Regulation Of Organic Production Research Articles

Regulation of Organic Production in Brazil: Notes for its Adaptation to Participatory Guarantee Systems

Objective: analyze the process of public regulation of organic production in Brazil, with a focus on Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) and Social Control Organizations (SCO). Method: The research employed document analysis of reports produced by civil society organizations, content analysis of two webinários on the subject, and conducted 12 interviews with representatives of Brazilian PGSs. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework encompasses regulations and documents related to organic certification, agroecology, and social construction spaces, as well as current studies on PGS and participatory certification. Results and conclusion: The results presented in this work are part of the research project “Sistemas de confianza, producción ecológica y garantía. Innovaciones sociales al sello oficial en el contexto de los canales cortos de comercialización” developed by the University of Córdoba, Spain, in partnership with a team from the Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil. It is noteworthy that the excess of records, notes and regulatory controls hinder the inclusion and participation of peasants and farmers in organic quality assurance processes. Research implications: This discussion aims to contribute both to an expanded understanding of the social processes established for the regulation of organic production and to provide insights for the reformulation of current regulations in the country. Originality/value: A revision of the methods of verification, traceability, and social control is necessary, adapting them to the diverse socio-cultural realities existing in Brazil.

СПЕЦИФИКА ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

The article considers the essence and basic principles of the organization of organic agriculture. The issue of organizational and legal regulation of this field of activity is highlighted and the regulatory regulation of organic production is highlighted. The analysis of organic production on a global scale and the scale of the Russian Federation is presented. The algorithm of the life cycle of production and certification of organic products is analyzed.

Adaptation of foreign experience of state regulation of organic production in Ukraine

This article presents the essence of the organic production market. The author conducted an analysis of the modern market of organic products according to its consumers, producers and geographical segmentation. An analysis of modern problems of the Ukrainian organic production market was carried out and recommendations were made for its improvement to the main adaptations of the foreign experience of state regulation of the organic production industry. The article analyzes the principles of state regulation in the field of organic production and, based on the results of this analysis, their necessity is justified. Subjects and objects on the market of organic agricultural production are defined, and their main rights and obligations in this area are also outlined. The key aspects of state support for the organic agricultural producer were studied, and on the basis of the research, a systemic complex model of state support for the development of organic production was proposed. production The theoretical bases of scientific and advisory support are outlined and the training of qualified specialists in the field of "Organic agricultural production" at the Higher Education Institution, retraining and upgrading of the qualifications of specialists in the field, financing of scientific research and practical developments on the specified topic, taking into account the possible results of their practical significance in the future, are proposed. All this made it possible to establish the need to introduce tools to stimulate organic production, given the existing state support.

Ecological certification of organic production in Russia

The stage of formation of organic agriculture has begun in Russia. According to the requirements of Russian legislation and international standards, organic agriculture provides for the production of organic products in conditions close to biological processes occurring in natural ecological systems. Organic agriculture should be based on a set of methods that ensure a viable ecosystem, safe food, healthy nutrition, animal health and social justice, and an organic product is a product that is produced in accordance with organic farming standards. The system of state regulation of organic production in Russia is insufficiently formed and does not fully meet the modern requirements of international standards. The purpose of the study is to assess the compliance of Russian legislation with the requirements of international standards in the field of certification of organic production. The laws introduce requirements for certification of only organic products themselves, which is insufficient to solve the tasks set by the state and the international community. The proposed model of ecological certification of organic production will meet the challenges in the field of organic agriculture, environmental protection, and organic products will meet international requirements and standards, which will contribute to the output of products on the Russian and international market.

The effects of farming systems (organic vs. conventional) on dairy cow welfare, based on the Welfare Quality® protocol

Animal welfare in livestock production is of great interest to consumers. The organic farming approach strives to ensure animal welfare based on preventive measures, but there are very few scientific studies that compare the actual differences in animal welfare between organic and conventional farms. Those studies that have been carried out frequently focus on specific aspects of animal welfare, mostly health issues. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of the farming system on the welfare of dairy cows in a more holistic way. Although this study was carried out in just two federal states of Germany, the results could serve as a suitable model for the whole country. We used the Welfare Quality assessment protocol to measure welfare for dairy cattle (Welfare Quality®, 2009) and the results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between organic and conventional farms, but there was also considerable variance between individual farms of the same farming system. Organic farms scored higher in all four Welfare Quality® principles: “Good Feeding”, “Good Housing”, “Good Health” and “Appropriate Behavior” compared to conventional farms. In particular, organic farms obtained higher scores with respect to Welfare Quality® measures of resting comfort, which contributes to a lower percentage of lameness; organic farms also implemented less painful methods for disbudding, or indeed carried out no disbudding, and provided access to pasture and outdoor exercise. However, organic farms still have room for improvement, especially with respect to animal health. Therefore, outcome‐based specifications should be included in the current (purely action-oriented) European regulation of organic production (EC, 2008; EU, 2018) to safeguard the health‐related aspects of animal welfare.

LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF ORGANIC PRODUCTION ACCOUNTING IN UKRAINE

The article examines the opinions of scientists on topical issues of accounting for organic production. The current state of the world consumer market of eco-products is revealed, the active growth of consumer demand for organic products is noted. The legal regulation of organic production is studied, and different views of scientists on the directions of improvement of the current legislation in Ukraine are revealed. The consolidation of the content of the so-called «organic» is presented at the legislative level. The organization of primary accounting of economic operations related to organic farming on domestic agricultural enterprises is studied. The necessity of development of standard forms of documents and Methodical recommendations on the organization of accounting in the conditions of organic production in Ukraine is considered. The main branches of organic production in Ukraine are studied. Peculiarities and shortcomings in the formation of accounting policy at «organic enterprises» are presented. The list of standard documentation of «organic enterprises» on the account of production of organic crop products is considered. The imperfection of the regulatory framework and the lack of proper information support, as well as their impact on the work of «organic enterprises». The need to reflect in the indicators of financial statements accounting data on the costs of organic production and the availability and movement of organic agricultural products has been confirmed. According to the results of the study, the need to develop methodological tools for accounting for organic production was determined. With the development of organic production, the accounting system should be properly organized, which will help provide users with timely and accurate information on the production, storage and sale of organic agricultural products.

Regulatory support for the organic market (in the world, EAEU countries, Russia)

The article presents international and national documents providing regulatory support for the organic market. Organic agriculture, as a special direction of agricultural production, requires separate legislative regulation due to the specifics of relations arising in the process of production, sale and marketing of products, the availability of internationally recognized standards and certification procedures. Most of the countries of the world community have their own characteristics of the development of the sector of organic agricultural products, its production, marketing and regulation of these processes, regulatory support of the market for organic products. Organic farming in Russia today can rely on a system of legal regulation of organic production, including international and interstate acts on organic agriculture (JFOAM, FiBL, Codex Alimentarius Commission, regulations of the EAEU, EAEU and CIS), Federal law (93) and national state RF standards, regional laws and programs for the development of organic agriculture, certification organizations. Prior to the approval and implementation of the Federal Law on organic products at the regional level, several regions of the Russian Federation developed their own regulatory documents that allowed their producers to produce organic products. The legal impact on the formation of the organic market occurs not only through laws of direct action, but also through general economic laws, regulations, state programs, local regulations (for example, private standards of organizations), etc. The current procedure for passing certification in foreign countries and for Russian producers of organic products. The factors and conditions that allow to stimulate producers to increase the production of organic products, to pass the required and necessary certification of farms and products, making local products more competitive in comparison with other similar products are identified.

ОРГАНІЧНЕ ВИРОБНИЦТВО У СИСТЕМІ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ

In the scientific article the need to develop organic production as an important priority for the development of the state food industry are emphasized. A comparative description of European countries with similar natural development potential of the organic sector to Ukraine is made, the volume of the domestic market of organic products in Ukraine is analyzed. The research revealed that Ukraine is a world leader in the production of organic honey, occupies a leading position in the area of certified land, and mainly specializes in the cultivation of grain and oilseeds. It is determined that the key element in the process of development of organic production in Ukraine was the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On basic principles and requirements for organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products». The law regulates the basic principles and requirements for state organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products, principles of legal regulation of organic production, circulation of organic products and functioning of the organic products market, legal bases of central executive bodies, organic market participants and public policy in these areas. It is proved that an important step towards the development of state organic production is the adoption by the Government of the «Procedure for certification of organic production and circulation of organic products», which was developed taking into account the requirements of EU legislation. The document defines the rules of certification of organic production and circulation of organic products, as well as the procedure for issuing a certificate, its duplicate and form. Given that Ukraine is a leading supplier of organic products to foreign markets, as evidenced by the above data, the introduction of its own certification system will enhance Ukraine’s image in the world trade arena. In addition, it will contribute to the sustainable development of the state organic sector, increase the transparency of production and saturate the state market with organic products. The author notes the first important steps in the development of state organic production, based on which the main problems of such development are identified, which will form an effective infrastructure of the organic market, ensure both environmental and food security of agriculture as a whole.

Manufacturing of organic swine production: external experience and challenges for Ukraine

The main factors that stimulate the management development of organic forms are systematized: the deterioration of the overall ecological situation, the increase in the demand for environmentally friendly products, the possibilities for expanding the export of organic products, allows obtaining higher profit levels, etc. The approaches to legal regulation of organic products production in foreign countries and Ukraine have been generalized, which allowed to compare the order of organic products production (raw materials) of plant and animal origin, certification of organic farms and bringing organic products to the market. It is substantiated that there is a need to establish a state monitoring of the pig products quality, which should include: regular inspection of the self-inspection plan; inspection of the industrial premises sanitary condition, adjoining territories, vehicles, forages, fodder additives and ingredients; testing of equipment, materials, substances and technological additives in contact with meat raw materials. It has been proved that the frequency and procedure for state monitoring is ensured taking into account the analysis and assessment of the risks associated with the maintenance of animals and the receipt of meat raw materials. It is generalized that the strategic priorities of the organic pig production development is to increase the production of pig slaughter products, accordingly, it requires levers substantiation of the economic regulation to stimulate the producers of the sector in this direction. To sum up, there is a need to develop standards for the certification of animal origin organic products, namely, it is advisable to delimit the production of organic products (raw materials) and inorganic production in the regulatory and legal framework; utilization of waste and by-products of plant and animal origin in the process of organic products production, etc. It is proved that the low demand of consumers in the domestic market makes producers of organic products, including pigs, to focus on the markets of other countries. Measures to motivate foreign investors in the production of organic meat in Ukraine could become one of the most effective instruments for the intensification of organic pig production, and in the future, it could deliver its supplies to foreign markets, but realize it itself. It is obvious that in this approach there is a possibility of increasing value added in the supply chain of organic pig production, provided that the domestic processing capacity of organic produce and organic meat products is adjusted internally. Key words: organic pig breeding, organic livestock breeding, state regulation, control, ecology.

Increased utilisation of renewable resources: dilemmas for organic agriculture

Minimising outputs of waste and pollution by recycling and efficient utilisation of renewable resources is of common interest for organic agriculture and the concepts of circular and bioeconomy. However, in practice, many efforts to increase recycling of various biological materials in organic agriculture are hampered because standards for certified organic production and processing tend to prefer natural products while avoiding processing and especially chemical processes. This creates several dilemmas and weakens the position of organic agriculture as a spear head in the development of a better resource utilisation which will reduce environmental impacts from food production. Based on practical examples derived from projects aimed at better utilisation of residual materials in various food chains, this paper presents some of these dilemmas. Our aim is to initiate a discussion among organic agriculture stakeholders about the regulations for organic production, how they restrict recycling and a better utilisation of valuable resources, and how this can be overcome.

Legislative Regulation of the Production of Organic Agricultural Products in Ukraine

The article analyzes the legislation on the production of organic agricultural products in Ukraine. Legal acts regulating the relationships in the sphere of production and circulation of organic agricultural products (raw materials) are analyzed. The main scientific approaches to the further development of national legislation on the production of organic agricultural products are investigated. The article formulates the suggestions on the improvement of legal regulation of organic production in Ukraine as well as on the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation on the production of organic agricultural products (raw materials) to the EU legislation.

Organic Milk Versus Conventional Milk As Functional Milk

Chronic diseases progress slowly and generally cause symptoms in middle age onward. It is widely known that there is a close link between diets and chronic diseases in human. Foods which have specific target functions and preventive impacts on human health as well as their basic nutritional effects are defined as functional foods. These foods may decrease risk for chronic diseases due to having health preventive impacts on human health. Milk is an useful baverage for during childhood and adolescence because of its macro and micro nutrients. Milk composition is affected by mainly genetic, nutrition, season, lactation stage etc. Therefore, there are some differences in milk components between organic and conventional milk because of especially heredities of herds and nutrition. Seasonal variations in pasture, amount of grains and forages (fresh or conserved) cause changes in milk fatty acid composition of organic and conventional milk. Furthermore, organic production regulations limit the use of starch-based concentrates and supplements; therefore, some nutrients’ concentrations (protein, thiamine, vitamin B1 and B2, I etc) in organic milk may be expected to be lower than those of conventional milk. In this paper, organic and conventional milk components have been reviewed in term of functional milk.

Organic agricultural products in Europe and USA

In the most developed countries of Western Europe and North America, the share of organic farming in the food market is between 2% and 6%. The share of organic products on the Polish food market is only 0.33% (&lt;xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_manment-2017-0011_ref_005"&gt;Dryjańska E. 2017&lt;/xref&gt;). The aim of this article is to compare organic agricultural products in the US and EU. The scope of the comparison was covered by the legal regulations for organic production in the mentioned regions and the availability of organic products for customers. In order to highlight differences between the organic product and their traditional counterpart, selected meta-analyzes were conducted by authors in the field of medical and natural sciences. The possibilities of buying organic products are described on the basis of personal experiences of the author as a consumer. The offer of organic products was analyzed on the example of one European country (Poland) and the example of several states of America (Colorado, Virginia, New York). The rules for producing organic food in the US are more rigorous than in the EU. The offer of organic and conventional food targeted to the American consumer is comparable. Although Polish consumers have a positive perception of organic food, its supply is significantly different from the US market. The main differences are in distribution channels, product range, price and visual design of organic products.

О формировании основ правового регулирования органической аквакультуры в странах Евразийского экономического союза

At present, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) working hard in the law-making process by creating a system of regulatory legal acts on production and turnover of organic agricultural products. This activity is realizing at the level of national and international legislation. The problem of creating a unified legal and economic space in this area is very important for the entire agricultural sector including representatives of commercial aquaculture, who are particularly interested in the legal grounds for the management of organic fish farming in the framework of international cooperation, as declared in the draft concept of aquaculture development in EAEU States. In the nearest time this document will be adopt by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council. But there is no enough legislation on organic production of Russia, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. Analysis of national legislation demonstrates that similar laws were adopted in Armenia and Kazakhstan, but the effectiveness of their actions on commodity fish farming in doubt. Russian and Belarusian legislation in this field also require review and refinement.&#x0D; Applying the logical-legal and comparative legal methods of research we were able to identify the specific gaps of the relevant laws and legislation of these countries.&#x0D; At the end the author makes a conclusion that in the current period the most disoriented from the point of view of legal regulation of organic production are the fish farms of Russia, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan. These identified problems create non-competitive conditions in the field of production and turnover of organic fish products. So, in order to solve these problems the author gives some suggestions for improvement of draft laws and existing legislation in this field.

Whole lactation production responses in high-yielding dairy cows using high-quality grass/clover silage.

Limiting the use of purchased concentrate for livestock and replacing it with home-grown forage without compromising milk production can offer benefits in both organic and conventional dairy systems. A full lactation trial was conducted with 92 cows over two years comparing three diets, each differing in the mean forage proportion over the lactation, 500 (500F), 600 (600F) and 700 (700F) g kg-1 dry matter (DM) respectively. The diets were designed to represent common conventional feeding, current regulations for organic production and more extreme high-forage-based production respectively. The aims were to determine the effects of forage proportion in the diet on milk production and feed utilisation. Compared with 500F, daily milk yield did not differ in 600F but was lower in 700F (31.3, 31.1 and 29.2 kg energy-corrected milk respectively). Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was similar between treatments (20.3, 20.4 and 19.9 kg in 500F, 600F and 700F respectively). Increasing the forage proportion from 500 to 600 g kg-1 DM did not have any adverse effects on milk production or DMI. Thus it is possible to produce the same quantity of milk with less concentrate and reduce the use of potential human feeds in dairy production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nutrient supply to organic agriculture as governed by EU regulations and standards in six European countries

Organic farming systems need to replace nutrients exported via farm products, especially phosphorus (P) which may otherwise become depleted in soil in the long term. In Europe, EU regulations for organic production are shaping the farming systems with respect to inputs of nutrients. Permitted off-farm P sources include conventional animal manure, composted or anaerobically digested organic residues, rock phosphate, and some animal residues such as meat and bone meal. The recent proposed revision of EU regulations for organic production (2014) puts less emphasis on closing nutrient cycles and instead aims at minimizing off-farm inputs, to reduce the risk of importing contaminants. This development, which has received little attention from the organic sector so far, is explained here. The paper further explores the regulatory conditions that govern the P supply to organic agriculture in six European countries: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, and Switzerland. Organic farmers are subject to substantial variation in standards arising from the interpretation of EU regulations into national laws, restrictions imposed by private actors such as retailers, and private standards which may be stricter than EU regulations. In several countries, the majority of organic farmers are certified by private, stricter standards. We propose that EU regulations and private standards for organic production should not limit the use of recycled fertilizers in organic farming systems, as long as means are taken to ensure the quality and safety of these inputs. Awareness of the need to close nutrient cycles may contribute to adapting regulations and private standards to support recycling of nutrients from society to organic agriculture. A better definition of the term “natural substance” in organic regulations is required.

Normativa de Produção Orgânica no Brasil: a percepção dos agricultores familiares do assentamento da Chapadinha, Sobradinho (DF)

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar o grau de conhecimentos e aderência dos produtores familiares do assentamento rural Chapadinha, em Sobradinho (DF), às normativas de produção orgânica estabelecidas no Brasil. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada contou com entrevistas abertas que pretenderam avaliar as percepções e conhecimentos dos produtores sobre as normativas mais importantes para a produção orgânica no Brasil: Lei n. 10831/2003; Decreto n. 6323/2007 e a IN n. 46/2011; as normas foram integradas em três unidades de análise: diretrizes dos sistemas e produção, processo de comercialização e mecanismos de controle. O trabalho aponta que a documentação constitui o maior gargalo no processo de certificação de pequenos produtores, pois estes requisitos são complexos, além de que é escassa a capacitação relacionada com o correto entendimento desses documentos. Com relação ao processo de comercialização e os mecanismos de controle identificou-se que os produtores apresentaram um grau de conhecimento incompleto relacionado a alguns dos parâmetros da normativa, prejudicando o tempo para a certificação, sendo necessária maior orientação técnica e acompanhamento.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES: PUBLIC SAFETY ISSUES

In the article organic standards in agricultural enterprises are systematized. Regulation of organic production in the leading countries of the EU and Ukraine is considered. Innovative provisions in the standards for the organic production are offered. The necessity of maintaining The Anti-Fraud Initiative in Ukraine is substantiated.

L'evoluzione dei Participatory Guarantee Systems per l'agricoltura biologica: esperienze mondiali a confronto

This paper highlights the importance and the emergence of Participatory Guarantee Systems (pgs) for quality assurance of organic products worldwide. The study provides an overview of several experiences of networks that have adopted pgs. As such, the paper represents a valuable instrument considering the different facets that these models have assumed over the years, in different countries and contexts, in response to different needs. The first network described is the Brazilian Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia. It is interesting to note that in this case the work and the products of the network are officially recognized within the national legislation. On the contrary, Certified Naturally Grown was founded from the need of diversification from the American National Organic Program. Finally, the Indian ngo Keystone Foundation, which promotes and stands for the protection of both cultivation and indigenous cultures. In Italy the CampiAperti association represents one of the best-organized network of producers and co-producers based on pgs principles. The Italian experience offers the chance to a widespread remark, also by Genuino Clandestino movement, on the need for policy adjustments to the variety of productive practices as well as looking at the several experiences of small processors. In this respect in Italy policymakers are starting to discuss a number of measures aimed at protecting family farmers and their production habits. For example, Regulation n. 19/2014 of Emilia Romagna Region recognizes and defends the application of solidarity economic activities. This regulation enhances the importance of peasant agriculture and its practices and it also recognizes the participatory guarantee as a model that ensures environmental and social sustainability and animal welfare as well as workers’ rights. Specific interest in this topic has also come up on the European agenda. In 2013 the EU launched an online public consultation on organic agriculture and the regulation of organic production. This survey contains some questions regarding EU citizens’ willingness to accept alternative certification schemes. Furthermore, in 2014 Horizon2020 published a call entitled Small farms but global markets: the role of small and family farms in food and nutrition security. This call recognizes the importance of the contribution of family farms, and in particular smallholder farms, to food and nutrition security. This is why, we have to encourage and develop the growing also at EU policy level for alternative safeguarding models for organic agriculture.

Natural regulation of Delia radicum in organic cabbage production

In a field experiment, we evaluated effects of three different organic white cabbage-cropping systems (O1, O2, O3) on the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, and its egg predators and pupal parasitoids over 3 years. The three systems all complied with regulations for organic production, but varied in external nutrient input and N-recycling, and were compared to a conventionally farmed control. One organic system (O3) included an intercropped strip of green manure between crop rows. Oviposition by D. radicum was generally not reduced in organic cropping systems. However, higher pupae/egg ratios were observed in the conventional compared to all organic systems, indicating that immature survival from oviposition to pupation was reduced under all the three organic farming practices. In organic system O2 most small coleopteran predators were recorded, but predation on fly eggs was not significantly higher in organic treatments. Pupal parasitization rates ranged from 26.5% to 59.5%, but no significant differences among farming systems were found. Although reduced D. radicum survival could not be attributed solely to natural enemies, the results indicated that organic farming practices in general contribute to the suppression of belowground pests in cabbage production.