Regulation Of Sales Research Articles

Traumatic brain injury during COVID-19 pandemic—time-series analysis of a natural experiment

ObjectivesThis study aims to find if the incidence and pattern of traumatic brain injury (TBI) changed during the COVID-19pandemic. We also aim to build an explanatory model for change in...

Organizational and economic mechanism of balanced development of the vegetable market in the Republic of Belarus

Formation of a competitive national economy in the Republic of Belarus in conditions of international economic relations should be based on a stably functioning and well-developed system of commodity markets, with food market taking a key place in their structure. One of the most important segments of the latter is the vegetable market, which is developing dynamically at the present stage, providing population with valuable food products, and industry - with raw materials for processing. At the same time, specificity of domestic vegetable market of the Republic of Belarus in the context of ensuring national food security is determined by new tasks, objectively generated by the development of modern trends in domestic and global agricultural economy. The paper substantiates theoretical foundations of the mechanism of its balanced development in the food supply system, which contain scientific approaches, conditions and factors of the internal and external market environments, as well as modern trends in the vegetable market and its main segments in foreign countries. In the context of national food security, new directions of organizational and economic mechanism for the vegetable market functioning, effective measures of economic regulation of production and sale of products based on international rules, a mechanism of marketing support for domestic producers have been developed. Scientific novelty of this development lies in application of an integrated approach to balancing the vegetable market, increasing efficiency of the subjects functioning in the value chain and ensuring competitiveness of these products in the domestic and foreign markets. These developments can be used to substantiate the priority directions for development of food markets, as well as to fulfill medium- and longterm forecasts of provision level of the population of the republic with vegetable products. Acknowledgments. The research was carried out within the framework of the State Research Program “Agricultural Technologies and Food Security” for 2021-2025, subprogram 9.7 “Economy of agro-industrial complex”.

Reconsidering the Special Rules of Mitigation of Damages for Breach of Contract for the Sale of Goods in UAE Law

Abstract This research focuses on the regulatory framework of a creditor’s duty to mitigate damages in UAE law, and examines the extent to which this organization is consistent with the provisions of the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods. The absence of an explicit legislative provision imposing this duty in the national law does not preclude the possibility of implementing many general rules governing the theory of contract provided in the UAE federal law on civil transactions. It also concludes that the regulation of commercial sales contracts provided in the UAE federal law on commercial transactions is counterproductive in organizing this duty in contravention of the general rules of contract law and international perspective and in contrast to the provided goals of these special provisions (maintaining mutual trust between the contracting parties and the stability of commercial transactions). It suggests fundamental amendments to the federal law on commercial transactions.

Sales management function at the enterprise

The definition of the essence of sales management activities at the enterprise is presented. The list of sales functions at the enterprise is developed, the point of view on their composition is revealed. The content of the «sales market research» function as an initial function in the sales management system is clarified. Emphasis is placed on the functions of motivating employees who carry out the sales management activity and motivating other objects that are participants in the sales process. It is studied that the purpose of sales planning is to ensure sales tasks on the part of individual structural divisions of the enterprise. It is indicated that the sales market research function is performed in most cases by a separate specialized marketing department (marketing research department). It is concluded that regulation as a function of sales management is the development and implementation of measures based on the results of sales control aimed at improving its activity. It is noted that in the definition of the «sales management» concept, it is worth pointing out that it is aimed at the performance of its functions. Considerable attention is paid to the organization of sales activities. It is noted that it includes the creation of a sales service, organization of sales, delivery of goods to consumers, organization of distribution channels, organization of relations between the sales department and other structural units, etc. It is emphasized that an important function of sales management at the enterprise is its planning. Emphasis is placed on the content types of sales plans. Such a function of sales management is considered as operative work. It is noted that one of the sales functions is accounting of sales activities, and its types are outlined. A significant place is given to consideration of the motivational function of sales activity. The final function of the sales management process, which is sales control and regulation, is indicated. It is determined that the main functions of sales can be combined into three groups: planning, organization, control and regulation. It is emphasized that the final function of sales management is sales control and regulation.

Marco legal comparado de la dispensación de medicamentos en las oficinas de farmacia de los distintos Estados miembros de la Unión Europea

Dispensing is the act carried out by a pharmacist or under his supervision, aimed at ensuring that patients receive the medicines in the precise doses according to their individual requirements, for the appropriate period, with the information for their correct use, and in accordance with current regulations. To understand this act, the concept of medicine, the studies that a pharmacist must take, the regulation of the concepts of pharmaceutical management, as well as the pharmacy offices in the European Union have been previously analyzed. Finally, compare the act of dispensing in each of the countries of the European Union. To make that comparison, each of the rules directly affecting the act of dispensing medicinal products in each Member State has been translated, analysed and interpreted. The aspects that have been investigated have been: the obligatory presence of a pharmacist in the pharmacy office; the sale of medicinal products in establishments other than pharmacies; the ability to replace those medicinal products subject to medical prescription by the pharmacist; and, the regulation of the online sale of medicines subject to medical prescription. Although it is true that it has been concluded that the presence of the pharmacist is mandatory in 99% of the countries, no total harmony has been found in the regulations of the rest of the parameters subject to comparison in this research work.

Монополістичні тенденції в цукровій промисловості України наприкінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст.

The article analyzes the monopolistic tendencies in the sugar industry of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century. It is noted that for this area in the sources and sometimes in historiography there is confusion in terms, because traditionally monopolistic unions are called syndicates, although in essence they are cartels. It is determined that the sugar industry was one of the first industries where monopolization processes began – the first cartel was established here in 1887. However, high competition in the sugar market led to its instability and disintegration in the first half of the 1890s. government regulation of sugar production and sales. With the beginning of the twentieth century, which was marked by the economic crisis of 1900–1903, the tendency to monopolize refining became dominant. It has been determined that the cartel of refined producers started operating in 1903, but was unstable, so the agreement was repeatedly terminated and re-concluded. On the eve of the First World War, an attempt was made to syndicate the union, but it was not completed. During the war, due to the rapid rise in prices, the government established the Central Bureau for the Consolidation of Sugar Procurement (Centrosugar) in 1916, making it impossible for sugar cartels to continue. It was emphasized that throughout the period of monopolistic agreements in the sugar industry, entrepreneurs enjoyed the systematic support of the government, despite the dissatisfaction of a large part of society. It is concluded that in the sugar industry of the Russian Empire, monopolistic agreements did not go beyond unstable cartels, which was traditional for industries with strong competition. Another trend was the systematic protection of the interests of sugar producers by the state authorities, as the largest sugar producers belonged to influential noble families, and therefore enjoyed additional caste privileges.

Трансформація підходів до маркетингового менеджменту підприємств агропромислового комплексу в умовах діджиталізації

The article analyzes and summarizes existing conceptual approaches to defining the essence of the concepts “sales activity”, “marketing activity”, “agricultural marketing”, “transformation”, “marketing activity management”, “marketing management”. It has been established that the digital age will contribute to the transformation of the paradigm of marketing management of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, tools for the formation of marketing strategies, sales policy, digital channels, customer experience, management approaches to supply chains and the creation of appropriate logistics infrastructure and agroclusters. The content of the concept “transformation of the marketing activity of an agricultural enterprise in the conditions of the digital economy” as a process of changing the essence, types, form, properties and structure of sales networks and marketing systems, the principles of corporate culture, consumer values, the system of views, management functions, the nature of partnership relations between sub business entity, customers and various categories of stakeholders. The author's interpretation of the marketing management of an agro-industrial enterprise in the era of digital transformations is provided, which is understood as a continuous integrated process that is carried out through the implementation of management functions (forecasting, planning, organization, accounting, control, analysis and regulation) of customer service, transportation and sale of agricultural products from using digital technologies and information systems.

Legal Basis for Remote Sale of Medicines in the Russian Federation

The topic of the article is very relevant, first of all, due to the fact that today the development of the information and telecommunication services market involves almost all areas of people’s life in the field of e-commerce. Until April 2020, it was not possible to purchase a medicinal product online on the territory of the Russian Federation due to the lack of a regulatory legal framework regulating such a mechanism. However, at the moment, the relevant legislation has entered into force, regulating in detail the sale of medicines in a remote format. Taking into account the presented circumstances, it seems to us that the issue of studying new legislative acts in the field of remote sale of medicines on the territory of the Russian Federation is largely being updated. The subject of the article is the mechanism of legal regulation of remote sale of medicines in Russia. The purpose of the study is to identify the problems of legal regulation of the process of remote sale of medicines in the Russian Federation at the present stage. This research is based on a combination of groups of classical general scientific methods (induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis) and a number of special methods of scientific cognition applied directly within the framework of legal science (formal legal, comparative legal and others). Within the framework of the presented article, the authors carried out a conceptual analysis of the features of the legal regulation of the sale of medicines using remote technologies, taking into account the latest changes in legislation. The specifics of remote trade in prescription and over-the-counter drugs, as well as the peculiarities of labeling of medicines on the territory of the Russian Federation, are analyzed. As a result of a comprehensive study of current trends in regulatory regulation and justification of possible methods for improving the systems for issuing electronic prescriptions, as well as mandatory labeling of medicines, a conclusion is made about the possibility of further development of remote trade in medicines in the Russian Federation.

Quality determinates of rice price in open bag markets in Sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeWeaknesses in the grades and standards system in low-income countries across Sub-Saharan Africa undermine the transparency of agricultural markets. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana and Mozambique rice is predominately sold in open bags and if rice price does not reflect its quality, then inefficiencies may lead to consumer welfare losses. Importantly, it is possible that impoverished communities are priced out of the market due to inflated and inefficient prices. The objective of this study is to examine determinates of rice price by estimating the impact of selected rice quality attributes on rice prices in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana and Mozambique.Design/methodology/approachWe collected 363 rice samples from open air markets in Bukavu (DRC), Nampula (Mozambique) and across Ghana in 2019. Each rice sample was analyzed in a food science lab for the quality attributes: percentage of chalk and brokens, chalk impact, length and length-to-width ratio. We used multiple regression analysis to estimate if and to what extent quality attributes were the drivers of price.FindingsFindings suggest that there are irregularities in the Ghanaian market for broken rice and that regardless of quality, imported rice is priced higher than domestic rice. In the DRC and Mozambique, our results indicate price is driven by length and length-to-width ratio in the former and length-to-width ratio in the latter.Research limitations/implicationsRice samples were purchased from market vendors and thus consumer preferences for attributes were not revealed.Originality/valueThese results provide valuable insight to policymakers regarding the need for proper labeling and regulation of open bag rice sales in an effort to increase consumer welfare and improve food security.

Alcohol policy compliance among retailers in Bhutan: a multisite community intervention study

BackgroundAlcohol use is a major public health problem in Bhutan. Compliance with regulations at the point of sale is an important strategy in alcohol control. Retail outlets were briefed on sale regulations and provided notification of rules, which they were directed to display on the premises. The extent to which licensed alcohol outlets responded to possible alcohol purchases was assessed through the use of young proxy-purchasers, adults feigning alcohol intoxication and sober adults. A total of 854 visits (pre versus post visits) were made across four district towns. Two towns (Damphu town in Tsirang district and Pema Gatshel town in Pema Gatshel district) received pre- and post-intervention purchase surveys, while the other two neighbouring towns (Khuruthang town in Punakha and Bajo town in Wangdue) were administered only baseline surveys.MethodWe used a pre- and post-test community intervention design covering all alcohol retailers both on premise (bar, hotel, restaurant, karaoke bars) and off premise (grocery shops). Compliance with alcohol regulations at the point of sale was assessed through the use of young proxy-purchasers, adults feigning alcohol intoxication and sober adults.ResultsRetailers rarely checked the age and/or identification (ID) of the proxy-purchasers before the intervention. There was a 22.7% (8.6, 37) percent increase in compliance with laws after the intervention. While some strategies are suggested, the strongest and most effective measure to prevent under-age drinking and service to intoxicated individuals is more rigorous enforcement of existing liquor laws.ConclusionAlcohol control requires ongoing government enforcements, supplemented by public awareness and knowledge.

Governmental regulation induced pesticide retailers to provide more accurate advice on pesticide use to farmers in China.

In China, pesticide retailers have often been accused of providing inaccurate advice on pesticide use to farmers in a chaotic pesticide market. However, it is unclear whether governmental regulation of sales and advice on pesticide use by pesticide retailers induces them to provide accurate advice. Using survey data of 242 pesticide retailers in 2016, this study analyzes how pesticide retailers in China provide advice on pesticide use to farmers and examines whether governmental regulation induces pesticide retailers to provide accurate advice. The surveyed retailers were found to advise farmers to use the correct active ingredients in only 75.6% of observations. Retailers recommended pesticide application rates higher than the scientifically recommended levels among 57.2% of observations. The bivariate probit model estimation results show that highly intensive governmental regulation increases the probability of correct advice on pesticide use of pesticide retailers in the county and township seats by 13% and 19%, respectively. Moreover, highly intensive regulation can also increase the probability of pesticide non-overuse advice by the retailers from the retailers in the villages by 38%. Highly intensive governmental regulation can induce pesticide retailers to provide more accurate advice on pesticide use to farmers, but the effects differ across the locations of pesticide retailers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Can Shorts Predict Returns? A Global Perspective

Abstract Using multiple short-sale measures, we examine the predictive power of short sales for future stock returns in 38 countries from July 2006 to December 2014. We find that the days-to-cover ratio and the utilization ratio measures have the most robust predictive power for future stock returns in the global capital market. Our results display significant cross-country and cross-firm differences in the predictive power of alternative short-sale measures. The predictive power of shorts is stronger in countries with nonprohibitive short sale regulations and for stocks with relatively low liquidity, high shorting fees, and low price efficiency.

Over-the-counter sales of antibiotics for human use in India: The challenges and opportunities for regulation

This article assesses the regulatory framework relating to over-the-counter (OTC) sales of antibiotics for human use in India. The OTC sale of antibiotics is recognised as a pathway for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR); a serious public health challenge in need of urgent regulatory responses. Analytically, this article identifies opportunities within existing laws in India and highlights gaps that need to be filled by modifying existing laws or developing new ones. Conceptually, it suggests a need to reflect on the limits of traditional, top-down, ‘command-and control’ regulation and to think about alternative approaches. The article therefore advocates for an approach to regulation that incorporates two elements. First, it argues for a broader concept of regulation that encompasses binding as well as non-binding regulatory instruments and initiatives aimed at influencing stakeholder behaviour (including soft regulation, economic incentives, information campaigns and uses of technology). Second, it makes the case for enhanced stakeholder participation in regulatory design. The article will be relevant for health policy and drug regulators in India and other low- and middle-income countries, as well as legal scholars, social scientists and others interested in the regulation of OTC sales of antibiotics for AMR containment.

The Tobacco Endgame-Eradicating a Worsening Epidemic: A Joint Opinion From the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology.

The Tobacco Endgame-Eradicating a Worsening Epidemic: A Joint Opinion From the American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology.

RISKS OF LAND MARKET FUNCTIONING AND THEIR PREVENTIVE MEASURES

In the article, the author examines the current state of completion of land reform in order to clarify the biggest problems related to the opening and further functioning of the free land market in Ukraine, as well as the search for effective preventive measures against possible risks. Emphasizing the value of land as a resource for the full economic and social development of the country, the author emphasizes the importance of efficient and rational use. In this regard, the most important risks of market relations have been highlighted, such as insufficient solvency of future farmers, possible monopolization of agriculture by agricultural holdings, difficult conditions for lending to agricultural needs, lack of effective state regulation of land sales, etc. As a result of the research, the Article highlights and substantiates ways to minimize risks. These include mandatory state financial support for farmers, including newly incorporated farms, the need to create a credit infrastructure focused on servicing the agricultural economy, accelerating the process of determining the regulatory monetary valuation of each land that will become a commodity in the land market, and the need to improve mechanisms of state regulation of land relations. The Article also analyzes the current regulations governing relations in this area, as well as the positive experience of foreign countries.

Modern problems of legal regulation of remote sale of goods and ways to solve them

Modern problems of legal regulation of remote sale of goods and ways to solve them

Do Short Sellers Anticipate Future Market Returns? International Evidence

I show that short interest is a strong negative predictor of stock market returns internationally. Short interest significantly and negatively predicts returns in 24 out of 32 countries examined; this predictability survives out-of-sample tests, persists outside recessions, and is not subsumed by other well-known return predictors. The predictive power of short interest varies across regions and increases when short selling is constrained by local short sale regulations or the availability of shares in the equity lending market. I construct a trading strategy that exploits the predictive ability of short interest for market returns via index futures and find that it generates returns and Sharpe ratios comparable to cross-sectional strategies exploiting a similar predictability pattern in stocks.

Restriction of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms by the Law of the Constituent Entitity of the Russian Federation when Regulating the Sale of Non-Alcoholic Tonic Drinks

A common practice of imposing various prohibitions and rules in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, owing to the need to solve acute social problems and achieve constitutionally significant goals, draws attention to the problem of restricting by the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation fundamental rights and freedoms of the man and citizen. Using the regulation of retail sale of non-alcoholic toning drinks as a case-study, the paper discusses the relevant legislative work, court practice, conditions and content of imposed restrictions. The laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation provide for prohibitions imposed on the sale of non-alcoholic tonic drinks to minors, retail trade in educational and medical organizations, as well as in places holding activities with the participation of young people and the consumption of such drinks by minors in public places. Attempts have been made to adopt a federal law with similar content, but taking into account the negative attitude of the Government of the Russian Federation and arguments concerning the absence of unambiguous scientific data with regard to the harm caused by ”energy” drinks, the State Duma rejected four draft laws. The regional laws’ analysis is carried out in the context of delineation of jurisdictions and powers between federal bodies of state power, sectoral legislative regulation and provisions consolidated in Part 3 Article 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Restrictions on the sale of “energy” drinks are considered within the framework of the content of the legislation regulating the protection of rights of the child, civil legislation and other legal acts, as well as legal stances of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The paper has revealed uncertainty in the interpretation of the constitutional provision restricting human rights and freedoms by the federal law, which leads to contradictions in court practice.

Asymmetric price transmission in the distribution channels of pork: Focusing on the effect of policy regulation of Sunday sales by hypermarkets in Korea.

In this paper, we investigate whether there exists market inefficiency in the distribution channel of pork by estimating a developed partial adjustment model that captures the asymmetric price transmission from wholesale to retail prices. The estimation results show that market efficiency exists for the wholesale and two types of retail markets in the distributional channel of pork in Korea. The government's regulation on Sunday sales by hypermarkets plays a significant role in increasing market efficiency, forcing more competition among hypermarkets, and changing the structure of asymmetric price transmission from wholesale to traditional market prices. The results suggest that the policy goal has been achieved in the traditional market by leading to a more efficient price forming due to a lessened degree of asymmetric price transmission from the wholesale price. Although market inefficiency has been maintained in the distribution channel between wholesale market and hypermarket, the behavior of price setting by hypermarkets has not been influenced by the policy.

Models of legal regulation of sales of personal weapons in foreign countries (on the example of the United States, Germany, and Japan)

The object of this research is the social relations established with regards to the sales of personal weapon in the United States, Japan, and Germany. The subject of this research is the legislation of the aforementioned countries, which regulates the sales of weapon for civilian population. The key goal lies in elaboration of the models of legal regulation of the sales of personal weapons based on the analysis of normative legal acts. The article reveals the peculiarities of establishment, development, and current state of legal regulation of sales of personal weapons abroad using the example of three countries – United States, Germany, and Japan. The scientific novelty of the conducted research consists in description of the three contrasting models of legal regulation of sales of personal weapons: liberal-permissive, prohibitory-paternalistic, and combinatory. The conclusion is made that the choice of the method of legal regulation of sales of personal weapons depends on the objective factors the country exists in, namely: social, political, cultural, ideological, religious, as well as historical experience of the country, regulation of domestic social issues, population mentality, presence or absence of the “war status”. There is yet no universal model for regulation of the sales of personal weapon. Most efficient implementation of the indicated models is possible only in case of the balanced consideration of all objective actors for each particular country.