Regular Treadmill Exercise Research Articles

Gene Expression of Neurogenesis Related to Exercise Intensity in a Cerebral Infarction Rat Model.

Regular exercise improves several functions, including cognition, in patients with stroke. However, the effect of regular exercise on neurogenesis related to cognition remains doubtful. We investigated the most effective exercise intensity for functional recovery after stroke using RNA sequencing following regular treadmill exercise. Photothrombotic cerebral infarction was conducted for 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36). A Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed before a regular treadmill exercise program (5 days/week, 4 weeks). Rats were randomly divided into four groups: group A (no exercise); group B (low intensity, maximal velocity 18 m/min); group C (moderate intensity, maximal velocity 24 m/min) and group D (high intensity, maximal velocity 30 m/min). After 4 weeks, another MWM test was performed, and all rats were sacrificed. RNA sequencing was performed with ipsilesional hippocampal tissue. On the day after cerebral infarction, no differences in escape latency and velocity were observed among the groups. At 4 weeks after cerebral infarction, the escape latencies in groups B, C, and D were shorter than in group A. The escape latencies in groups B and C were shorter than in group D. The velocity in groups A, B, and C was faster than in group D. Thirty gene symbols related to neurogenesis were detected (p < 0.05, fold change > 1.0, average normalized read count > four times). In the neurotrophin-signaling pathway, the CHK gene was upregulated, and the NF-κB gene was downregulated in the low-intensity group. The CHK and NF-κB genes were both downregulated in the moderate-intensity group. The Raf and IRAK genes were downregulated in the high-intensity group. Western blot analysis showed that NF-κB expression was lowest in the moderate-intensity group, whereas CHK and Raf were elevated, and IRAK was decreased in the high-intensity group. Moderate-intensity exercise may contribute to neuroplasticity. Variation in the expression of neurotrophins in neurogenesis according to exercise intensity may reveal the mechanism of neuroplasticity. Thus, NF-κB is the key neurotrophin for neurogenesis related to exercise intensity.

Effects of Regular Exercise and Intermittent Fasting on Neurotransmitters, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Cortex of Ovariectomized Rats.

A collection of metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases linked to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation frequently affect postmenopausal women or estrogen deprivation. Recent research has focused on alternative therapies that can enhance these women's quality of life. This study set out to investigate the effects of physical exercise (EX) and intermittent fasting (IF) on oxidants/antioxidants, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cortex of rats. Additionally, it sought to assess the response to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brains of rats following ovariectomy (OVX) and the potential mechanisms of these interventions. Fifty female rats were divided into one of the following groups 30 days after bilateral OVX: Control, OVX, OVX + EX, OVX + IF, and OVX + EX + IF groups. The rats in the Control and OVX groups continued their normal activities and had unrestricted access to food and water, but the rats in the OVX + EX and OVX + EX + IF groups had a 4-week treadmill training program, and the rats in the OXV + IF and OVX + EX + IF groups fasted for 13 h each day. The rats were killed, the cerebral cortex was taken, tissue homogenates were created, and various parameters were estimated using these homogenates. The results show that ovariectomized rats had decreased levels of neurotransmitters (DA, NE, and SE), acetylcholinesterase, brain GSH (glutathione), SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase, GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and TAC (total antioxidant capacity), as well as elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, Cox-2). While ovariectomy-induced declines in neurotransmitters, enzymatic and nonenzymatic molecules, neuroinflammation, and oxidative brain damage were considerably mitigated and prevented by treadmill exercise and intermittent fasting, BDNF was significantly increased. These results suggest that ovariectomy can impair rat neuronal function and regular treadmill exercise and intermittent fasting seem to protect against ovariectomy-induced neuronal impairment through the inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and increased BDNF levels in the brain cortex. However, combining regular exercise and intermittent fasting did not provide additional benefits compared to either treatment alone.

Regular Treadmill Exercise Improves the Spinal Cord Injury Repair in a Rat Model Treated with Menstrual Blood Stem Cells and Curcumin-Loaded Nanocomposite Hydrogel: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

In the current study, the synergistic healing efficacy of regular treadmill exercise and administration of menstrual blood stem cells and curcumin-loaded calcium alginate hydrogel was investigated. In Vitro studies were used to characterize the hydrogel system In Vitro. Various validation methods including BBB assay, histopathological examinations, and gene expression studies were used to assess the healing efficacy of different groups. Study showed that treadmill exercise and the hydrogels loaded with both menstrual blood stem cells and curcumin significantly improved the spinal cord injury repair through upregulation of pro-healing genes.

The Effects of Regular Treadmill Exercise on Some Blood Parameters in Diabetes Mellitus

This study aims to determine the effects of regular treadmill exercise on some blood parameters in rats with an experimental diabetes model. In the study, 36 Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups Control (C), Exercise (E), Diabetes (D), and Diabetes+Exercise (DE). A single dose of 60 mg/kg STZ solution was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) into the D and DE groups to create a diabetes model. After diabetes induction, E and DE groups were given running exercises at 20 m/min and 45 minutes daily for four weeks. According to the data obtained, while lipid profile (TC, LDL, TG) and liver enzyme (ALT, AST) levels increased significantly in group D compared to group C, HDL and TP levels were found to decrease. However, a decrease was observed in parameters other than HDL and TP in the DE group. It was also observed that the mineral and vitamin (Vit D, Ca, Mg, and Zn) levels decreased in the D group compared to the C group, while these values tended to increase in the DE group. As a result, the experiment shows that a four week regular exercise program in rats with diabetes has a therapeutic, preventive, and protective effect on lipoprotein levels, liver enzyme markers, and micronutrient levels.

CARD5: Chronic In-vivo evaluation of the BiVACOR rotary total artificial heart

Purpose: The BiVACOR Total Artificial Heart (TAH) combines magnetic levitation and rotary blood pump technology to create a small, durable and physiologically compatible device capable of replacing the failing heart. Pulsatile outflow is achieved via cyclic changes in pump speed, while large clearance gaps and flow paths improve hemocompatibility. The TAH is designed for implantation in women and some children, yet powerful enough to support adult males undergoing exercise. In preparation for first-in-human trials, in-vivo studies were undertaken using clinical-grade devices. Methods: The BiVACOR TAH was implanted into five calves (82 – 108 kg) for 30 days before elective termination. Hemodynamics, left-right balance, hemocompatibility, and end organ function were monitored throughout the study, while evidence of significant thromboembolism was evaluated at study termination via necropsy. Results: All five calves regained all physiological function (eating, drinking, defecating, standing, and regular treadmill exercise). The TAH demonstrated reliable operation, provided suitable hemodynamics (MAP 111 ± 6 mmHg, CVP 12 ± 5 mmHg, est.QL 12 ± 1 l/min) with pulsatile outflow (up to 40 mmHg @ 60BPM) and acceptable left/right balance (est.LAP-CVP 7.6 ± 3 mmHg). Normal end organ function was maintained (CREA 1 ± 0.44 mg/dL) with excellent hemocompatibility (pfHb 4.34 ± 0.74 mg/dL, LDH 1110 ± 182 U/L), while showing no evidence of significant device related thrombi or end organ dysfunction at necropsy. Summary: The BiVACOR TAH demonstrated promising chronic physiological performance, hemocompatibility, and physiological interaction. These results underpin progression of the BiVACOR TAH to first-in-human studies. The work was supported by NIH NHLBI under award number R44HL137454.

The Synergistic Healing Function of Regular Treadmill Exercise and Nanofibrous Scaffolds on Peripheral Nervous System Injury: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

In the current study, injured peripheral nerves were treated with a regular treadmill exercise program in combination with a nanofibrous neural channels loaded with arctium lappa extract (ALE). In Vitro studies showed that the neural channels were biocompatible and potentially facilitated gas exchange through the scaffolds. In addition, the produced scaffolds modulated the inflammatory responses. In Vivo study showed that the animals treated with both exercise and neural channels had the highest rate of functional recovery and histopathological restorations.

The Effect of Forced Exercise on Striatal and Serum Serotonin Levels in a Parkinson’s Mouse Model

Objective: The general treatment approach for Parkinson's disease (PD) is L-dopa administration. While L-dopa only relieves dopaminergic deficiency, it has no effect on the serotonergic system, which is thought to be impaired in the disease. The limitations of current treatment methods have made it necessary to discover new approaches to the treatment of the disease. Studies conducted in recent years report that different types of exercises applied lead to improvement in the symptoms of PD. Exercising decreases serotonin levels and increases dopamine levels. However, the effect of exercise on serotonin levels together with dopamine in PD and its effect on non-motor symptoms such as anxiety and depression are unknown.&#x0D; Methods: PD is created using MPTP. The exercise groups were given challenging treadmill exercises for 6 weeks. Serotonin and dopamine levels were measured in the striatum and serum. Parkinson's symptoms were examined with pole test and behavioral tests.&#x0D; Results: Exercise significantly reduced bradykinesia, increased motor activity, and decreased anxiety behaviors in the exercise groups. While exercise increased striatal dopamine levels in all exercise groups, there was no difference in striatal serotonin levels. However, the serotonin serum level was decreased in the PD model group. While treadmill exercise increased striatal dopamine levels in the Parkinson's mouse model, it did not cause any change in striatal serotonin levels. However, the decrease in serum serotonin level was determined only in the MPTP group.&#x0D; Conclusion: The fact that the decrease in serotonin level was only in the disease group and the lower level of anxiety observed in behavioral experiments suggested that regular treadmill exercise was the reason. However, this improvement was not observed in cases where the anxiety level was very high.

Regular Treadmill Exercise Improves the Healing Efficacy of a Nanocomposite Hydrogel in a Rat Model of Muscle Injury: A Sport Medicine-Based Approach for Muscle Repair

In the current study, the synergistic effects of a regular treadmill exercise and nicaraven-loaded nanocomposite hydrogel was investigated in a rat model of muscle injury. In vitro studies were used to characterize the composite hydrogel In vitro. In vivo study was performed in a rat model of muscle injury. Study showed that the regular treadmill exercise and nicaraven-loaded nanocomposite hydrogel improved the muscle injury repair by reducing muscle atrophy, decreasing the fibrosis tissue, and augmenting the expression levels of VEGF and b-FGF genes.

Catha Edulis Extract Loaded Nanofibrous Neural Channels Augment Sciatic Nerve Injury Repair Trough Upregulation of BDNF and NGF Genes

The study investigated the impact of regular treadmill exercise and catha edulis extract-loaded nanofibrous scaffolds on rats with sciatic nerve injury. The findings indicated that PC-12 cells survived on the membranes and exhibited greater metabolic activity on the catha edulis extract-loaded nanofibrous membranes. Furthermore, the combined approach improved sciatic nerve healing, as confirmed by histopathological examinations and functional recovery in vivo. Additionally, gene expression studies revealed an increase in BDNF and NGF genes due to this approach.

Mechanism for exercise-mediated prevention against muscle wasting on extensor digitorum longus muscle in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats

We previously reported the significant increase in limb muscle strength and cross-sectional area of the type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in a type 2 diabetic animal model, with Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats (n = 6) undergoing regular treadmill exercise from 8 to 16 weeks of age compared with sedentary SDT fatty rats (n = 6). This study investigated the mechanism by which exercise training prevented skeletal muscle wasting in the EDL muscle of the SDT fatty rats. The endurance exercise for 8 weeks downregulated the expression of muscle RING-finger protein-1 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) and upregulated the expression of CD31, insulin receptor substrate-2, and phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the EDL muscle of 16-week-old SDT fatty rats.Endurance exercise training might reduce muscle wasting by preventing muscle degradation and increasing the angiogenic response in the EDL muscle in type 2 diabetes.

Cardioprotective Signaling Pathways in Obese Mice Submitted to Regular Exercise: Effect on Oxysterols.

Exercise induces cardioprotection against myocardial infarction, despite obesity, by restoring pro-survival pathways and increasing resistance of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening at reperfusion. Among the mechanisms involved in the inactivation of these pathways, oxysterols appear interesting. Thus, we investigated the influence of regular exercise on the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway, oxysterols, and mitochondria, in the absence of ischemia-reperfusion. We also studied 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOH) concentration (mass spectrometry) in human lean and obese subjects. Wild-type (WT) and obese (ob/ob) mice were assigned to sedentary conditions or regular treadmill exercise. Exercise significantly increased Akt phosphorylation, whereas 7βOH concentration was reduced. Moreover, exercise induced the translocation of PKCε from the cytosol to mitochondria. However, exercise did not affect the calcium concentration required to open mPTP in the mitochondria, neither in WT nor in ob/ob animals. Finally, human plasma 7βOH concentration was consistent with observations made in mice. In conclusion, regular exercise enhanced the RISK pathway by increasing kinase phosphorylation and PKCε translocation and decreasing 7βOH concentration. This activation needs the combination with stress conditions, i.e., ischemia-reperfusion, in order to inhibit mPTP opening at the onset of reperfusion. The human findings suggest 7βOH as a candidate marker for evaluating cardiovascular risk factors in obesity.

Treadmill exercise reduces α-synuclein spreading via PPARα.

SUMMARYThis study underlines the importance of treadmill exercise in reducing α-synuclein (α-syn) spreading in the A53T brain and protecting nigral dopaminergic neurons. Preformed α-syn fibril (PFF) seeding in the internal capsule of young A53T α-syn mice leads to increased spreading of α-syn to substantia nigra and motor cortex and concomitant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. However, regular treadmill exercise decreases α-syn spreading in the brain and protects nigral dopaminergic neurons in PFF-seeded mice. Accordingly, treadmill exercise also mitigates α-synucleinopathy in aged A53T mice. While investigating this mechanism, we have observed that treadmill exercise induces the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in the brain to stimulate lysosomal biogenesis via TFEB. Accordingly, treadmill exercise remains unable to stimulate TFEB and reduce α-synucleinopathy in A53T mice lacking PPARα, and fenofibrate, a prototype PPARα agonist, reduces α-synucleinopathy. These results delineate a beneficial function of treadmill exercise in reducing α-syn spreading in the brain via PPARα.

Effects of 4-month running exercise on the spatial learning ability and white matter volume and microvessels of middle-aged female and male rats.

Age-related degeneration of microvessels is known to occur in white matter, and exercise training can enhance brain function and promote cerebral blood flow. However, the effects of exercise training on microvessels in aged white matter are unknown. Forty-one middle-aged male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sedentary group and an exercised group. The rats in the exercised group were made to run on treadmills for 4 months. The spatial learning capacities of all groups were then assessed with the Morris water maze. White matter and its microvessels were investigated using immunohistological techniques and stereological methods. In the exercised group, females but not males, showed improved performance over time in the Morris water maze. In females but not males, the exercised rats showed significantly increased white matter volume compared with that of sedentary rats. The total length of microvessels in the white matter in the exercised group was significantly increased compared with that in the sedentary group in both males and females, but the total volume and total surface area of microvessels in the white matter did not differ significantly between the sedentary and exercised rats. Regular treadmill exercise had protective effects on spatial learning capacity, white matter volume, and the total length of microvessels in the white matter in middle-aged female rats and on the total length of microvessels in the white matter in middle-aged male rats. The results obtained might increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which exercise delays brain aging.

12주간 트레드밀 운동이 제2형 당뇨마우스 고환 및 췌장조직의 p-AMPK 발현과 정자의 운동성(motility)에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks treadmill exercise on phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) expression of testis and pancreas tissue and sperm motility in type 2 diabetic male mice. The experimental animals were divided into two groups (n=12 in each group): the diabetic normal control group (db/db-CON) and treadmill exercise group with diabetic (db/db-EXE). After 12 weeks treadmill exercise, p-AMPK expression in testis tissue was significantly different between two groups(p.05). p-AMPK expression in pancreas tissue was significantly different between two groups. HOMA-IR was exercise group significantly decreased compared to control group. Sperm counts was db/db-EXE group increased compared to db/db-CON group, but there was no significant difference between two groups. Sperm motility was db/db-EXE group significantly increased compared to db/db-CON group(p.05). Regular treadmill exercise has a beneficial impact on testis and pancreas tissue, insulin resistance, and quality of sperm in type 2 diabetic male mice.

Prior short-term exercise prevents behavioral and biochemical abnormalities induced by single prolonged stress in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occurs following exposure to somatic or psychotic trauma. Physical activity is known to improve symptoms of certain neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the role of exercise on acquired PTSD-like phenotype was not examined. The present study investigated the effects of prior moderate treadmill exercise on anxiety-like behaviors, serum corticosterone and BDNF levels, hippocampal BDNF and mRNA expression of apoptotic - related proteins in the single prolonged stress (SPS) as an animal model of PTSD in rats. Male and female rats underwent a regular treadmill exercise regimen (4 weeks, 5 days per week). Following the exercise, rats were exposed to SPS (restraint for 2 h, forced swimming for 20 min and ether anesthesia), and then they were kept undisturbed for 14 days. After testing anxiety-like behaviours in the elevated plus maze, the levels of corticosterone and BDNF in serum and BDNF and apoptosis markers (Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase) in hippocampus were measured. Sedentary male and female SPS rats significantly (Ps ranging <0.05 to <0.0001) exhibited increased anxiety levels in the elevated plus maze, enhanced serum corticosterone, reduced serum and hippocampal BDNF and enhanced hippocampal apoptosis than the corresponding control group. Prior exercise significantly (Ps ranging <0.05 to <0.001) alleviated all SPS-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations as compared with the sedentary SPS rats. There were no significant differences in serum and hippocampal BDNF and serum corticosterone levels and hippocampal apoptotic markers between male and female rats in all of groups. Our findings strongly support that short term prior exercise training can prevent the harmful effects of traumatic events, and the resulting trauma-related disorders in both sexes.

Endurance Exercise Training-Attenuated Diabetic Kidney Disease with Muscle Weakness in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of endurance exercise training against diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with muscle weakness by using male spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats as type 2 diabetic animal models with obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Methods: Eight-week-old SDT fatty rats (n = 12) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10) were randomly divided into exercise (Ex; SDT-Ex: n = 6, SD-Ex: n = 5) and sedentary groups (SDT-Cont: n = 6, SD-Cont: n = 5), respectively. Each group underwent regular treadmill exercise 4 times a week from ages 8–16 weeks. Results: The exercise attenuated hypertension and hyperlipidemia and prevented increases in renal parameter levels without affecting blood glucose levels. In the SDT fatty rats, it prevented induction of renal morphological abnormalities in the interstitium of the superficial and intermediate layers of the cortex. Downregulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the glomerulus of the SDT fatty rats was significantly upregulated by the exercise. The exercise upregulated the renal expressions of both medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α related to fatty acid metabolism. It increased muscle strength and both muscle weight and cross-sectional area of type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus muscle in the SDT fatty rats. Conclusion: Endurance exercise training in type 2 diabetes ameliorates DKD by improving endothelial abnormality and enhancing fatty acid metabolism in addition to attenuated hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and muscle weakness independently of blood glucose levels.

تأثیر تمرین هوازی و مکملگیری ویتامین D بر میزان Fas و c-FLIP کبدی رتهای قرار گرفته در معرض آب اکسیژنه

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of regular aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on hepatic apoptosis in rats exposed to oxygenated water (H2O2). Methods: For this purpose, 60 adult male Wistar rats weighed 220±20 g were randomly divided into ten groups (n=6 in each group) including: control group (C), H2O2 (H), double H2O2 (2H), H2O2 + Vitamin D3 Supplement (HD), double H2O2 + Vitamin D3 Supplement (2HD), H2O2+ Exercise (HE), double H2O2+ Exercise (2HE), H2O2 + Vitamin D3 Supplement + Exercise (HDE), double H2O2 + Vitamin D3 + Exercise (2HDE) and Dimethyl Sulfoxide + Saline (DMSO). Then, the animals were exposed to oxidative stress (intraperitoneal injection of H2O2 3 times a week), vitamin D3 (intraperitoneal injection daily) and daily treadmill exercise for 8 weeks (duration of training sessions 30 to 60 min, at speeds of 8 to 20 m/min). The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last training session and liver tissue was extracted and Fas and c-FLIP protein concentration was measured by ELISA method. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the between groups differences. Results: The results showed that Fas protein levels were higher in the H, 2H, HD and 2HD groups compared to the control group (P<0.05) and of c-FLIP protein level was lower in the H and 2H groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). The 2HE and 2HDE groups also showed less Fas protein level compared to the 2H group (P<0.05). In addition, the HE group compared to the H group and 2HE and 2HDE groups compared to the 2H group showed higher levels of c-FLIP protein concentration (P<0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the results of the present study showed that exposure of rats to H2O2 initiates apoptotic cascade in liver tissue. However, regular treadmill exercise was able to attenuate this effect to a large extent, but vitamin D3 supplementation did not.

Mild regular treadmill exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of acute sleep deprivation on spatial memory

Vulnerable areas like the hippocampus are sensitive to insults such as sleep deprivation (SD); they are also susceptible to environmental enrichment. Much evidence is accumulating that chronic sleep deprivation causes alterations in the hippocampus that responsible for spatial memory. However, there is conflicting about the differences between acute and chronic SD results. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of mild treadmill exercise on acute SD rats.Four groups were created as control, exercise, sleep deprivation, exercise + sleep deprivation. Multiple platforms method was used to induce REM sleep deprivation (RD) for 48 h. The exercise was applied fivedaysperweekforfour weeks(5 × 4). For the first and second weeks, the length of the exercise was 15 min in two sessions (5 min interval) followed by 15 min in three, 15 min in four sessions. Morris water maze (MWM) was used as a spatial memory test. Gene level was determined by using the qPCR technique. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the hippocampus was measured as an extent of peroxidative damage to lipids by using the ELISA method.48 h RD impaired long-term spatial memory significantly. Mild, regular treadmill exercise ameliorated the detrimental effects of acute sleep deprivation on memory. There was no significant difference in MDA between groups. Hippocampal gene expression did not show any changes in all groups.Lack of correlation between memory impairment and levels of genes in the hippocampus is likely to be related to the differences in behavioral and genetic mechanisms.

Treadmill training increases the motor activity and neuron survival of the cerebellum in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 1 (SCA1) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by worsening of disordered coordination, ataxia of the trunk, and other neurological symptoms. Physical activity improves both mobility and the daily living activities of patients with SCA. Intervention with daily regular treadmill exercise may slow the deterioration of cerebellar neurons in SCA1. Therefore, the signal changes and performance of cerebellar neurons after exercise in SCA1 was investigated in this study. We employed a transgenic mouse model of SCA1, generated by amplifying the cytosine-adenine-guanine trinucleotide repeat expansions, and the mice underwent 1 month of moderate daily treadmill exercise for 1 hour. The rotarod test revealed that the motor function of the SCA1 mice that underwent training was superior to that of the control SCA1 mice, which did not undergo training. Moreover, the cerebellar pathology revealed preserved Purkinje neurons stained by carbindin with an increase of the neuronal Per Arnt Sim domain protein 4, a key regulation in the structural and functional plasticity of neurons, in the excised SCA1 mice relative to the controls. The mechanism was related to an increase of phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, a downstream target of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, but not to autophagy activation. This study determined that regular treadmill exercise may play a crucial role in the viable support of cerebellar neurons in SCA1.

Abnormal hippocampal miR-1b expression is ameliorated by regular treadmill exercise in the sleep-deprived female rats.

Objective(s):The protective effect of regular running on sleep deprivation (SD)-induced cognitive impairment has been revealed. In this study, we focused on the effects of regular exercise, sleep deprivation and both of them together on the microRNA-1b (miR-1b) expression and their relation to the behavioral parameters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Materials and Methods:We used ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. The exercise program was mild-moderate treadmill training for 4 weeks. 72 hr SD was achieved using the multiple platform method and the spatial learning and memory parameters have been evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. The levels of studied genes were quantified by real-time PCR.Results:SD down-regulated pri-miR-1b, miR-1b (P˂0.05), and BDNF mRNA (P˂0.01) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, female rats under exercise conditions showed significant up-regulation of the miR-1b and BDNF mRNA (P˂0.001). In addition, miR-1b positively correlated with cognitive function (P˂0.05) and BDNF mRNA (P˂0.01).Conclusion:Our data demonstrated that regular treadmill exercise could reverse the down-regulation of hippocampal miR-1b, which has a probable role in the SD-induced cognitive impairment.