sub-areas that give reason for expecting favourable geological conditions for the long-term storage of nuclear waste in the sub-surface. These sub-areas cover approximately 54 % of Germany and are located in three different host rocks: rock salt–halite, claystone, and crystalline rock. The challenge for the next step is to find suitable siting regions within the previously determined sub-areas that are then considered further in the next phase of the site selection procedure (Hoyer et al., 2021). The preliminary representative safety analyses in Phase I, Step 2 of the site selection procedure require according to Section 7 (6) No. 4 EndlSiUntV that “the basic possibility of safe operation shall be demonstrated, but a complete operational safety analysis does not need to be performed”. The method is described in BGE (2022a, b) and can be summarized as follows. The demonstration of the basic possibility of safe operation is carried out within the framework of the representative safety analyses for the individual aspects of operational safety in different degrees of detail. The non-radiological aspects of operational safety, which are, for example, derived from occupational health and safety, mining law and fire protection, a site-independent consideration of the regulatory basis and the derivation of corresponding actions, are considered requirements for and are taken into account by the preliminary repository design according to Sect. 6 (4) EndlSiUntV. To demonstrate the basic possibility of safe operation for the operational safety aspects “radiation protection” and “release of radioactive substances” in the investigation areas to be considered, a general catalogue is compiled that summarizes possible events and actions to fulfill the requirements for operational safety. This general catalogue is independent of location and coverage of all host rocks and repository concepts. From this general catalogue, possible specific events are identified for each individual investigation area, and the necessary actions are derived. In addition to the demonstration of the basic possibility of safe operation, the robustness of operational safety within the investigation area is evaluated in a second step.

Хімічні канцерогени у навколишньому середовищі України: ризик для населення, шляхи попередження, удосконалення гігієнічного регламентування

The purpose of this work was to determine the carcinogen-hazardous factors in the environment and the criteria for assessing their danger to the population in modern conditions (pre-war period). Materials and methods of research: reports of research works of the Laboratory of Hygiene of Carcinogenic Factors and Nanomaterials of the SI «O.M. Marzieiev Institute for Public Health, NAMS of Ukraine» and own publications over the past 5 years. Bibliosemantic, analytical, hygienic and medical-statistical methods were used to process the materials. Results. The analysis of field and analytical studies has shown that over the past 20-25 years old, against the backdrop of a reduction in industrial emissions, the volume of use of plant protection products and plant products in agricultural activity has increased significantly, and in everyday life – household chemicals, cosmetics, etc., most of which contain specific substances – endocrine disruptors. It was shown that over the years, the rate of increase in the rate of cancer of the endocrine organs (cancer of the mammary, thyroid, prostate glands), uterine body and ovaries increases. The obtained data indicate a trend towards rejuvenation of oncological diseases of hormone-dependent organs. The danger of atmospheric air pollution in cities has been studied; a comparative assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for the population in a highly industrialized city with a complex of ferrous metallurgy enterprises and a city where there are no specific sources of pollution was carried out. It was concluded that for study of environmental issues regarding the state of the air environment, it is sufficient to use hygienic indicators - maximum permissible concentrations and total pollution indicators, while for the assessment of the impact on human health, the use of risk indicators is more adequate. This raises the question of the compliance of domestic hygienic (medical and sanitary) regulations with international risk indicators. This is especially true for factors with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. The analysis of risk indicators for a number of carcinogenic substances included in the domestic regulatory and methodological bases at the level of their maximum permissible concentrations proved that the standards for atmospheric air according to the international classification scale correspond to an acceptable risk (1 - 104) for only 26% of substances, and for air of the working area - 45% of substances. Consequently, most of the hygienic standards, both in the atmospheric air of populated areas and in the air of the working area, according to international standards, do not meet the safety requirements for the population and need to be revised using international approaches and focusing on the risk criteria for the development of neoplasms due to the action of individual compounds. Conclusions: the real air pollution in populated areas poses a certain danger to the population and requires preventive measures to reduce it. The currently existing national regulatory framework for the permissible content of carcinogenic substances in the air environment (atmospheric air and air of the working area) does not meet the requirements of the EU and the USA.

Recovery of Interest upon Termination of the Contract in Modern Judicial and Arbitration Practice

Problem statement. The restoration of the property rights of the parties upon termination of the contract in the absence of equivalence of counter-grants involves the reimbursement of all benefits derived in connection with the use of the property to be returned, which is ensured, inter alia, by the payment of interest per annum. Such percentages may have a different legal nature, which should be taken into account to ensure the fairness of the consequences of termination of the contract and uniformity of judicial and arbitration practice. Goals and objectives of the study: investigation of the legal nature of interest, the accrual of which is possible upon termination of a synallagmatic paid contract, under which non-equivalent property grants were made; identification of problems with the application of the institute of interest upon termination of the contract on various grounds and the formation of proposals to overcome them. Research methods: dialectical, analysis, synthesis, formal and legal. Results, brief conclusions. When determining the period of interest accrual upon termination of the contract, it is necessary to take into account their legal nature (interest-liability or legal interest), the presence or absence of special regulation, as well as the nature of the grounds for termination of the contract (whether there was a violation of the contract by the party receiving the advance or not); the regulatory basis for such differentiation follows from the prohibition enshrined in paragraph 4 of Article 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation to take advantage of one’s illegal or unscrupulous behavior.

Regulation of transcriptome networks that mediate ginsenoside biosynthesis by essential ecological factors.

Ginseng, a valuable Chinese medicinal herb, is renowned worldwide for its effectiveness in alleviating certain conditions and promoting overall health. In this study, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on the accumulation of essential saponins under the influence of 13 essential environmental factors (including air temperature, air bottom temperature, surface mean temperature, soil temperature, surface shortwave radiation, soil moisture, soil water content, rainfall, total precipitation, elevation, soil type, soil pH, and soil water potential). We identified a total of 40 transcript modules associated with typical environmental factors and the accumulation of essential saponins. Among these, 18 modules were closely related to the influence of typical environmental factors, whereas 22 modules were closely related to the accumulation of essential saponins. These results were verified by examining the transcriptome, saponin contents, environmental factor information and the published data and revealed the regulatory basis of saponin accumulation at the transcriptome level under the influence of essential environmental factors. We proposed a working model of saponin accumulation mediated by the transcriptional regulatory network that is affected by typical environmental factors. An isomorphic white-box neural network was constructed based on this model and the predicted results of the white-box neural network correlated with saponin accumulation. The effectiveness of our correlation-directed graph in predicting saponin contents was verified by bioinformatics analysis based on results obtained in this study and transcripts known to affect the biosynthesis of saponin Rb1. The directed graph represents a useful tool for manipulating saponin biosynthesis while considering the influence of essential environmental factors in ginseng and other medicinal plants.

Development of the Regulatory and Institutional Basis for Incrising the Educational Migration to Russia

The publication aims to analyze the existing regulatory framework in the field of edu- cational migration for the implementation of strategic documents in the field of foreign and humani- tarian policy of Russia; assess how the existing legal mechanisms for educational migration meet the objectives; to formulate the institutional conditions for a new stage in the export of Russian education, taking into account geopolitical changes. The publication also presents the results of the monitoring of “double degree” programs conducted by RUDN University in 2022, as well as the risks of introducing a new system of higher education in Russia in the aspect of internationalization. The methodological basis of the study is the analysis of statistical data in the field of international education, as well as the analysis of the regulatory framework, which includes the legislation of the Russian Federation; departmental regulatory documents, international experience. Main research methods: analysis, formal legal and comparative legal.

НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВА ОСНОВА ЗДІЙСНЕННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the retrospective analysis and assessment of the current state regulatory and legal basis of energy transformation as a process of direction dynamics of the energy policy of Ukraine. Periods classification of the energy transformation of Ukraine has been developed, based on the temporary effect of the relevant legal framework in the field of energy policy, determined by the peculiarities of the internal energy course and the existing factors of external influence: the 1st post-Soviet period (1990—1996): the first stage (1990—1994); the second stage (1994—1996); II stabilization period (1996—2006); III early European integration period (2006—2013); IV latest European integration period (2013—2023): first stage (2013—2017); the second stage (2017—2022); the third stage (approximately 2022—2023); 5th early post-military period (approximately 2023—2050). It was established that such regulatory and legal framework for the implementation of Ukrainian energy transformation based on previous multi-term concepts, programs, and energy policy strategies was developed separately, reacting mainly to current intra-industry problems and, at the same time declared, did not take into account or insufficiently regulated not only the energy itself but related relations with them. It is proposed to form the provisions of the latest post-military Energy Strategy based on: cross-industry harmonization and synchronization of sectoral programs of related spheres of the economy; through consideration of the best foreign practices, Ukraine's international obligations and its strategic national interests in sustainable development; increasing energy efficiency of the national economy and establishing an energy-saving mentality in Ukrainian society; economically justified development, first of all, of those industries where there will be a permanent decrease in the share of imported of fuel and energy resources; regulation of new and strengthening provisions regarding existing energy-related relations of a European integration nature.

Problematic Aspects of Accounting for Contributions to Share Capital of Companies in Investor

Introduction. The process of creating, reorganizing, and liquidating enterprises has always been and remains an important object of accounting. In this regard, a considerable amount of scientific literature and articles have been published, analyzing the legislative, regulatory, and instructive basis for such accounting. However, it should be noted that issues related to the reflection in the accounting of the process of acquiring corporate rights by investors and the repayment of indebtedness for contributions to the share capital of subsidiary companies are understudied and highly controversial. Due to the time difference between these processes and the investor’s failure to reflect corporate rights in accounting and reporting as of their occurrence date, information users (creditors, investors, shareholders) will lack reliable data on the company’s assets, its financial and resource capabilities, development strategy, and risks. Therefore, there is a need to find ways to properly reflect corporate rights in accounting for the investor’s share in the company’s share capital in accordance with the statutory documents and further transfer of assets against the specified contributions.The purpose of the study is to improve the methodology for accounting for contributions to the share capital of business entities in investor, which will allow for the formation of substantiated accounting and reporting information and making informed management decisions, taking into account the risks of enterprise activity and its development strategy. Methods. The research methodology is based on the application of a systemic approach to improving the accounting for corporate rights in the investor and the procedure for the repayment of indebtedness for contributions to the share capital. The following research methods were used: comparison, analysis, and synthesis - to determine the impact of investment processes on micro and macroeconomics, the role of accounting information in these processes; comparative analysis, scientific generalization - for analyzing the proposed variants of reflecting indebtedness of investors for contributions to the share capital in accounting; induction and deduction, abstract-logical - for improving the Chart of Accounts for accounting and the Instruction on its application to reflect the right to a share in the share capital of companies; cause-and-effect relationship, modeling, and formalization - for constructing a model for accounting for contributions to the share capital of business entities in the investor.Results. The impact of investment processes on micro- and macroeconomics has been identified, emphasizing the role of accounting information in shaping the investment policies of economic entities. An analysis of the proposed variants of reflecting indebtedness of investors for contributions to the share capital has been carried out, based on which the authors have made their own proposals for solving this problem. In the Chart of Accounts for accounting for assets, capital, liabilities, and business operations of enterprises and organizations, as well as in the Instruction on its application, it is proposed to open subaccount 126 «Rights to a Share in the Share Capital of Companies» under account 12 «Intangible Assets,» which will allow for reflecting in accounting the fact of obtaining the right to a share in the share capital of the company in accordance with the signed statutory documents. For accounting for the occurrence and repayment of indebtedness for contributions to the share capital of a subsidiary company, it is recommended to use subaccount 682 «Internal Settlements.» It is emphasized that when accounting for operations related to investments in the share capital of business entities, the investor needs to calculate VAT obligations based on the fixed value of assets in the statutory documents in the form of inventories or non-current assets. A model for accounting for contributions to the share capital of business entities in the investor has been developed, which will provide reliable information support for investment processes in the enterprise.Prospects for further research. Further research will focus on improving information support for contributions to the share capital of business entities in the investor to enable a substantiated assessment of their performance.

Examining parent-of-origin effects on transcription and RNA methylation in mediating aggressive behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Conflict between genes inherited from the mother (matrigenes) and the father (patrigenes) is predicted to arise during social interactions among offspring if these genes are not evenly distributed among offspring genotypes. This intragenomic conflict drives parent-specific transcription patterns in offspring resulting from parent-specific epigenetic modifications. Previous tests of the kinship theory of intragenomic conflict in honey bees (Apis mellifera) provided evidence in support of theoretical predictions for variation in worker reproduction, which is associated with extreme variation in morphology and behavior. However, more subtle behaviors – such as aggression – have not been extensively studied. Additionally, the canonical epigenetic mark (DNA methylation) associated with parent-specific transcription in plant and mammalian model species does not appear to play the same role as in honey bees, and thus the molecular mechanisms underlying intragenomic conflict in this species is an open area of investigation. Here, we examined the role of intragenomic conflict in shaping aggression in honey bee workers through a reciprocal cross design and Oxford Nanopore direct RNA sequencing. We attempted to probe the underlying regulatory basis of this conflict through analyses of parent-specific RNA m6A and alternative splicing patterns. We report evidence that intragenomic conflict occurs in the context of honey bee aggression, with increased paternal and maternal allele-biased transcription in aggressive compared to non-aggressive bees, and higher paternal allele-biased transcription overall. However, we found no evidence to suggest that RNA m6A or alternative splicing mediate intragenomic conflict in this species.

Analisis Peristiwa Kanjuruhan Ditinjau Dari Aspek Hukum Dan Masyarakat Indonesia

Seeing the many interests, it is possible that there will be conflicts or fights between people because of conflicting interests. So that for each of these interests, of course, protection is needed which will all be fulfilled if regulations have been created that determine how and how a person should behave in social life so that nothing is detrimental in this matter. So the purpose of this research is to describe the background and chronology of the kanjuruhan event, and to describe the kanjuruhan event when viewed from the perspective of law and society. Writing in this journal uses the Normative Legal Research method, where secondary data is collected using library research techniques or other literature which is then analyzed using qualitative methods accompanied by existing legal and regulatory bases. The results of the study show that the kanjuruhan tragedy is classified as a crime against humanity, where the regulation is clear in Law Number 26 of 2000 article 9, this is based on a reflection of the form of the attack that occurred at Kanjuruhan Stadium, namely an act of murder and torture.

Systems biology of competency in Vibrio natriegens is revealed by applying novel data analytics to the transcriptome

Vibrio natriegens regulates natural competence through the TfoX and QstR transcription factors, which are involved in external DNA capture and transport. However, the extensive genetic and transcriptional regulatory basis for competency remains unknown. We used a machine-learning approach to decompose Vibrio natriegens's transcriptome into 45 groups of independently modulated sets of genes (iModulons). Our findings show that competency is associated with the repression of two housekeeping iModulons (iron metabolism and translation) and the activation of six iModulons; including TfoX and QstR, a novel iModulon of unknown function, and three housekeeping iModulons (representing motility, polycations, and reactive oxygen species [ROS] responses). Phenotypic screening of 83 gene deletion strains demonstrates that loss of iModulon function reduces or eliminates competency. This database-iModulon-discovery cycle unveils the transcriptomic basis for competency and its relationship to housekeeping functions. These results provide the genetic basis for systems biology of competency in this organism.

BRIDGING THE QUALIFICATION GAPS: SETTING UP QUALIFICATION CENTRES IN UKRAINE

This study explores the regulatory basis and applied aspects of qualification centers in Ukraine, focusing on their role in recognizing professional qualifications and addressing qualification gaps. The establishment of qualification centers is grounded in Ukrainian legislation, with the main responsibility of awarding professional qualifications through the validation of non-formal and informal learning based on occupational standards. The qualification center accreditation process is overseen by the National Qualifications Agency, aiming to introduce effective mechanisms for assigning professional qualifications and realizing individuals' right to lifelong education. The establishment of qualification centers faced delays due to the Russian invasion, but as of June 2023, 27 centers are operational, either through accreditation or declaration. These centers cover a total of 132 professional qualifications, and 1,218 certificates have been issued so far. Challenges faced include financial sustainability, capacity-building, and ensuring the recognition of qualifications obtained in other countries. These centers have important links to post-war recovery efforts by facilitating reintegration, reskilling, economic reconstruction, and social cohesion.

Some features of public procurement during matrial law

Ukraine lives under martial law for over 12 months, which, provides for special rules and procedures for exercising the powers of state authorities,enterprises, institutions, and organizations. One of the most important and topical issues for the moment is the implementation of public procurement to meet the needs of the army, medical and rehabilitation facilities, educational institutions, and, to ensure the functioning of the country and society in general. Therefore, this research is devoted to the study of martial law concepts, public procurement, and the peculiarities of algorithms for carrying out public procurement and their application conditions, documentary confirmation of the legitimate implementation of procurement according to the algorithm without the use of open bidding and/or an electronic catalog. In this article, the author researches the regulatory and legal basis of public procurement during martial law, the correlation between the norms of the Law of Ukraine “On Public Procurement” and Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Resolutions regulating the issue of public procurement during martial law, as well as other special regulatory and legal acts. Algorithms for public procurement of goods and services worth or over 100,000 UAH, ongoing repair services with the cost starting from 200,000 UAH, other works with the cost over 1.5 million hryvnias, were researched in detail. It was determined that in certain cases the customer can choose the procurement algorithm depending on the circumstances, and attention was also focused on the need for documentary confirmation of the circumstances that allow choosing a simplified public procurement algorithm. Particular attention is paid to the study of procurement conditions without the procedure of open bidding and/or electronic catalog, foreseen in the clause 13 Peculiarities of public procurement of goods, works and services for customers, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1178, the so-called “by exceptions” procurement, as well as other exceptions of the general procedure for public procurement to meet the urgent needs of the state under martial law.

The role of customs brokers in Ukrainian business

The analysis of the regulatory and legal bases of the activity of customs brokers allows us to state that the constitutional and codified level of regulation of the activities of enterprises that provide intermediary services in the field of customs affairs is represented by general regulatory acts, that is, those that are intended for all subjects of entrepreneurial activity and that determine their legal status without taking into account individual features. After all, the interests of businessmen at customs are usually represented by customs brokers, so most often it is between brokers and customs that controversial issues arise, so the analysis of the status of a customs broker requires a detailed study.
 As for special regulatory acts that reflect the peculiarities of the legal status of customs brokers and customs carriers, they are presented at the sub-legal level. The requirements for customs brokers, their rights, and the main duties of a customs broker and the specifics of functioning in the conditions of changing legislation, especially after a full-scale invasion, which prompted a reassessment of export-import relations and the work of customs in general, were also revealed. The responsibility of customs brokers in case of their violation of the requirement to disclose information and commercial secrets was also investigated.
 The status of a customs broker is varied. In addition to being an intermediary between the exporter or importer and the government institution, broker also performs the tasks of preparing, signing and submitting documents, classifying or evaluating things, calculating and paying customs duties, registering exports, import permits, preparing and issuing certificates, advising on export and import regulations and procedures, verifying transactions to ensure compliance.
 The customs broker is also responsible for product categorization, analysis and information on pricing or cost structure for exports and imports, assistance in choosing the mode of transport that will be used for the delivery of things, downtime control, onward shipment, conclusion of insurance contracts, etc. The customs broker is in charge of obtaining a refund or duty drawback in the case of an overpayment or other miscalculation. broker can execute the needed activities and guide through the procedure to obtain tax benefits and avoid incurring fines due to procedural errors.

The mechanism of cooperation of states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies

The article examines the mechanism of cooperation between states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies. The research used general scientific methods of cognition - formal-logical, systemic-structural, as well as private scientific methods - formal-legal and comparative-legal. International cooperation in combating crimes in the field of information and communication technologies is relevant for Ukraine, which is actively advocating for the strengthening of interstate cooperation in the field under consideration. The study of the contribution of the United Nations to the development of legal and institutional frameworks for countering crimes in the field of information technologies is important for all spheres of public life. It indicated that the problems of combating crimes in the field of information technologies are complex, and in connection with this, specialists in various fields of science actively study them. At the same time, a number of key aspects of the international legal regulation of cooperation between states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies remained without a comprehensive international legal assessment. The functioning of the UN institutional mechanism for countering crimes in the field of information technologies carried out taking into account the growing need to implement effective international cooperation, increasing the role of regulatory and legal bases of interstate cooperation. The activity of structural divisions of the United Nations Organization, which carry out countermeasures against crime in the field of information technologies, is considered. Special attention paid to the activities of the International Telecommunication Union and its contribution to the protection of children from the destructive influence of the Internet and the implementation of measures aimed at countering crime in the field of information technologies. The activities of the Congresses of the United Nations Organization on crime prevention and criminal justice and their influence on the formation of regulatory and legal protection against crime in the field of information technologies are considered. The trends that directly affect the state of cybercrime identified and the measures taken by international organizations within the UN to combat crime in the field of information technologies disclosed.

International experience of legal regulation of personal light electric transport

The fast rhythm of modern life puts forward new requirements for human mobility, producing the demand for new ways of moving. The use of various types of individual micromobility means solves the problem of the movement of part of the population in cities, contributes to the restoration of the environment, reduces the burden on transport infrastructure and roads, but at the same time requires policy changes both at the local and national levels, because it is often associated with high public perception of the risk of road traffic crashes and the resulting increase in injuries and deaths. The article draws attention to the prevalence of personal light electric transport (not powerful electric scooters, electric scooters, segways, unicycles, gyroboards, self-balancing unicycles, gyro scooters, electric skateboards, etc.) both in the world and in Ukraine. The problem of legal regulation has been updated and an analysis of domestic legislative initiatives to determine this type of movement has been carried out. In particular, attention is drawn to the diversity of approaches to the terminological definition and understanding of the role and place of personal light electric vehicles among road users. The most effective mechanisms for the legal regulation of micromobility means are highlighted, aimed at increasing the level of protection and safety of all road users, accepted in different states and deciding issues: classifying personal light electric vehicles as “pedestrians” or defining as a vehicle, technical requirements, permissible speed, determining the age of users, the place of use and parking areas, the availability of the necessary means of protection, the definition of liability in the event of an accident, etc. Based on the analysis of foreign experience, a conclusion was made about the possibility of using certain foreign legislative developments to form a high-quality regulatory basis for regulating the use of personal light electric vehicles in Ukraine.

Development of the organizational structure of customs regulation of the export of petroleum products

The article reveals the main problems of the mechanism for customs regulation of the export of petroleum products: cancellation of export customs duties at the end of the «tax maneuver», dependence of export customs duties on gasoline and diesel fuel on the world oil price, the government does not take into account the ratio of world and domestic prices when determining the customs duty rate and the ratio of demand and supply of petroleum products in the domestic market to determine the need to apply measures of customs regulation of export, as well as the lack of a mechanism for applying non–tariff regulation measures. In this regard, the author identified the need to reform the mechanism for applying measures of customs regulation of the export of petroleum products. The author has developed an organizational and functional model of interaction between state authorities in establishing measures for customs regulation of the export of petroleum products, which will provide a regulatory, methodological and information basis for the implementation of the proposed mechanism.

Implementation of Direct Fuel Cash Transfer: Policy Recycling (Case Study in Kendari City)

The Fuel Oil Direct Cash Transfer Program (BLT-BBM) is a government assistance program that give cash or various other services. This program is one of the efforts to overcome poverty in many countries that have been implemented in over 65 countries since the 2000s. The purpose of this study was to understand the recycling of BLT-BBM policies. This research was qualitative, with information gathered from program implementers from the Social Service, PT. Post, social worker escort workforce. The study was conducted in Kendari City. The results showed a BLT BBM in 2022, and there were similarities in the BLT program in 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2020. The implementors of the program recycle from the previous policy by modifying it a little at a time. Modifications are the regulatory basis, beneficiaries, assistance amount, payment period, nominal payment, and data verification. The theoretical implication of this study was that public policy continues to create a complex system because policy implementors in solving problems are not willing to face the real problem, work perfunctorily, and only polish it little at a time from the existing policy.
 Keywords: Cash Transfer, Recycling Policy, Incremental Theory, BLT Fuel

Integrating biochemical and anatomical characterizations with transcriptome analysis to dissect superior stem strength of ZS11 (Brassica napus).

Stem lodging resistance is a serious problem impairing crop yield and quality. ZS11 is an adaptable and stable yielding rapeseed variety with excellent resistance to lodging. However, the mechanism regulating lodging resistance in ZS11 remains unclear. Here, we observed that high stem mechanical strength is the main factor determining the superior lodging resistance of ZS11 through a comparative biology study. Compared with 4D122, ZS11 has higher rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) and stem breaking strength (SBS) at flowering and silique stages. Anatomical analysis shows that ZS11 exhibits thicker xylem layers and denser interfascicular fibrocytes. Analysis of cell wall components suggests that ZS11 possessed more lignin and cellulose during stem secondary development. By comparative transcriptome analysis, we reveal a relatively higher expression of genes required for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis, and several key genes (4-COUMATATE-CoA LIGASE, CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE, CAFFEATE O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, PEROXIDASE) involved in lignin synthesis pathway in ZS11, which support an enhanced lignin biosynthesis ability in the ZS11 stem. Moreover, the difference in cellulose may relate to the significant enrichment of DEGs associated with microtubule-related process and cytoskeleton organization at the flowering stage. Protein interaction network analysis indicate that the preferential expression of several genes, such as LONESOME HIGHWAY (LHW), DNA BINDING WITH ONE FINGERS (DOFs), WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX RELATED 4 (WOX4), are related to vascular development and contribute to denser and thicker lignified cell layers in ZS11. Taken together, our results provide insights into the physiological and molecular regulatory basis for the formation of stem lodging resistance in ZS11, which will greatly promote the application of this superior trait in rapeseed breeding.

Correlation of Legal Concepts of Administrative Procedure and Administrative Liability in the Sphere of Urban Planning

The purpose of the research is to identify the correlation between legal concepts of administrative Procedure and administrative liability in the sphere of urban planning. Main content. The regulatory basis for imposing administrative sanctions in the specified sphere consists of violating legislation, building regulations, standards, rules, etc. Methodology: The methodological basis of the research is presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, interpretation method, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Conclusions. It is noted that the mechanism of bringing to administrative liability is based on a considerable number of legislative acts, building codes, standards, and rules, and this fact makes it much more challenging to understand this set of rules and contributes to their violation. Emphasis is placed on the fact that many offences in urban planning activities are detected during state architectural and construction control and supervision. Disclosed are some positions of the Supreme Court regarding the consideration and resolution of disputes related to appeals against resolutions on acceptable imposition. Peculiarities of implementation of norms of the institution of administrative liability in the sphere of urban planning activities for offenders of variable status have been revealed.

Tracing 100 million years of grass genome evolutionary plasticity.

Grasses derive from a family of monocotyledonous plants that includes crops of major economic importance such as wheat, rice, sorghum and barley, sharing a common ancestor some 100 million years ago. The genomic attributes of plant adaptation remain obscure and the consequences of recurrent whole genome duplications (WGD) or polyploidization events, a major force in plant evolution, remain largely speculative. We conducted a comparative analysis of omics data from ten grass species to unveil structural (inversions, fusions, fissions, duplications, substitutions) and regulatory (expression and methylation) basis of genome plasticity, as possible attributes of plant long lasting evolution and adaptation. The present study demonstrates that diverged polyploid lineages sharing a common WGD event often present the same patterns of structural changes and evolutionary dynamics, but these patterns are difficult to generalize across independent WGD events as a result of non-WGD factors such as selection and domestication of crops. Polyploidy is unequivocally linked to the evolutionary success of grasses during the past 100 million years, although it remains difficult to attribute this success to particular genomic consequences of polyploidization, suggesting that polyploids harness the potential of genome duplication, at least partially, in lineage-specific ways. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates that post-polyploidization reprogramming is more complex than traditionally reported in investigating single species and calls for a critical and comprehensive comparison across independently polyploidized lineages.