Enforcement Of Regulations Research Articles

A Survey Examining the Impact of Exhaust Emissions from the Cement Factory on Residents

This study used a thorough analysis that combined descriptive statistics and inferential techniques to investigate the effects of exhaust emissions from the cement factory on the local population. Out of the 200 questionnaires that were issued, 196 were successfully retrieved and used as the foundation for the study that follows. According to the data, a significant number of inhabitants have cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. The two most often reported diseases were asthma (52%), followed by heart disease (27%), skin cancer (12.2%), and diarrhea (8.8%). Air pollution was cited as the most prevalent type of pollution by the majority of respondents (48.9%), followed by land pollution (28.7%), water pollution (12.7%), and noise pollution (9.7%). The study’s findings clearly demonstrate that emissions from the Dangote Cement factory significantly impact the health of nearby residents, particularly those living within close proximity. Effective mitigation measures, particularly the enforcement of strict environmental regulations and the adoption of cleaner technologies, are essential to reduce the adverse effects of the factory’s operations on the community. Eighty percent of residents said they cope by living with the effects, while a smaller proportion chose to migrate (8.5%), complain to health authorities (7.5%), or protest (4%). Beyond that, solving the health and environmental issues the cement mill poses requires more community involvement and support for impacted residents.

The impact of global falsified medicines regulation on healthcare stakeholders in the legitimate pharmaceutical supply chain: a systematic review.

Falsified medicines and their international regulation impacts all healthcare sectors and their actors. These regulations aim to strengthen and protect the global pharmaceutical supply chain against falsified medicines. However, an evaluation of the impacts of these regulations on key stakeholders within the legitimate supply chain have not been explored. This research aimed to evaluate both the positive and negative impacts of falsified medicines regulation on key stakeholders within the global pharmacy sector including including manufacturers, wholesalers, hospital pharmacies, community pharmacy and patients. This research consists of a systematic review and thematic analysis concerning falsified medicines regulation and the subsequent impacts of existing global regulations on healthcare. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and checklist were utilized for reporting in this systematic review. A search of three databases, Embase, ProQuest and PubMed, was undertaken to determine studies applicable to the research question. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess methodological quality and risk of bias for all included studies. From the initial 657 studies, a final set of 13 relevant studies were identified. The most frequently reported falsified medicines regulation was the Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) [n = 11]. The impact of falsified medicines regulation in the literature related to four areas: (1) Financial, (2) Social, (3) Organizational, and (4) Pharmacy Practice. These common themes across the included studies frequently relate to challenges and/or concerns associated with falsified medicines regulation implementation as well as both the logistics and practicality of incorporating falsified medicines regulations into daily operations. Implementation and enforcement of falsified medicines regulation does not yet appear to categorically fulfill the primary aim of the regulations, to strengthen the drug supply chain. However, in recent years, such regulations have challenged the legitimate pharmaceutical supply change actors as they attempt to successfully implement these regulations. Studies mainly detail the negative impacts of regulation during the implementation phase but with the overall benefit pertaining to the prioritization and enhancement of patient care and safety within the healthcare sector.

Compounding impacts of COVID-19, cyclone and price crash on vanilla farmers' food security and natural resource use.

The intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic with other crises can amplify vulnerabilities and push communities further into poverty. In low-income countries, the dual impacts of COVID-19 and extreme weather events, along with multidimensional poverty and structural vulnerabilities in agriculture can decimate farmer livelihoods. This study aims to understand the effects of individual and compounding crises (COVID-19, cyclones, and vanilla price collapse) on smallholder vanilla farmers and local coping strategies in Madagascar, one of the world's largest vanilla producers and poorest countries. We used semi-structured and scenario-based interviews across two case study villages with contrasting enforcement of forest regulations. We found that the impact of the pandemic, combined with the cyclone event, disrupted livelihoods, resulting in income losses and food security challenges that exacerbated farmer vulnerabilities. Sixty eight percent of households reported crop losses due to strong winds and heavy rainfall brought by cyclone Enawo in 2017. The COVID-19 outbreak struck the region just as the residents were recovering from the effects of the cyclone. COVID-19-related travel restrictions in the aftermath of the cyclone took a substantial economic toll, with 54.1% of respondents experiencing a decline in earnings, and 17% facing a total loss of income due to the imposed lockdown. The decline in vanilla prices at the onset of 2020 had a far-reaching additional impact, affecting not only farmers but also residents who rely on other sources of income. Local communities reported using the forest resources more frequently as a safety net during crises in the village with more lenient regulations. This study underscores the importance of understanding the interconnectedness and compounding impacts of cascading crises on food security and natural resource use. We highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to increasing farmer resilience, particularly for those reliant on global market crops such as vanilla.

Shifting Modes of Labor Regulation in Global Supply Chains

executive summary: This essay outlines the changing modes of regulation of labor conditions in global apparel supply chains, which are mostly concentrated in Asia; assesses the effectiveness of 25 years of private voluntary regulation by global firms; and examines critically the implications of new European regulation now mandating what was previously a voluntary corporate activity. main argumentAsia is the global center of apparel production, with Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Vietnam all being major exporters. Since the 1990s, activist pressure in developed country markets has forced global apparel and footwear companies to adopt voluntary methods to ensure that their products are not made under sweatshop conditions. Companies developed codes of conduct for the first-tier factories in their supply chains and found ways to audit whether supplier factories were in compliance. However, this voluntary private-regulation model has not been adequate to alleviate labor and workplace concerns in global apparel supply chains. A shift from private regulation to public regulation—the beginning of which may be currently underway in the European Union with the recent introduction of mandatory due diligence legislation—may prove to be a more effective means of bettering labor rights and conditions. policy implications• If the recent EU legislation allows global companies to be legally liable for violations of mandatory due diligence requirements regarding labor rights and conditions in supply chains, a sea change in worker rights and labor practices could occur. • The new legislation would require global companies to adopt more responsible purchasing practices so that their practices are not responsible for labor violations. • The EU legislation could have an impact on sourcing locations, as companies compete for locations that are more likely to provide institutional environments with lower risk of violations. Global suppliers would have a greater incentive to take the high road in terms of employment practices to obtain more business from European buyers. National governments in apparel-exporting countries may be motivated to improve enforcement of labor regulations.

Реестр судебных пожарно-технических экспертов как инструмент повышения качества в расследовании и сокращений сроков судопроизводства

Purpose. The article proposes the structure of a registry for forensic fire-technical experts and analyzes issues related to the development of a database for fire-technical experts. The author presents conceptual proposals for creating software that allows an official to select a competent expert when appointing a fire-technical examination, considering the data contained in the registry. The object of the study is to enhance the effectiveness of fire investigation activities and the enforcement of fire safety regulations using computer technologies and a database of forensic experts. The subject of the study is the content and structure of the registry of forensic fire-technical experts, as well as the prospects and features of integrating the database with the software. Methods. The study employed methods of systemic and structural analysis, as well as synthesis of the obtained data. Findings. The structure of the registry of forensic firetechnical experts and recommendations for developing software with the integration of the expert database are proposed. Research application field. The results can be used by officials in forming forensic expert databases and in appointing fire-technical examinations. Conclusions. The proposed structure of the fire-technical expert registry will contribute to increasing the efficiency of officials when appointing fire-technical examination. The database can become an effective tool in improving the quality of fire investigations and reducing litigation time.

Investigation of fatal traumatic head injuries.

Traumatic head injuries (THIs) are one of the major causes of death in forensic cases. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients with fatal THIs. In this study, a total of 311 patients with fatal THIs, who underwent postmortem examinations and/or autopsies, were retrospectively analyzed. Cases were evaluated based on sex, age group, incident origin, cause of the incident, presence of skull fracture, type of fractured bone (if any), fracture localization and pattern, presence and type of intracranial lesion (if any), and cause of death. Out of the patients, 242 (77.8%) were male and 69 (22.2%) were female. Accidents accounted for 235 (75.6%) of the incidents, with in-vehicle traffic accidents causing 117 (37.6%). In 221 cases (71.1%), intracranial lesions and skull fractures were observed together. The most common fractures were base fractures (171 cases) and temporal bone fractures (153 cases). The rate of intracranial hemorrhage was lower in the adult age group (69.7%) compared to the older age group (92.6%). The results obtained in this study indicate that the cause of the incident, type of fracture, presence of skull base fracture, and multiple skull fractures increase the likelihood of fatalities. The occurrence of skull fractures reduces intracranial pressure, thereby decreasing the incidence of intracranial lesions. The development and effective enforcement of road traffic safety policies and regulations will reduce the incidence of fatalities.

Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices in High-Density Residential Townships: A Case Study of Mtendere Township in Lusaka, Zambia.

Solid waste management is critical to a country’s economic and social growth, affecting public health, environmental stability, and economic advancement. The rising amount and complexity of trash generated by the contemporary economy endangers ecosystems and human health. This study was set out to assess the current state of Solid Waste Management practices in the densely populated residential areas of Mtendere Township in Lusaka district of Zambia. A mixed method study design comprising of qualitative and quantitative methods was utilized in this study. Quantitative data were collected through structured surveys which enabled statistical analysis to discern trends. Qualitative insights were derived from open-ended interviews with key stakeholders and site observations. 385 study participants were selected to participate in the study via purposeful sampling technique. The study disclosed that the majority of respondents were females (57.6%) and belonged to the age group of 25-34 (37.0%). A significant proportion of study participants were self-employed (34.8%) and most of them had attained secondary level of education (42.4%). The study also revealed that, the predominant method used for waste collection was door-to-door (44.2%), followed by open dumping (24.3%) and burning waste (19.9%). The study also uncovered that, the majority of respondents, (71.0%), reported waste collection every 3 days, indicating a relatively infrequent collection schedule. Also, a smaller portion of the sample, (13.8%), stated that waste collection occurred less than once a week. The study further revealed that, the majority of respondents (93.8%) were not aware about waste segregation and recycling programs in Mtendere Township, indicating a need for the development and implementation of waste management strategies that promote waste segregation and recycling. The study also disclosed that, only a small minority of respondents (1.1%) perceived that, there were sufficient waste disposal facilities in Mtendere Township in Zambia. In contrast, the majority of participants, (87%) believed that there was a lack of adequate waste disposal facilities in Mtendere Township. The study further disclosed that, most of the respondents (59.4%) described Mtendere township as dirty indicating a prevailing perception of poor hygiene while a small proportion of respondents (19.2%) regarded the township as very dirty. The study further disclosed that, insufficient waste collection frequency (35.9%), lack of waste segregation and recycling programs (28.3%), and inadequate waste disposal facilities (40.6%) as major challenges faced by Mtendere Township in the management of solid waste in Lusaka, Zambia. Also 28.6% of the respondents pointed out that poor enforcement of waste management regulations and lack of community awareness and participation on the proper waste management (60.5%) as other significant challenges faced by Mtendere Township in the management of solid waste. The study also exposed that every single respondent (100%) has personally experienced environmental or health effects of inadequate solid waste management in Mtendere Township. This study further revealed air pollution (36.2%), Water contamination (32.2%) which increased the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera and spread of diseases (64.9%) as environmental or health effects caused by in-adequate Solid Waste Management in Mtendere Township in Zambia. It also disclosed that, foul odors (86.6%), and aesthetically unpleasant surroundings (81.2%) as other environmental or health effects caused by in-adequate Solid Waste Management. It is therefore, recommended that, there is need to conduct a study to assess the impact of increased waste collection frequency on waste accumulation and hygiene conditions in the township. Also exploring the economic aspects of waste management, analyzing social and behavioural factors influencing waste management practices, and understanding the role of technology and innovation in enhancing efficiency will contribute to a holistic understanding of sustainable waste management practices and inform future strategies in this domain.

Exploration of Sustainable Wildlife Habitat Conservation for Preventing Future Pandemics.

This paper explored wildlife habitat conservation as a tool for containing animal to human transmission of virus. Available statistics shows that infectious viral diseases known to have troubled man have always been transmitted to humans through animals, hence the need for this paper. The objectives of this paper are: to review the origin of COVID-19 pandemic; to discuss wildlife conservation as a tool for containing animal to human spread of virus diseases. Observation and review of related literature were the methods used. This paper reveals that COVID-19 originated in an animal market located in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China through human interaction with pangolin which is primary carriers of the virus. This transmission was attributed to illegal poaching of pangolin that is already endangered species. Wildlife habitat conservation was further identified as a tool for preventing future pandemics. Human encroachment upon wildlife habitat has resulted to several infectious diseases that have killed many persons. Some suggestions were made to enhance wildlife conservation, they include, stopping all wildlife trade by permanently closing markets were wildlife are sold; rigorous enforcement of laws, regulation and international treaties on wildlife and enactment of new effective policies as well; provision of sustainably produced poultry, fish, invertebrates and plant protein as source of protein instead of seeking wildlife; good funding and support should be provided for agencies in-charge of protecting wildlife; education and awareness should also be created in order to motivate people to voluntarily renege from wildlife poaching. There is need for government and wildlife conservation agencies to step up efforts at conserving wildlife through implementation of these recommendations.

Juridical Analysis of Law Enforcement of Narcotics Crimes in a Convenant Perspective (Research Study at the Barelang Police Narcotics Research Unit)

Law enforcement of narcotics crimes must continue to be improved because narcotics crimes that occur in the Riau Islands region which are handled by the Barelang Police drug investigation unit are a common problem in the communities of the Riau Islands region. Activities that occur in the production, distribution and distribution processes cause the circulation of narcotics very quickly. The detective unit has conducted outreach and outreach to the community regarding the use of narcotics in the Riau Islands region, the aim of doing this is to reduce or even eliminate the circulation of narcotics in the Riau Islands region. Law enforcement provided for criminal narcotics cases is not only rehabilitation but there is also the death penalty. The problems in this research are the regulation of law enforcement for narcotics crimes in a convenant perspective (researcher's study at the Barerang Police narcotics research unit), how to implement law enforcement for narcotics crimes in a convenant perspective (researcher's study at the Barerang Police narcotics research unit) and what factors are involved. become law enforcement for narcotics crimes from a convenant perspective (researcher's study at the Barerang Police narcotics investigation unit). The results of the research show that law enforcement for narcotics crimes from a convenant perspective (research study of the Barerang Police narcotics investigation unit) is in accordance with its duties and functions, however there are several obstacles faced when operating in the field.

Defects in the Mechanism of Prevention of Administrative Offenses in the Context of the Reform of Control and Supervisory Activities

The legislation on administrative responsibility establishes a special mechanism for the prevention of administrative offenses by introducing a submission on the elimination of the causes of administrative offenses and the conditions for their commission. The relevance of scientific understanding of this mechanism and assessing its relationship with other administrative-law preventive measures is dictated by the planned reform of administrative legislation, as well as by the fact that some issues related to the implementation of this mechanism have not been unambiguously resolved in statutes, law enforcement practice and doctrine. The purpose of the study is to identify regulatory and law enforcement problems of the mechanism for the prevention of administrative offenses in order to determine the prospects for its improvement, including taking into account the reform of control and supervisory activities. The objectives of the study include: analysis of the provisions of legislation defining the procedure for making the specified submission and its content; study of relevant law enforcement practice; determination of the place of the mechanism in question in the system of measures to prevent violations of regulatory requirements. Research methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, system method) and special (formal legal, comparative legal) methods. Much attention was paid to the analysis of the approaches developed in law enforcement practice, which are illustrated by specific examples. The conducted research has demonstrated that the mechanism for the prevention of administrative offenses provided for by the legislation on administrative responsibility is characterized by noticeable defects (uncertainty of the content of the submission, arbitrary choice of its addressees, etc.), which are generated by imperfect statutory regulation, contradictory law enforcement practice, as well as the lack of the necessary theoretical basis. In terms of assessing compliance with mandatory requirements, this mechanism essentially competes with preventive measures enshrined in the control and supervisory regulation. In this regard, in order to optimize the system of administrative enforcement measures, it is proposed to exclude the possibility of introducing a submission on the elimination of the causes of an administrative offense and the conditions for its commission to persons whose activities are evaluated within the framework of control and supervisory activity.

Drug Supply Chain Management in Public Secondary Health Facilities in Lagos State Nigeria

This study was conducted to analyze the drug supply chain at nineteen selected public secondary health centers (SHC) commonly referred to as General Hospitals, in Lagos State. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire while the secondary data were sourced from journals, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Lagos Bureau of Statistics (LBS), National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), etc. A descriptive statistical method was employed for data analysis using the statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 2.0 and ArcGIS 10.8 version. Maps, frequency counts, percentages, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were also used to test the hypothesis The study contributed to the existing body of knowledge by establishing the Euclidean distance of SHC from Central Medical Store (CMS) Oshodi, the residences within and outside the buffer zone of 2km radius around the SHC in Lagos state and the distribution and accessibility of patients to essential drugs in the study area. Findings confirmed that 79.6% of Pharmacists have received training on supply chain practices. The respondents also said that SHC in Lagos gets about 75% of their drug supplies from Central Medical Store. The result also revealed there is a significant relationship between the number of dispensing outlet and the amount paid for drug by patients. Also, 57.5% of the patients preferred to have their drugs delivered at home and 49.5% were willing to pay extra cost for home delivery. The study suggests strong regulation and strict enforcement of National Drug Distribution Guidelines of 2012 (NDDG) by the regulator. The study concludes that effective supply chain will deliver safe, efficient, and quality drugs to meet the health need of the patients.

Общественная опасность незаконного оборота пороха и вопросы дифференциации ответственности

The article reveals the features of foreign industry regulation for the purpose of implementing criminal liability for illegal trafficking of explosives and explosive devices in the Russian Federation. The increased public danger of crimes related to the illegal trafficking of such items is emphasized, and their connection with the growth of terrorist and extremist crimes is noted. The paper shows the results of changes in legislation on countering arms trafficking, their impact on the limits and intensity of criminal liability. The shortcomings of criminal law regulation and law enforcement in cases of illegal trafficking of explosives and explosive devices are revealed: the ambiguity of the boundaries of administrative and criminal liability, contradictions in the regulation of gunpowder turnover, the redundancy of criminal repression in conditions of virtually low public danger of gunpowder trafficking by persons who have permission to store and carry weapons and ammunition, the unresolved the level of norms of law and practice of the issue of the seizure of gunpowder from citizens, etc . It is proposed to amend the criminal legislation, clarify the concepts of insignificance and assessment of public danger in the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and develop methodological recommendations for law enforcement officers.

Short-term Letting in Ireland: Case Law, Regulation and Lax Enforcement

Short-term Letting in Ireland: Case Law, Regulation and Lax Enforcement

Getting more businesslike with whalewatching - Lessons learnt from business organizational culture to support effective cetacean tourism management

The foundational research findings in cetacean tourism (whale watching, swim-with-cetacean tourism and in dolphinaria) remain consistent and abundant - science indicates the industry is not as benign as many would suggest with a multitude of studies showing impacts upon cetacean populations (see reviews in Gleason & Parsons, 2019; Gray, Machernis et al., 2018; Schuler & Parsons 2022; Parsons 2012; Parsons & Brown, 2017, 2018; Parsons & Scarpaci, 2010, 2016; Parsons & Smith, 2018; Parsons, Lewandowski, & Lück, 2006; Parsons, Lück, & Lewandowski, 2006; Scarpaci, Parsons, & Lück, 2008a, 2008b; Scarpaci & Parsons, 2012a, 2012b,2, 2014, 2015) as summarised in Table One. Moreover, management strategies implemented to mitigate risk of harm to target species are generally non-effective due to absence of statutory regulation, low compliance with guidelines, and lack of enforcement of regulations (Amerson & Parsons, 2018; Cunningham-Smith et al., 2006; Higham et al., 2009; Kessler & Harcourt, 2013, Scarpaci, Nugegoda & Corkeron, 2003). Research demonstrates threats from activities frequently outweighing the conservation benefits – if any – that accrue. Frequently there are poor levels of education on vessels, and consequently a low likelihood that tourists become more biocentric or conservation-minded, or participate in conservation activities (Gleason & Parsons, 2018).<br><br>This commentary is intended to spark discussion and bring some concepts from successful business management into a discussion of cetacean tourism management. Specifically, it explored the concepts of: (a) vision; (b) risk culture; and (c) stakeholder motivations, as drivers that may influence whether cetacean tourism management strategies are implemented effectively. This is an important conversation, as the intention of management strategies are to reduce risk of harm to cetaceans and improve the sustainability of the industry. This paper will also consider the roles of key stakeholders (scientists, wildlife managers and tourism operators) and the potential ideological and cultural divides between them, with the intention to broaden the thinking on how to better achieve sustainable cetacean tourism.

Misuse of Antibiotics in the Community and Its Implications for the Healthcare Sector – A Narrative Review

Antibiotic misuse is a problematic health concern in primary care. Antibiotic consumption has significantly increased globally during the last two decades. Today, almost two-thirds of antibiotic use in primary care settings is unnecessary or inappropriate not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. This inappropriate use has significantly contributed to increased resistance, which poses a serious threat to human health. Increasing antibiotic resistance is the leading cause of illnesses provoking death incidences among people worldwide. Antibiotic treatments for various acute and chronic infectious diseases are becoming less effective, and these diseases can become fatal in the future. The misuse is more common in low- and middle-income countries, and various influencing factors, such as inadequate knowledge of patients, physicians, pharmacists, and policymakers, ease of access to community pharmacies and over-the-counter sales, inadequate consultation by physicians, misconceptions of the general public about antibiotics, and weak regulatory enforcements, are exacerbating the misuse of antibiotics in the community.

Regulatory Enforcement of Public Disclosure and Connected Investors in Corporate Bond Issuance

Regulatory Enforcement of Public Disclosure and Connected Investors in Corporate Bond Issuance

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact Analysis of Quarry Operations in General Santos City on its Host Communities

Several international policies have been formulated to address the environmental and social impacts of the quarrying industry. However, this multifaceted issue persists, particularly in the Buayan River System in General Santos City. This study examined the environmental and socioeconomic repercussions of quarry operations in General Santos City, focusing on 14 commercial sand and gravel quarries along the Buayan River system. A mixed-methods approach was employed, collecting quantitative data through structured questionnaires, direct observations, and secondary data analysis, and incorporating qualitative insights from key informant interviews. Stakeholders within a 500-meter radius of the quarries were sampled using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) to ensure representation. The findings revealed significant environmental impacts, including increased dust levels, soil erosion, and changes in water quality, which have adversely affected the local ecosystem and residents' health. The socioeconomic effects were mixed: while quarrying created jobs and improved infrastructure, it also showed deficiencies in community engagement and training programs. Regulatory analysis identified strengths in collaboration but highlighted weaknesses in enforcement, fee systems, and monitoring. The results indicated that although quarrying provides economic benefits, enhanced regulatory enforcement and sustainable practices are imperative to mitigate associated costs. Recommendations include strengthening enforcement, improving community engagement, updating fee structures, and implementing sustainable quarrying practices in General Santos City. By incorporating these recommendations, General Santos City can ensure the quarrying industry operates responsibly, balancing economic benefits with environmental and social well-being.

A narrative review on problems in product quality, regulatory system constraints, and the concept of quality by design as a solution for quality assurance of African medicines.

The provision of medicines with confirmed quality and efficacy is critical for maintaining the public health and building confidence in the healthcare systems. However, the presence of poor-quality medicines still presents a significant challenge in the pharmaceutical landscape across the African regions. This is further exacerbated by the lack of consistency or discrepancy in the current regulatory framework. As a consequence, given the current constraints, a robust regulatory structure that can guarantee the supply chains attainment of the intended medicinal product requirements are required. The review aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the quality issues in the pharmaceutical supply in Africa, highlighting the challenges and proposing potential solutions for its mitigation. The review was conducted from May 2023 to April 2024. This narrative review examined poor-quality medicines, regulatory challenges, and mitigation strategies in the African pharmaceutical industry. The review utilized databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. The search strategy was customized to include open-access articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals in English and focused exclusively on studies conducted in African countries. The review portrays the prevalence of poor-quality medicinal products in various regions of Africa. Among various categories of findings, 42% of the reports on poor-quality medicinal products come from the African region, as per the WHO report. Furthermore, separate findings on substandard medicinal products from many African countries were encountered. The presence of problems in the regulatory system, such as the absence of any pharmacopeia belonging to any African country and variation/inconsistency in each country's regulatory set-up, was indicated. Other factors for the inability to enforce regulatory law, such as insufficient skilled and committed human resources, the presence of corruption, as well as financial resource scarcity, were revealed in the review. From the situational analysis, the possibility of building a robust quality assurance system in the near future through a quality by design approach under existing resource limitations was discussed. The pharmaceutical sector in Africa faces significant challenges, including the prevalence of poor-quality medicines and weak regulatory enforcement. Tackling these challenges are vital for enhancing health outcomes throughout the continent through the provision of high-quality medicines. Trending toward quality by design in the quality assurance system under prevailing financial scarcity can be very beneficial.

Factors affecting citizen safety of urban transportation service in Bangladesh: The case of Pabna municipality

BackgroundWith the rapid growth of cities, the extent of road accidents has increased, posing a threat to the safety of citizens. In Bangladesh, like many other countries, urban areas face a high incidence of road accidents, leading to loss of life, injuries, and economic costs. This research aims to investigate the factors affecting citizen safety of urban transportation service in Bangladesh. MethodsThis study utilized verbal interviews maintained by questionnaires to gather data on citizen perception regarding factors impacting transportation safety. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, collecting non-parametric data on travel behavior and socioeconomic factors, and parametric data on factors related to transportation safety. The dataset was subsequently analyzed using statistical devices such as descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Pearson's Correlation Matrix (PCM), and Cluster Analysis (CA). Results and conclusionThe findings of the study indicate strong significant correlations among several pairs of variables. Notably, traffic rules and enforcement, and driver travel behavior demonstrate a strong positive correlation of 0.784. Similarly, vehicle condition and safety features, and traffic rules and enforcement display a robust positive association of 0.764. PCA demonstrate 23% of the total variance, with a significant positive loading affecting citizen safety, which is influenced by traffic rules enforcement and drivers' travel behavior. The research findings emphasize the implication of traffic rule enforcement and responsible driver behavior in ensuring citizen safety. In Bangladesh, inadequate transportation regulation enforcement has led to high rates of reckless driving and traffic accidents, especially among pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists.

Solid Waste Challenges and Management in a Traditional Sahelian City: A Case Study of Sokoto, Nigeria

This study assessed the solid waste generation, management, and consequences in the traditional city of Sokoto. The utmost challenges facing this Sahel region include scarcity of modernized and control measures of waste resulting from daily hectic impacts on the community. In this city, solid waste is characterized by inefficient control, insufficient coverage of collection system and improper disposal methods. The increasing population of residents has accelerated more pollution of all categories, and the consequence is a dearth of hygienic standards. This work further sampled different materials from heaps of waste such as; the level of sub-soils at 0-30 cm (at random) from each of the dump sites to determine the extent of heavy metal concentrations and for fertility supplement in comparison with the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Fifty structural questionnaires were administered randomly to selected residents around dumping sites and the staff of Sokoto Waste Management &Planning Board to solicit relevant information that can assist the governments, stakeholders, and waste control agencies. Also, Landsat data was utilized to map out the waste sites for spatio-temporal analysis. Results indicated that 89% of respondents agreed that Sokoto metropolis is characterized by untidiness with masquerades of biodegradable wastes, while major streets especially in the congested areas which displayed a lot of drains and channels remain blocked.