Iran Regulations Research Articles

The Relationship Between Discrimination, Heterosexist Harassment, Rejection, and Substance Use in Iranian Gay Men

Background : Gay men experience heterosexist harassment, rejection, and discrimination because of their sexual orientation, which leads to mental health problems, such as substance use. Due to anti-gay laws and regulations in Iran, which are based on fundamental interpretations of Islam, gay men are likely to experience more discrimination than in Western countries. Methods: We used the HHRDS to assess heterosexist harassment, rejection, and discrimination and the ASSIST 3.0 to measure substance use in N = 156 Iranian gay men. Results: Lifetime use was as follows: 64.1% for tobacco products, 36.5% for alcoholic beverages, 25.6% for cannabis, 8.3% for opioids, and 7.1% for sedatives or sleeping pills. All three HHRDS subscales were significantly associated with all substance use scales. In addition, when descriptively comparing HHRDS scores with those of US samples, Iranian gay men reported more discrimination. In a MANOVA, total discrimination strongly predicted tobacco and cannabis consumption, while total discrimination predicted alcohol, opioid, and sedative/sleeping pill use to a moderate degree. Conclusions: Substance use in Iranian gay men can be seen as a primary mental-health issue resulting from discrimination. It also likely reflects a maladaptive coping strategy related to these experiences. To improve Iran gay men’s mental health, structural and interpersonal discrimination should be eliminated and specialized psychological services should be established.

Midwives’ Awareness and Knowledge of the Professional Rules and Regulations in Iran: A Systematic Review

Midwives’ Awareness and Knowledge of the Professional Rules and Regulations in Iran: A Systematic Review

Multisectoral action to address noncommunicable diseases: lessons from three country case studies.

Multisectoral action is a central component of the global response to the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In this paper we aimed to unpack the definition of multisectoral action and provide an overview of the historical context, challenges, and recommendations alongside three country case studies: salt reduction in the UK, tobacco legislation in Nigeria, and regulation of edible oils in Iran. We used an iterative review process to select three country case studies from a list of 20 potential cases previously identified by WHO. At our third round of review we unanimously agreed to focus on salt reduction in the UK, tobacco regulation in Nigeria, and edible oil regulation in Iran as these represented rich cases on diverse risk factors from three different world regions that we felt offered important lessons. We conducted literature reviews to identify further data for each case study. Across the three studies a number of important themes emerged. We found that multisectoral approaches demand the often difficult reconciliation of competing and conflicting values and priorities. Across our three chosen cases, commercial interests and free trade agreements were the most common obstacles to successful multisectoral strategies. We found that early consultative stakeholder engagement and strong political and bureaucratic leadership were necessary for success. The complex multi-rooted nature of NCDs requires a multisectoral approach, but the inevitable conflicts that this entails requires careful navigation.

Supervision of government regulations in Iran's legal system; An analysis of Article 120 of the Law of the Court of Administrative Justice

Supervision of government regulations in Iran's legal system; An analysis of Article 120 of the Law of the Court of Administrative Justice

The Futures of the Faculty Promotion Regulations in Iran: a scenario approach

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of drivers, macro trends and uncertainties related to them in the course of developing the future regulations for the promotion of university faculty members, and drawing alternative scenarios about the promotion regulations in the horizon of 2035. For this purpose, relying on qualitative methodology and using cross-effect analysis matrix tools and MicMac software, the main drivers of change in this field were identified and analyzed. Then, by using the Senario Wizard software and expert panel, the main uncertainties were determined and possible scenarios for the future of the regulations for the promotion of faculty members in the horizon of 2035 were explained and narrated. According to this, while analyzing the structural relationships of impact and effectiveness among key components, five dominant forces of discourse of higher education in Iran including society's expectation (industry, market and government) from higher education, economy of higher education, competitiveness and internationalization of higher education and emerging challenges and development of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary sciences were considered as drivers of change. Finally, the three scenarios of "Wisdom and Knowledge Think Tank", "Science and Technology University" and "Logic and Value School" as alternative futures for the promotion system of academic faculty members were explained and the conditions of the regulations in each of the mentioned scenarios were described and compared with each other.

Violation of Food Advertising Regulations in Iran: A Systematic Review.

The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the status of nutritionally high-risk behaviors in the country are not promising. Because of undeniable impact of media advertising on food choices, to combat the problem some regulations on food advertisements are developed in the country. However, the high prevalence of NCDs warns of the possibility that either the laws are not given the necessary attention or they are not implemented properly. Therefore in the present review, all studies on how the country's visual and written mass media comply with regulations related to food product advertisement were systematically reviewed. We searched all studies, including Persian and English articles, dissertations, and research projects, published and unpublished reports in eight domestic and international databases and search engines during the years 1996 to December of 2020 (25 years). Then, the content of the eligible studies was extracted, evaluated, and reported. A total of 18 eligible studies (articles and reports) were included in the review. The results indicated violations of rules and regulations including displaying food products of low nutritional value and obese people, misleading/exaggerating claims, award offers, induction of gluttony, consumerism, and inconsistency with scientific facts. Most of the studies (55%) had, implicitly or explicitly, targeted children and adolescents. The results of this study indicated a violation of the rules and regulations of health policies, mainly in the field of promoting foods of low nutritional value during the study period. Violations of the ban on advertising for children were also reported in more than half of the studies.

The effect of anti-money laundering regulations on earnings management: evidence of Iran

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of anti-money laundering (AML) regulations on accrual earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) in Iran’s emerging capital market. Design/methodology/approach The panel data regression is used to testing hypotheses. The sample includes 2,020 data and 202 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) over a period of ten years from 2012 to 2021. Also, the companies covered in this study include financial and nonfinancial companies. Furthermore, the data related to the research variables were extracted from the annual financial statements and the TSE database. Findings The results show that compliance with AML regulations leads to a reduction in AEM and REM. In other words, companies with higher money laundering (ML) tend to manage their earnings, which is in line with agency theory. Practical implications This study has implication for policymakers and regulators, auditors and managers. Considering the negative impact of AML regulations on earnings management (EM), Iranian auditing firms need to emphasize on the full implementation of AML regulations in TSE. Also, the results of this research may aid policymakers and regulators to detect financial crimes through accounting signals. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study in an Iran capital market to examine the impact of AML regulations on EM in financial and nonfinancial companies. Previous research has not controlled for the effects of financial companies. Prior studies have not examined the effects of financial companies. In addition, this study differentiates itself from previous studies by introducing a new method for measuring the independent ML variable based on auditor opinions. The obtained data can aid international bodies to better understand compliance with ML regulations in Iran and can reduce their concerns in negotiations.

Criminal Policy of Iran and USA about Private Sector’s Involvement in Prisons

This article uses a descriptive-analytical research method to investigate prison privatization models and their shortcomings, to explore the positions of the United States and Iran on the matter and thus find answers to the following questions: Is the participation of the private sector in prison advisable? Is management possible under the laws of Iran and the United States? Is this participation consistent with the fundamental objectives of criminal law? In which of these two countries, can the participation of the private sector in prison management be optimally enforced? Despite the absence of legal regulations in Iran on the participation of the private sector in prison administration, the private sector entered the prison administration system since 1994. It is concluded that the studies carried out show that the participation of the private sector in prison management occurs qualitatively and quantitatively at a higher level in the United States than in Iran, due to the promulgation of legal provisions that create the conditions for this purpose in that country, among other political factors, cultural and legal.

Presenting a conceptual model of water-energy-food nexus in Iran

Due to the increasing demand for water, energy, and food in the coming decades, the pressure on these three sectors has increased. The importance of a systemic approach to water-energy-food interconnection issues has become more apparent. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model of water-food-energy interconnection using a dynamic system for Iran and analyze the factors affecting this relationship. For this purpose, first, each of the sub-sectors of water, food, and energy has been modeled. Finally, integrated conceptual modeling has been done regarding the relationship of each of the mentioned sub-sectors. As an application of the interconnection mentioned above, the economic productivity index of water-energy-food for 2005–2018 has been calculated. The trend of this index in the research results has had ups and downs and since 2011 has gone through an upward and gentle trend; However, it has never reached the index level in 2006. With a systematic-analytic view, to reduce the risk of energy-water-food security, these three parts should be examined in regular operation and coordination with each other. The research findings show the need to pay attention to this link in policymaking and regulation in Iran.

A review of studies on the evaluation of manual handling with different methods in Iran from 1389 to 1399

Introduction: Nowadays, most industries in Iran constitute a large proportion of workers' activities in Manual Material Handling. Musculoskeletal disorders are areas of erosive and inflammatory conditions that occur in the form of pain and discomfort in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, peripheral nerves, blood vessels. Working hours, absenteeism, increasing work restrictions, job changes and disability and impose many economic consequences on the individual, organization, and society. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to review the studies of Manual Material Handling by different methods in Iran from 2010 to 2020. The general process of the present study included searching for articles invalid national and international databases. After selecting the articles, the necessary information was extracted and analyzed. In general, based on the inclusion criteria, only studies that used NIOSH, KIM, SNOOK, 3DSSPP, WISHA, UTAH, MAC, ART, and manual handling regulations in Iran, were reviewed. Results: 15 English articles and 50 Persian articles were found, of which 44 articles were deleted based on the exclusion criteria, and 21 articles were selected for this study and entered into the final analysis. Conclusion: The highest number of studies was conducted in Hamedan, Tehran, Mallard, Shiraz, and Qazvin, respectively NIOSH, KIM and 3DSSPP were the three methods used with the highest number of studies in the field of Manual Material Handling in industry. Most workplace studies were conducted in the casting, food industry, tile industry, and hospital.

Reform of Banking Laws and Regulations in Iran

Abstract The law reform process entails government policies and plans for the liberalization, privatization and deregulations of the economy including the banking and money markets. The International financial institutions (IFIs), International Development Agencies (IDAs) and the International Financial Architecture have pioneered law reform initiatives based on the rule of law practice and good governance. The dominant theory advocated by Perry-kessaris postulates that a sound legal system is attractive for foreign direct investment (FDI). The bilateral investment treaties (BITs) contain international law standards which can be used as a model for reforming laws and institutions in the host state including prudential regulation of banking and finance. Iran – a resource-rich country has signed many BITs with capital-exporting countries indicating its willingness to enforce the rule of law on the international level.

Abortion Laws and Regulations in Iran and European Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Aim: Abortion has always posed challenges in the areas of ethics, law, religion, philosophy, and reproductive health. Some countries have had different approaches to abortion at different times. Today, abortion is a major challenge in Iran. Social developments and increasing level of health literacy, awareness and participation of women in social and economic fields have led to incompatibility of theoretical and practical aspects in these areas. Women sometimes have abortions without attention to the national law. In Iran, the reasons for legal abortion are the life-threatening conditions of the mother and the fetus. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some countries have revised their abortion laws and regulations. In some countries, such as France and Finland, these revisions are permanent; in countries such Portugal and Norway, the changes are temporary; and in other countries such as Germany and Belgium, it is unclear whether the changes are permanent or temporary. In this study, we aim to review the abortion laws and regulations in Europe and Iran. Then, by discussing the new guidelines for the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluate the effects and consequences of this pandemic on abortion. Methods & Materials: The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar as well as national databases such as SID, MagIran, and IranMedex on studies published from 2002 to 2020 using the following keywords:Abortion, illegal abortion, induced abortion, and COVID-19. Due to the onset of SARS-COV1 epidemic in 2002, all articles published between these two outbreaks were searched. Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles were observed in this article. Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, some European countries revised the abortion laws and regulations, mostly due to realize the reproductive health right. It seems that, this revision has not yet been taken place in Iran. Conclusion: With the emergence of COVID-19, some countries had revised their abortion laws and regulations to reduce unsafe abortions. It seems that during the Covid19 pandemic, due to changes in lifestyle such as social distancing and economic and social lockdowns, it needs to revise medical laws and regulations in health-oriented and time-dependent areas (such as abortion) so that the principles of medical ethics such as beneficence and maleficent, can be applied. Having COVID-19 and consequently abortion during the pandemic is one of the most challenging issues that should be addressed in terms of ethical, jurisprudential and legal aspects. Development of regulations based on ethical principles during the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary to prevent illegal and unsafe abortions.

Right to safe water & criminalization of its pollution as an environmental crime in Iran regulations & international documents

Context and objective Water is one of the most important factors in creating creatures and is a source of life On the attitude of the Iranian holy to water every stream in the holy land the great civilizations formed Take another view water is main focus on developing countries and access and benefit of this vital resource confronted with economic social and environmental issues and impacts deeply on all these dimensions With this in mind the purpose of this paper is to study water pollution in Iran law and international documents Research method The current research is using description analytic method as well as digital library sources Findings Water pollution affects the status of other organisms so water pollution as an environmental element should be avoided Iran s regulations have criminalized water pollution and numerous international documents have required governments to criminalize this environmental crime Conclusion Water pollution is a major global problem that requires continuous and rigorous assessment of water resources policy at all levels Realistic and rigorous management plans based on the needs of future generations require the prevention and management of water pollution as an environmental crime

Investigating the Civil Responsibility of Managers and Lifeguards against Swimmers

Civil responsibility is an issue of civil rights covering a significant portion of current legal literature. Civil responsibility has been defined as a person's legal commitment for compensation of the damage (whether being directly caused by the person or caused by his/her action) he/she has inflicted on another person. In case of lifeguards, this responsibility is due to their fault and if the cause of harm is due to the fault of the lifeguard, he/she will have a compulsory guarantee for compensation. Considering this content, under certain conditions, sport agents including lifeguards are responsible for compensation of damages caused by their fault. Legal and real entities engaged with sports not only are responsible for adherence to contractual assignments, but also are required to adhere to non-contractual obligations that are generally associated with societal traditions and customs or special characteristics of specific sporting fields. Civil responsibility law which is one of the most important and comprehensive branches of law, lacks normative system and adaptive regulations in Iran. In past, this type of responsibility was considered as a subsidiary subject in civil rights, however nowadays it is practically and theoretically considered as the most significant component of obligations. On the other nowadays civil responsibility plays a role in every single social activity.

Policies and laws related to the integration of traditional and complementary medicine into the Iranian health system based on the WHO definition: A document analysis.

INTRODUCTION:The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the integration of traditional medicine into each country's health systems by formulating and implementing national policies and laws in accordance with the country's own situation. This study aims to examine and analyze the national laws and regulations in Iran concerning the integration of traditional medicine into the health system of the country based on the WHO definition.METHODS:Policy document analysis was performed through content analysis according to the WHO components for the integration of traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) into health systems. All government and state websites were explored to locate policy-associated documents and laws. Only documents were ultimately included in the study that had been approved by a senior official of a ministry.RESULTS:Nine policy documents related to T&CM were found. In these documents, reference was made to the availability of education (26 cases), regulation (20 cases), availability of therapies (17 cases), research (15 cases), and insurance coverage (7 items).CONCLUSIONS:While policies and laws on the integration of T&CM in Iran have been formulated, this research showed that these policies have been implemented slowly or, in cases, not implemented at all. The government and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education need to take measures in this regard after they have evaluated the policies and programs. Given the tendency of the Iranian people to T&CM, the insurance of T&CM and the development of clinics and hospitals should be prioritized.

Developing Sustainable Legal Framework for the Establishment of Integrated Water Resources Management in Iran

In this study, the advantages and limitations, given the rules and regulations in Iran, of implementing an integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach are analyzed. As IWRM does not exist at the level of basin in Iran, it is suggested that the legal framework for the establishment of IWRM eventually be initiated with consideration given the structural complexities of water management systems at a national level. Such an approach is generally missing in Iran, and sustainable solutions are necessary for the all-round development of the country as pertains to water. In addition, the environmental degradation of water and soil in basins has resulted in the migration of people from rural areas to urban regions. All these factors have contributed to the great complexity of Iran’s IWRM. With the principles of the establishment of IWRM across water basins in mind, this study investigated and ultimately presented proposals and solutions for modifying the rights and rules of the water in basins. The results indicated that the best solution for solving the problems associated with IWRM is ever-increasing interaction between the beneficiaries and the tools available for achieving a sustainable IWRM strategy in Iran.

Contextual Factors for Establishing Nursing Regulation in Iran: A Qualitative Content Analysis.

Professional regulation is one of the strategies of the governments which protect the public's right. Nursing practice is not an exception; hence, it is regulated to protect the public against nursing services' adverse effects. Although modern nursing in Iran started from 100 years ago, documents show that there was no regulation mechanism for nursing in Iran till 2016. Hence, this study was conducted to illuminate the contextual factors affecting the nursing regulation process in Iran. To explore the contextual elements of late establishment of nursing registration as an important part of nursing regulation, we applied directed qualitative content analysis. For this purpose, all the historical events and related materials including articles published in scientific journals, gray literature, statements, news articles, and interviews in the period of 2006-2016 were reviewed and analyzed by expert panel and categorized in predetermined groups. Pooled analysis data showed four contributing elements that affected the emerging nursing regulation in Iran. These elements include 1) cultural determinants, 2) structural determinants, 3) situational determinants, and 4) international or exogenous determinants. Nursing regulation is an important health policy issue in Iran which needs to be facilitated by contextual factors. These factors are complicated and country-specific. Political willingness should be accompanied by nursing association willingness to establish and improve nursing regulation. Other researches are recommended to explore actors and process and content of nursing regulation policy in Iran.

Multi-objective optimization-simulation model to improve the buildings’ design specification in different climate zones of Iran

The building sector is responsible for approximately 40% of the total annual worldwide consumption of energy. In Iran, subsidy policies of energy supply have caused it to be more than 2.5 times of the global consumption. As a result, buildings’ energy efficiency improvement must be considered important for Iranian designers and researchers. However, this issue has not received due attention yet. Thus, the present study aims to shed new light on the buildings’ energy efficiency planning in Iran by adopting a multi-objective optimization-simulation model in order to provide a set of optimum possible solutions for improving the energy efficiency measures of buildings located in different climate zones of the country. The proposed model aims at determination of envelope materials, and types of active/passive cooling/heating systems to optimize the economic and environmental performance of the overall system. The model is applied to a building categorized as type-one according to the building occupancy typologies of national building regulations in Iran. Simulations are performed by BCS19 software in order to evaluate the quality of the Pareto optimal alternatives. Therefore, amendment of routines in designing buildings according to different climate conditions is proposed.

Renewable Energy Sources in Iran: Policy and Regulation

According to the Fifth Five Year Development Plan, in Iran, renewable resources, under the green horizon scenarios, must provide 5,000 MW of electricity. Among different types of renewable source of energy, there is no shortage of information in Iran, which is located near to zero line (earth’s equator), with about 300 clear sunny days in a year, about setting policies promoting solar energy. Taking into account the availability and benefits of solar energy for Iran, this paper has focused on solar energy.Recent statistics show that, if the current development plans proceed, the capacity of the installed renewable energy systems would reach 2.8GW by 2030. This requires more than 2800 million US dollar investment in 20 years, i.e., 2010 to 2030. Despite the advantages of using solar energy, such as reducing greenhouse gases, it is important to note that solar power is 2.5 to 5 times as expensive as electricity from existing conventional power sources, such as coal and other sources. In order to encourage people to use solar power, there is a need to change our laws and establish an integrated energy regulation, involving tax policy mechanisms to support the deployment of solar energy in Iran. As Iran is dependent upon its fossil fuels, the transition from fossil fuels to renewable, which is a worldwide goal to reduce GHG or CO2 emissions, requires the adoption of a comprehensive policy and integrated regulation nationwide, taking a multidisciplinary approach. This paper exemplifies and considers the 2005 Energy Policy Act and Investment Tax Credit (ICT) for residential energy property, illustrating how solar-energy-regulation could contribute to the sustained development of solar energy. The main purpose is to help the development of sustainable solar energy regulation in Iran.

The Sociocultural Determination of Planned Behaviour.

Goochani, Ghanian, Baradaran & Azadi's (2017) study provides support for an extension of the theory of planned behaviour through inclusion of the variables of Trust and Perceived Benefits in the determination of attitudes. Considering the fact that the only other direct effect observed in this study is exercised by Subjective Norms, we argue that this new model provides support for the sociocultural determination of attitudes and, by extension, planned behaviour. We argue that understanding behavioural intentions for cultivating Bt rice requires an understanding of the social representations concerning this technology and its regulation in Iran. We further argue that due concern is required regarding the evolution of these representations over time. We conclude by proposing different avenues for future research.