Regulated Mechanism Research Articles

Medical nanorobots in the focus of law

Objective : to form doctrinal bases and mechanics of legal regulation of using medical nanorobots; to conceptualize the idea of nanorobotics law within the frameworks of its basic definitions, safety norms, risks, typology of devices, and legal parameters of technological terminology. Methods : the cognition tools are represented in the form of integration between general scientific and modern special legal methods (including the methods of comparative legal studies, legal modeling and juridical forecasting, NBICS-convergence), which, taken as a whole, allow distinguishing in the study object not only juridical proper, but also anthropological, biomedical, informational, and mechanistic research projections. Results : the author’s definition of the medical nanorobot concept was formulated; the legal content and quasi-legal aspects of the definition that are important for the theoretical and applied development of terminology were investigated; the signs of related concepts (biomedical robot, nanorobotic system, medical nanorobotic system) were identified and logical connections between them were established; the classification of the main types of risks associated with the practical use of medical nanorobots was carried out; the list of theoretical and legal contradictions that are potentially capable of negatively affecting the future development of regulatory practice was revealed; the Russian and foreign experience of legal regulation and doctrinal understanding of the problems of medical nanorobotics (by the examples of the USA, Japan, Europe, China) was considered. Scientific novelty : under the lack of interdisciplinary research, an attempt was made to comprehensively consider the concept of a medical nanorobot in a technological, legal and communicative way (“human robot” on a nanoscale) based on the advanced scientific research that defines the foundations of the future nanorobotic law. It is recommended to supplement the synergetic development of biomedical and related technologies, reflected in the models of robot law and robot ethics, with relatively independent concepts of nanorobot law and nanorobot ethics. Practical significance : based on the analysis of the legal regulation system in force in Russia and abroad, mechanisms for improving domestic legislation were identified, including taking into account the achievements of juridical crowdsourcing. Within the framework of socio-humanitarian issues, a contribution to the development of legal, sociological, and psychological science is formed. A scientific and methodological basis was prepared for further legal research and law-making activities in the field of medical nanorobotics.

Functional and structural diversification of incomplete phosphotransferase system in cellulose-degrading clostridia.

Carbohydrate utilization is critical to microbial survival. The phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a well-documented microbial system with a prominent role in carbohydrate metabolism, which can transport carbohydrates through forming a phosphorylation cascade and regulate metabolism by protein phosphorylation or interactions in model strains. However, those PTS-mediated regulated mechanisms have been underexplored in non-model prokaryotes. Here, we performed massive genome mining for PTS components in nearly 15,000 prokaryotic genomes from 4,293 species and revealed a high prevalence of incomplete PTSs in prokaryotes with no association to microbial phylogeny. Among these incomplete PTS carriers, a group of lignocellulose degrading clostridia was identified to have lost PTS sugar transporters and carry a substitution of the conserved histidine residue in the core PTS component, HPr (histidine-phosphorylatable phosphocarrier). Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum was then selected as a representative to interrogate the function of incomplete PTS components in carbohydrate metabolism. Inactivation of the HPr homolog reduced rather than increased carbohydrate utilization as previously indicated. In addition to regulating distinct transcriptional profiles, PTS associated CcpA (Catabolite Control Protein A) homologs diverged from previously described CcpA with varied metabolic relevance and distinct DNA binding motifs. Furthermore, the DNA binding of CcpA homologs is independent of HPr homolog, which is determined by structural changes at the interface of CcpA homologs, rather than in HPr homolog. These data concordantly support functional and structural diversification of PTS components in metabolic regulation and bring novel understanding of regulatory mechanisms of incomplete PTSs in cellulose-degrading clostridia.

N6-methylation of RNA-bound adenosine regulator HNRNPC promotes vascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus by activating the PSEN1-mediated Notch pathway

AimThe regulatory mechanism of m6A regulators in vascular endothelial function of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains largely unknown. We addressed this issue based on the data retrieved Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and experimental validations. MethodsExpression of m6A methylation regulators was evaluated in T2DM samples of GSE76894 dataset and GSE156341 dataset. Further analysis of candidate m6A methylation regulators was conducted in the thoracic aorta of db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ectopic expression and depletion experiments were conducted to detect effects of m6A methylation regulators on vascular endothelial function in T2DM. ResultsIt emerged that three m6A methylation regulators (HNRNPC, RBM15B, and ZC3H13) were highly expressed in T2DM, which were related to vascular EC function, showing diagnostic values for T2DM. HNRNPC expression in the thoracic aorta of db/db mice was higher than that in heterozygous db mice, and HNRNPC expression in HG-induced HUVECs was upregulated when compared with normal glucose-exposed HUVECs. Furthermore, HNRNPC activated PSEN1-dependent Notch pathway to induce eNOS inactivation and NO production decrease, thereby causing vascular endothelial dysfunction in T2DM. ConclusionsHNRNPC impaired vascular endothelial function to enhance the development of vascular complications in T2DM through PSEN1-mediated Notch signaling pathway.

Neural signatures of task-related fluctuations in auditory attention and age-related changes

Listening in everyday life requires attention to be deployed dynamically – when listening is expected to be difficult and when relevant information is expected to occur – to conserve mental resources. Conserving mental resources may be particularly important for older adults who often experience difficulties understanding speech. In the current study, we use electro- and magnetoencephalography to investigate the neural and behavioral mechanics of attention regulation during listening and the effects that aging has on these. We first show in younger adults (17–31 years) that neural alpha oscillatory activity indicates when in time attention is deployed (Experiment 1) and that deployment depends on listening difficulty (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 investigated age-related changes in auditory attention regulation. Middle-aged and older adults (54–72 years) show successful attention regulation but appear to utilize timing information differently compared to younger adults (20–33 years). We show a notable age-group dissociation in recruited brain regions. In younger adults, superior parietal cortex underlies alpha power during attention regulation, whereas, in middle-aged and older adults, alpha power emerges from more ventro-lateral areas (posterior temporal cortex). This difference in the sources of alpha activity between age groups only occurred during task performance and was absent during rest (Experiment S1). In sum, our study suggests that middle-aged and older adults employ different neural control strategies compared to younger adults to regulate attention in time under listening challenges.

Metabolic Role of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis and Development of NAFLD.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis to hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver fibrosis, which portends a poor prognosis in NAFLD, is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins resulting from abnormal wound repair response and metabolic disorders. Various metabolic factors play crucial roles in the progression of NAFLD, including abnormal lipid, bile acid, and endotoxin metabolism, leading to chronic inflammation and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Autophagy is a conserved process within cells that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism. Accumulating evidence has shown the importance of autophagy in NAFLD and its close relation to NAFLD progression. Thus, regulation of autophagy appears to be beneficial in treating NAFLD and could become an important therapeutic target.

Significance of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase and V-ATPase for growth and pathogenicity in pathogenic fungi.

Pathogenic fungi are widespread and cause a variety of diseases in human beings and other organisms. At present, limited classes of antifungal agents are available to treat invasive fungal diseases. With the wide use of the commercial antifungal agents, drug resistance of pathogenic fungi are continuously increasing. Therefore, exploring effective antifungal agents with novel drug targets is urgently needed to cope with the challenges that the antifungal area faces. pH homeostasis is vital for multiple cellular processes, revealing the potential for defining novel drug targets. Fungi have evolved a number of strategies to maintain a stable pH internal environment in response to rapid metabolism and a dramatically changing extracellular environment. Among them, plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) play a central role in the regulation of pH homeostasis system. In this chapter, we will summarize the current knowledge about pH homeostasis and its regulation mechanisms in pathogenic fungi, especially for the recent advances in PMA and V-ATPase, which would help in revealing the regulating mechanism of pH on cell growth and pathogenicity, and further designing effective drugs and identify new targets for combating fungal diseases.

Advances of anthocyanin synthesis regulated by plant growth regulators in fruit trees

Fruit color is an important indicator of fruit quality, which is mainly determined by anthocyanin accumulation. Therefore, increasing anthocyanin content is an important way to improve the nutritional and commodity value of fruits. Anthocyanin synthesis is not only regulated by internal genetic factors but also affected by external factors such as light, temperature and nutritional levels, etc. In addition, plant growth regulators also play an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis. They mainly affect anthocyanin synthesis by affecting physiological and biochemical metabolism, the expression of structural genes and the activity of MBW complex. In the production of fruit, the application of plant growth regulators is an important means of promoting coloration. But there are still many problems during application, such as incorrect application time, inappropriate application concentration and so on. This paper reviews the physiological and molecular mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis regulated by plant growth regulators. It concludes that exogenous application of abscisic acid, jasmonate and brassinosteroid can promote the accumulation of anthocyanin. By contrast, ethylene, auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin have dual effects on anthocyanin synthesis. This review provides a theoretical basis for further study on the molecular mechanism of plant growth regulators regulating anthocyanin accumulation and theoretical guidance for scientific and efficient application of plant growth regulators in fruit production.

S-38-1: EPIGENETIC MECHANISM OF SALT-SENSITIVE HYPERTENSION

Nutritional and environmental factors contribute to the development of salt sensitive hypertension. DNA methylation, the most extensively studied epigenetic marker, may have more stable, longer lasting effects than transient changes in gene expression. Protein malnutrition during pregnancy causes prenatal programmed salt sensitive hypertension via aberrant DNA methylation of the angiotensin receptor, which is induced by exposure to excessive glucocorticoid in the fetal hypothalamus. In adults, salt sensitive hypertension induced by obesity is attributable to increased renal activity of Rac1 and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway, and adverse prenatal exposure induces transgenerational hypertension through activation of Rac1 and MR pathway by an epigenetic regulated mechanism. Finally, DNA methylation of Klotho in aged kidneys leads to a reduction in the circulating levels of soluble Klotho, and in turn, resulting in the activation of noncanonical Wnt5a and RhoA signaling in the vasculature and the development of aging associated salt sensitive hypertension. These findings indicate that epigenetic modulation has an important role in the development of salt sensitive hypertension throughout life.

From ‘What’ and ‘Why’ to ‘How’: An Imperative Driven Approach to Mechanics of AI Regulation

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact upon commercial activities, socio-economic activities, as well as technological progress. However, there is lack of clarity about the appropriate mechanics of AI regulation. A variety of proposals have been floated, but with little agreement concerning their implementation and interaction. This paper builds a framework to address these concerns. It first identifies the scope of AI for regulatory purposes by establishing the defining characteristic of this technology. In the second part, it identifies four different interpretations of the question, ‘why regulate AI?’, each with a bearing on the purpose of AI regulation. It treats each one of these as an ‘imperative of regulation’. The scope of each imperative is delineated. The last part situates the proposed mechanics of AI regulation within the imperative driven framework. Four broad categories of the mechanics of AI regulation are first described in detail in order to understand their features and are subsequently tested on the touchstone of the four imperatives, thereby ascertaining which of the imperatives drive the mechanics and which are irrelevant. The findings provide theoretical clarity to the AI regulation proposals being mulled over across the globe. The paper concludes with an argument for proactive regulation of AI.

Biological function, mediate cell death pathway and their potential regulated mechanisms for post-mortem muscle tenderization of PARP1: A review.

Tenderness is a key attribute of meat quality that affects consumers' willingness to purchase meat. Changes in the physiological environment of skeletal muscles following slaughter can disrupt the balance of redox homeostasis and may lead to cell death. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the myocytes causes DNA damage and activates poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), which is involved in different intracellular metabolic pathways and is known to affect muscle tenderness during post-slaughter maturation. There is an urgent requirement to summarize the related research findings. Thus, this paper reviews the current research on the protein structure of PARP1 and its metabolism and activation, outlines the mechanisms underlying the function of PARP1 in regulating muscle tenderness through cysteine protease 3 (Caspase-3), oxidative stress, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and energy metabolism. In addition, we describe the mechanisms of PARP1 in apoptosis and necrosis pathways to provide a theoretical reference for enhancing the mature technology of post-mortem muscle tenderization.

Function and prognostic value of N6-methyladenosine-modified RNAs in lung adenocarcinoma.

Aberrant regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is reportedly vital for cancer progression, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, current studies mainly focus on the function and mechanism of m6A-modified regulators, such as m6A writers (METTL3 and METTL14), erasers (ALKBH5 and FTO), and readers (YTHDF1 and YTHDF2). The landscape, function, and prognostic value of RNAs by m6A-modified have not been fully clarified until now. The present study identified 57 RNAs with significantly different m6A-methylation levels in LUAD tissues using epitranscriptomic microarray analysis. Among the 57 RNAs, 28 and 29 were hypermethylated and hypomethylated, respectively. The m6A-methylation level increased in mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) but decreased in small non-coding RNA. After pathway enrichment analyses, RNA metabolism-associated pathways such as nucleotide metabolism were enriched in total and m6A-hypermethylated mRNAs. Furthermore, lncRNA networks were built using miRNet tools, revealing that the immune system was closed to m6A-modified lncRNAs. To evaluate the prognostic value of mRNAs with hypermethylated or hypomethylated, we calculated the risk scores, and constructed signatures to predict the survival time of patients with LUAD using multicox regression analysis. In addition, hypermethylated-mRNA and hypomethylated-mRNA signatures were established. The survival plotter showed that these two signatures effectively predicted the survival time of patients with LUAD. The results of the present study support the evidence for understanding the expression, function, and potential prognostic values of m6A-modified RNAs, possibly promoting effective therapies for patients with LUAD.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of the Regulatory Strategy of Third-Party Environmental Pollution Management

The “multiple-interaction” model of third-party management for environmental pollution has gradually replaced the traditional “command-and-control” model and become a new trend in governance. This new governance system is accompanied by a lack of regulatory capacity, a single reward and punishment mechanism, and frequent rent-seeking behavior, and other governance problems are becoming increasingly prominent. Based on the premise of limited rationality, considering the possible rent-seeking behavior of pollution control enterprises and professional environmental testing institutions, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model with pollution control enterprises, professional environmental testing institutions, and government regulatory departments as the main bodies. The evolutionary stabilization strategy of the three-party game is analyzed according to Lyapunov’s theory, and the system is optimized through a computational experimental simulation in MATLAB. The research results show that the government can effectively regulate the behavior of pollution control enterprises and professional environmental testing institutions by appropriately increasing the rewards and punishments, but excessive rewards are not conducive to increasing the government regulators’ own performance; the existing static reward and punishment mechanism of the government regulators fails to reward and punish the behavior of governance subjects in real time, and the linear dynamic punishment mechanism greatly increases the probability of rent-seeking behavior, neither of which is a stable control strategy for the system. The non-linear dynamic reward and punishment mechanism takes into account both dynamic incentives and dynamic constraints to make the system achieve the desired evolutionary stability strategy, i.e., pollution control enterprises follow regulations, professional environmental testing agencies refuse to seek rent, and the government actively regulates the system as the final evolutionary direction. The research findings and management implications provide countermeasures and suggestions for government regulators to improve the regulatory mechanism for the third-party management of environmental pollution.

322 Type 2 cytokines regulate dermal adipocyte function early in life through hormone-sensitive lipase

Type 2 immune responses have been increasingly linked with tissue maintenance, regeneration and metabolic homeostasis. The molecular basis of regulator and effector mechanisms of type 2 immunity in skin regeneration and homeostasis, particularly of the dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), is still lacking. Here, we demonstrate that the type 2 cytokines IL-4/IL-13 are critical regulators of dWAT homeostasis and function in early life. To decipher the role of type 2 signals in skin regenerative processes, we systematically analyzed postnatal hair cycling and hair cycling-associated changes of the dWAT in back skin of mice with global deficiency of IL-4Ra signaling.

Roles of LuxR-family regulators in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Actinobacteria.

Actinobacteria are well-known Gram-positive bacteria that produce approximately two-thirds of microbial bioactive natural products (NPs) through secondary metabolism. Usually, genes involved in the biosynthesis of NPs in actinobacteria are clustered, and their expression is regulated by an elaborate and stringent regulatory network formed by diverse regulators. These regulators can be classified into more than 50 superfamilies/families according to conserved amino acid sequences and biological functions. Among them, LuxR family regulators, which are widely distributed in microorganisms and feature an HTH_LUXR domain (PFAM00196, SMART00421), play key roles in quorum sensing (QS), bioluminescence, virulence and secondary metabolism. In this mini-review, we focus on their roles in regulating NP production in actinobacteria. First, the domain architecture and classification of LuxR proteins are summarized on the basis of their size and biological function diversity. Second, the landscape of the roles and action mechanism of LuxR regulators involved in NP production in actinobacteria is presented in detail. Finally, the application of LuxR is described from two perspectives: enhancement of NP production and discovery of novel NPs by engineering LuxR. This mini-review will help us comprehensively understand the role of LuxR in actinobacteria and promote the future application of LuxR family regulators in synthetic biology.

Loads Experiment Research on Key Components of Umbrella Wind Turbine Regulating Mechanism

Taking the key components of the umbrella wind turbine regulating mechanism as the research object, the main stress concentration parts were determined by numerical simulation, and the strength of the key components was checked. Through the wind tunnel test, the variation of the stress on the key components of the adjustment mechanism with the shrinkage angle of the umbrella wind turbine under the actual operating conditions was tested. The results show that the stress on the connecting rod and the small hub increases first and then decreased with the increase of the shrinkage angle, and both reach the maximum stress under the working condition of 45°. The stress of the large hub decreased with the increase of the shrinkage angle. The safety and reliability of the power regulating mechanism of the umbrella wind turbine was verified by numerical simulation and wind tunnel test, which laid a research foundation for the subsequent structural optimization and improvement of the umbrella wind turbine.

The Role of m6A Modification and m6A Regulators in Esophageal Cancer.

Simple SummaryN6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification and m6A regulators play important roles in the occurrence and development of various cancers. Esophageal cancer (ESCA), one of the most common gastrointestinal tumors, seriously affects people’s health. In this review article, we summarized the role and possible mechanism of m6A modification and m6A regulators in the occurrence, progression, remedy and prognosis of ESCA, which might be useful for determining the pathogenesis of ESCA and providing direction for the future research of ESCA.N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, the most prevalent RNA modification, is involved in all aspects of RNA metabolism, including RNA processing, nuclear export, stability, translation and degradation. Therefore, m6A modification can participate in various physiological functions, such as tissue development, heat shock response, DNA damage response, circadian clock control and even in carcinogenesis through regulating the expression or structure of the gene. The deposition, removal and recognition of m6A are carried out by methyltransferases, demethylases and m6A RNA binding proteins, respectively. Aberrant m6A modification and the dysregulation of m6A regulators play critical roles in the occurrence and development of various cancers. The pathogenesis of esophageal cancer (ESCA) remains unclear and the five-year survival rate of advanced ESCA patients is still dismal. Here, we systematically reviewed the recent studies of m6A modification and m6A regulators in ESCA and comprehensively analyzed the role and possible mechanism of m6A modification and m6A regulators in the occurrence, progression, remedy and prognosis of ESCA. Defining the effect of m6A modification and m6A regulators in ESCA might be helpful for determining the pathogenesis of ESCA and providing some ideas for an early diagnosis, individualized treatment and improved prognosis of ESCA patients.

Exploring the internal driving mechanism underlying bacterial community-induced organic component conversion and humus formation during rice straw composting with tricarboxylic acid cycle regulator addition

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle regulators on CO2 emissions, the conversion of organic components and humus formation during composting. The addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) reduced CO2 emissions during rice straw composting. According to co-occurrence networks results, ATP enhanced the connectivity and complexity of the network; NADH enhanced microbial interactions. The different kind of TCA cycle regulators had different effect on humus formation pathway. The structural equation model showed that ATP might promote lignin transformation into humus via the sugar-amine condensation pathway and lignin-protein pathway while NADH may promote cellulose degradation into soluble sugar and organic matter, which are transformed into humus. This work will provide valuable guidance for exploring the mechanism of TCA cycle regulators in promoting organic carbon fixation and reducing inorganic carbon mineralization.

IKKβ increases neuropilin-2 and promotes the inhibitory function of CD9+ Bregs to control allergic diseases

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) potently suppress immune disorders, including allergic contact hypersensitivity (CHS). IKKβ overactivation is prominent in various inflammatory diseases. However, its effect on Bregs has not been defined. This study is to investigate the new regulator and inhibitory mechanism of Bregs. IkkβC46A transgenic mice with a Cys46 mutation, resulting in increased IKKβ activation, were employed for analysis. IL-10-competent CD9+ Bregs were expanded in IkkβC46A mice and B cell specific-IkkβC46A mutation mice. IkkβC46A mutant CD9+ Bregs had stronger suppressive effects on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro and CHS responses in vivo. The inhibitory CD9+ Bregs from IkkβC46A mice were characterized by upregulated Neuropilin 2 (Nrp2) and IL-10 in comparison with that of Ikkβwt mice. Interestingly, increased expression of Nrp2 was observed in CD9+ Bregs compared with that of CD9- B cells in wild-type mice. The suppressive activity of wild-type CD9+ Bregs in vitro was attenuated by inhibition of Nrp2 on Bregs or silencing its ligand Sema3f on CD4+ T cells. Our findings delineate a distinct role of IKKβ activation in enhancing Bregs to disturb the immune balance. It identifies Nrp2 as a novel regulatory molecule of Bregs that partly contributes to B cell-mediated immune tolerance.

MEASURING THE DOMINANT PARADIGMA IN UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA

This study discusses the paradigm used by the United Nations in governing relations among countries on sea-related issues through the analysis of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Laws/regulations on sea-related issues have undergone changes, since their inception in 1958 in line with the development of the issue of sea between countries and the factors that cause the proliferation of sea-related disputes, as well as political and economic dynamics in the international sphere. Reforms in the regulatory mechanism on sea-related issues between countries by the United Nations were marked by the formation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 which has several stipulations. This writing aims to analyze and measure the paradigm used by the United Nations in regulating mechanisms on sea-related issues between countries through the analysis of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The author uses the content analysis method in analyzing the law. The analysis was carried out on three indicators; actors, authorities, and governance representing the three paradigms; realism (competition), liberalism (collaboration), and constructivism (historical and social construction). Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that; the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea concerning the regulation mechanism on sea-related issues between countries is strongly influenced by the realism paradigm.

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Induced by MYB Transcription Factors in Plants.

Anthocyanins act as polyphenolic pigment that is ubiquitously found in plants. Anthocyanins play a role not only in health-promoting as an antioxidant, but also in protection against all kinds of abiotic and biotic stresses. Most recent studies have found that MYB transcription factors (MYB TFs) could positively or negatively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Understanding the roles of MYB TFs is essential in elucidating how MYB TFs regulate the accumulation of anthocyanin. In the review, we summarized the signaling pathways medicated by MYB TFs during anthocyanin biosynthesis including jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, cytokinins (CKs) signaling pathway, temperature-induced, light signal, 26S proteasome pathway, NAC TFs, and bHLH TFs. Moreover, structural and regulator genes induced by MYB TFs, target genes bound and activated or suppressed by MYB TFs, and crosstalk between MYB TFs and other proteins, were found to be vitally important in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, we focus on the recent knowledge concerning the regulator signaling and mechanism of MYB TFs on anthocyanin biosynthesis, covering the signaling pathway, genes expression, and target genes and protein expression.