Regular Trajectories Research Articles

On the analytical properties of the magneto-conductivity in the case of presence of stable open electron trajectories on a complex Fermi surface

We consider the electric conductivity in normal metals in presence of a strong magnetic field. It is assumed here that the Fermi surface of a metal has rather complicated form such that different types of quasiclassical electron trajectories can appear on the Fermi level for different directions of B. The effects we consider are connected with the existence of regular (stable) open electron trajectories which arise in general on complicated Fermi surfaces. The trajectories of this type have a nice geometric description and represent quasiperiodic lines with a fixed mean direction in the p-space. Being stable geometric objects, the trajectories of this kind exist for some open regions in the space of directions of B, which can be represented by "Stability Zones" on the unit sphere. The main goal of the paper is to give a description of the analytical behavior of conductivity in the Stability Zones, which demonstrates in general rather nontrivial properties.

Singular skeleton evolution and topological reactions in edge-diffracted circular optical-vortex beams

Edge diffraction of a circular optical vortex (OV) beam transforms its singular structure: a multicharged axial OV splits into a set of single-charged ones that form the ‘singular skeleton’ of the diffracted beam. The OV positions in the beam cross section depend on the propagation distance as well as on the edge position with respect to the incident beam axis, and the OV cores describe regular trajectories when one or both change. The trajectories are not always continuous and may be accompanied with topological reactions, including emergence of new singularities, their interaction and annihilation. Based on the Kirchhoff-Fresnel integral, we consider the singular skeleton behavior in diffracted Kummer beams and Laguerre-Gaussian beams with topological charges 2 and 3. We reveal the nature of the trajectories’ discontinuities and other topological events in the singular skeleton evolution that appear to be highly sensitive to the incident beam properties and diffraction geometry. Conditions for the OV trajectory discontinuities and mechanisms of their realization are discussed. Conclusions based on the numerical calculations are supported by the asymptotic analytical model of the OV beam diffraction. The results can be useful in the OV metrology and for the OV beam’s diagnostics.

Ergodicity of One-dimensional Systems Coupled to the Logistic Thermostat

We analyze the ergodicity of three one-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, with harmonic, quartic and Mexican-hat potentials, coupled to the logistic thermostat. As criteria for ergodicity we employ: the independence of the Lyapunov spectrum with respect to initial conditions; the absence of visual holes in two-dimensional Poincare sections; the agreement between the histograms in each variable and the theoretical marginal distributions; and the convergence of the global joint distribution to the theoretical one, as measured by the Hellinger distance. Taking a large number of random initial conditions, for certain parameter values of the thermostat we find no indication of regular trajectories and show that the time distribution converges to the ensemble one for an arbitrarily long trajectory for all the systems considered. Our results thus provide a robust numerical indication that the logistic thermostat can serve as a single one-parameter thermostat for stiff one-dimensional systems.

Strong nonuniform spectrum for arbitrary growth rates

We consider the notion of strong nonuniform spectrum for a nonautonomous dynamics with discrete time obtained from a sequence of matrices, which is defined in terms of the existence of strong nonuniform exponential dichotomies with an arbitrarily small nonuniform part. The latter exponential dichotomies are ubiquitous in the context of ergodic theory and correspond to have both lower and upper bounds along the stable and unstable directions, besides possibly a nonuniform conditional stability although with an arbitrarily small exponential dependence on the initial time. Moreover, we consider arbitrary growth rates instead of only the usual exponential rates. We give a complete characterization of the possible strong nonuniform spectra and for a Lyapunov regular trajectory, we show that the spectrum is the set of Lyapunov exponents. In addition, we provide explicit examples of nonautonomous dynamics for all possible strong nonuniform spectra. A remarkable consequence of our results is that for a sequence of matrices [Formula: see text], either [Formula: see text] does not admit a strong exponential dichotomy for any [Formula: see text], or if [Formula: see text] admits an exponential dichotomy for some [Formula: see text], then it also admits a strong exponential dichotomy for that [Formula: see text]. We emphasize that this result is not in the literature even in the special case of uniform exponential dichotomies.

Weak synchronization and large-scale collective oscillation in dense bacterial suspensions.

Collective oscillatory behaviour is ubiquitous in nature, having a vital role in many biological processes from embryogenesis and organ development to pace-making in neuron networks. Elucidating the mechanisms that give rise to synchronization is essential to the understanding of biological self-organization. Collective oscillations in biological multicellular systems often arise from long-range coupling mediated by diffusive chemicals, by electrochemical mechanisms, or by biomechanical interaction between cells and their physical environment. In these examples, the phase of some oscillatory intracellular degree of freedom is synchronized. Here, in contrast, we report the discovery of a weak synchronization mechanism that does not require long-range coupling or inherent oscillation of individual cells. We find that millions of motile cells in dense bacterial suspensions can self-organize into highly robust collective oscillatory motion, while individual cells move in an erratic manner, without obvious periodic motion but with frequent, abrupt and random directional changes. So erratic are individual trajectories that uncovering the collective oscillations of our micrometre-sized cells requires individual velocities to be averaged over tens or hundreds of micrometres. On such large scales, the oscillations appear to be in phase and the mean position of cells typically describes a regular elliptic trajectory. We found that the phase of the oscillations is organized into a centimetre-scale travelling wave. We present a model of noisy self-propelled particles with strictly local interactions that accounts faithfully for our observations, suggesting that self-organized collective oscillatory motion results from spontaneous chiral and rotational symmetry breaking. These findings reveal a previously unseen type of long-range order in active matter systems (those in which energy is spent locally to produce non-random motion). This mechanism of collective oscillation may inspire new strategies to control the self-organization of active matter and swarming robots.

Mobile anchor nodes path planning algorithms using network-density-based clustering in wireless sensor networks

Motivated by the improvement of the localization performance and the utilization rate of virtual beacons in heterogeneous WSNs, in this paper, we propose three Mobile Anchor nodes Path Planning (MAPP) algorithms, namely, IMAPPP-NDC, SMAPP-NDC and MMAPP-NDC. Different from most of the existing MAPP algorithms which divide the region of interest (ROI) into several layers or areas and make mobile anchor nodes traverse the ROI layer by layer or one area after another, the proposed MAPP algorithms combine network-density-based clustering, inter-cluster path planning and intra-cluster path planning together to improve localization performance and the utilization rate of virtual beacons based on the mathematical analysis of the relationship between the communication range r of a sensor node and the side length a of the regular hexagon movement trajectory. In addition, SMAPP-NDC and MMAPP-NDC algorithms employ obstacle avoidance mechanisms to steer clear of obstacles and provide non-collinear beacon points around obstacles.

Weak dissipative effects on trajectories from the edge of basins of attraction

The purpose of this work is to present convergence properties of regular and chaotic conservative trajectories under small dissipation. It is known that when subjected to dissipation, stable periodic points become sinks attracting the surrounding trajectories which belong to rational/irrational tori, while chaotic trajectories converge to a chaotic attractor, if it exists. Using the standard map and a mixed plot we show that this simple scenario can be rather complicated and strongly depends on the dissipation intensity. For small dissipations the huge amount of attractors of the phase-space generates a complicated and intricate dynamics where trajectories are steered to their attractors based on the local (non)hyperbolicity, measured by the Lyapunov vectors. Dissipation creates holes (or attracting channels) on the torus from the conservative limit and allows trajectories to penetrate it. These holes are regions of large local hyperbolicity and are related to sticky channels reported recently. For stronger dissipation sinks tend to attract all trajectories, prevailing over the chaotic attractor.

METHOD FOR ISAR IMAGING OBJECTS WITH 3D ROTATIONAL MOTION

The influence of random components of spatial target movement on phase dependencies of signals from different scatterers is analyzed. Imaging method, which along with the regular trajectory component of target movement takes into account the random spatial components of rotational motion, is developed. These components are measured by phase changes of bright points at radar image sequence obtained by the discrete Fourier transform, coordinates of points being estimated using parametric spectral analysis methods.

Trajectory Tracking and Control of Differential Drive Robot for Predefined Regular Geometrical Path

Trajectories made by concatenating straight motion and in place turning primitive are one that can be easily followed by a differential drive robot. This paper presents trajectory tracking and control of differential drive robots along a predefined regular geometrical path made up of these primitives. A control algorithm was developed to control the robot along different trajectories. The algorithm takes user input from a user interface through which one can select the type of trajectory, dimensions of the trajectory and tracking velocity. Simulations were carried out to obtain the trajectory tracked by the robot using commercial available software MATLAB, Release 2010. Experiments were conducted for tracking regular trajectories such as Triangular, Rectangular and Square and these experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the simulation results.

Two-degree-of-freedom vortex induced vibration of low-mass horizontal circular cylinder near a free surface at low Reynolds number

Two-degree-of-freedom vortex induced vibration (VIV) of a low-mass zero-damping circular cylinder horizontally placed near a free surface at Re = 100 was numerically studied with an adaptive Cartesian cut-cell/level-set method. Two Froude numbers and various normalized submergence depths were considered. The results reveal that the Froude number affects the critical normalized submergence depth and possible physical mechanisms are proposed. The in-line vibration amplitude cannot be neglected. Proximity to a free surface strengthens and suppresses the VIV for low and high Froude numbers, respectively; increases the occurrence of amplitude modulation; and in general enhances the magnitude of the time-averaged lift coefficient, which is always negative. The phase lag of the transverse displacement behind the lift coefficient jumps at some reduced velocity, which strongly depends on the Froude number and normalized submergence depth. Regular trajectories exist only in cases with a small vibration amplitude or a large normalized submergence depth. The vortex structures in any case with large transverse amplitude basically originate from the alternative vortex shedding with the negative vortex weaker than the positive one. For the higher Froude number, an extra free surface positive vortex interacts with the vortices from the cylinder surface. The vibration frequency deviates from the natural structure frequency in fluids in the large-amplitude regime.

On complex, curved trajectories in microtubule gliding

We study the dynamics of microtubules in gliding assays. These biofilaments are typically considered as purely semiflexible, hence their trajectories under the action of motors covering the substrate have been regarded so far as straight, modulo fluctuations. However, this is not always the case experimentally, where microtubules are known to move on large scale circles or spirals, or even display quite regular wavy trajectories and more complex dynamics. Incorporating recent experimental evidence for a (small) preferred curvature as well as the microtubules’ well established lattice twist into a dynamic model for microtubule gliding, we could reproduce both types of trajectories. Interestingly, as a function of the microtubules’ length we found length intervals of stable rings alternating with regions where wavy and more complex dynamics prevails. Finally, both types of dynamics (rings and waves) can be rationalized by considering simple limits of the full model.

Regular Trajectories of Young Systems

Monotonic structure of the space of trajectories of Young systems has been studied in a recent paper, Vieira et al. (J Dyn Control Syst 2013;19(3):405---420). In this paper, we study the notion of regularity for trajectories of Young systems. In particular, we provide an appropriate version of the variation of parameter formula for Young equations and show a technique to regularize a given p-monotonic homotopy between regular trajectories of a Young system.

Quantum corrections to the modulational instability of Bose–Einstein condensates with two- and three-body interactions

We study the amplitude perturbations of the cubic–quintic Gross–Piteavskii equation for weakly trapped Bose–Einstein condensates through a semiquantum procedure. After a quantization of the original problem, with the introduction of quantum degrees of freedom as the fluctuations around classical parameters, a new dynamical modulational instability condition is derived. Corrective terms bear quantum effects that play a crucial role over the reshape of instability domain and sometimes train all unstable modes into full stability. By making use of several indicators through direct numerical simulations of the subsequent set of equations of motion, we found that there are rooms of regular trajectories and those of totally chaotic ones that are strictly related to instability. These numerical results are in agreement with the analytical predictions regarding the stabilization of Bose–Einstein condensates.

Long-Time-Step Molecular Dynamics through Hydrogen Mass Repartitioning.

Previous studies have shown that the method of hydrogen mass repartitioning (HMR) is a potentially useful tool for accelerating molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. By repartitioning the mass of heavy atoms into the bonded hydrogen atoms, it is possible to slow the highest-frequency motions of the macromolecule under study, thus allowing the time step of the simulation to be increased by up to a factor of 2. In this communication, we investigate further how this mass repartitioning allows the simulation time step to be increased in a stable fashion without significantly increasing discretization error. To this end, we ran a set of simulations with different time steps and mass distributions on a three-residue peptide to get a comprehensive view of the effect of mass repartitioning and time step increase on a system whose accessible phase space is fully explored in a relatively short amount of time. We next studied a 129-residue protein, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), to verify that the observed behavior extends to a larger, more-realistic, system. Results for the protein include structural comparisons from MD trajectories, as well as comparisons of pKa calculations via constant-pH MD. We also calculated a potential of mean force (PMF) of a dihedral rotation for the MTS [(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrroline-3-methyl)methanethiosulfonate] spin label via umbrella sampling with a set of regular MD trajectories, as well as a set of mass-repartitioned trajectories with a time step of 4 fs. Since no significant difference in kinetics or thermodynamics is observed by the use of fast HMR trajectories, further evidence is provided that long-time-step HMR MD simulations are a viable tool for accelerating MD simulations for molecules of biochemical interest.

Regular and chaotic motion in general relativity: The case of an inclined black hole magnetosphere

Dynamics of charged particles in the vicinity of a rotating black hole embedded in the external large-scale magnetic field is numerically investigated. In particular, we consider a non- axisymmetric model in which the asymptotically uniform magnetic field is inclined with respect to the axis of rotation. We study the effect of inclination onto the prevailing dynamic regime of particle motion, i.e. we ask whether the inclined field allows regular trajectories or if instead, the deterministic chaos dominates the motion. In this contribution we further discuss the role of initial condition, particularly, the initial azimuthal angle. To characterize the measure of chaoticness we compute maximal Lyapunov exponents and employ the method of Recurrence Quantification Analysis.

Inertial wave rays in rotating spherical fluid domains

AbstractThe behaviour of inertial waves in a rotating spherical container, filled with homogeneous fluid, is here investigated by means of a three-dimensional ray tracing algorithm, in a linear, inviscid framework. In particular, the classical, two-dimensional association between regular modes and periodic trajectories is addressed here for the first time in a fully three-dimensional setting. Three-dimensional, repelling periodic trajectories are found and classified on the basis of the associated frequency and spatial structure, although associated frequencies are hardly reconcilable to Bryan’s (Proc. R. Soc. Lond., vol. 45, 1889, pp. 42–45) classical solutions for inertial waves in the sphere. The normalized squared frequency $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\omega ^2 = 1/2$ appears to divide the frequency range into two different trajectory regimes, where critical latitudes play a different role. Chaotic orbits are not found, as expected, while invariant, non-domain-filling orbits (whispering gallery modes) constitute the majority of the trajectories in the sphere. From ray tracing alone, the wavefield is still far from being completely reconstructed, and a study performed in such a simplified setting is clearly far from any realistic application, however, it appears that three-dimensional ray dynamics constitutes a valid approach to infer information on the spectrum and regularity properties of a system, and is then able to bring new insight in a variety of fundamental problems of geophysical and astrophysical relevance, once its power and limitations have been recognized.

Numerical investigation on flow-induced vibration of a triangular cylinder at a low Reynolds number

Flow-induced vibration (FIV) of a triangular cylinder is numerically investigated at a Reynolds number of Re = 100. The four-step fractional finite element method is employed to solve the two-dimensional (2D) incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The cylinder is endowed with a two-degree-of-freedom motion with the reduced mass ratio of Mr = 2. Three typical flow incidence angles, α = 0°, 30° and 60°, are examined to identify the effect of incidence angle on the vibration characteristics of the cylinder. For each α, computations are conducted in a wide range of reduced velocities 2 Ur ≤ 18. The numerical results show that at α = 0° and 30°, the responses of the cylinder are dominated by vortex-induced vibration which resembles that of a circular cylinder. At α = 0°, the peak amplitude of transverse vibration is the smallest among the three investigated α, and most of the cylinder motions exhibit a regular figure-eight trajectory. Some single-loop trajectories are observed at α = 30°, where the vibration frequency in the in-line direction is always identical to that in the transverse direction. At α = 60°, the triangular cylinder undergoes a typical transverse galloping with large amplitude and low frequency, and the vibration trajectories appear to be regular or irregular figure-eight patterns, which are strongly affected by the reduced velocity.

Refraction of the principal stress trajectories and the stress jumps on faults and contact surfaces: Part 1. Non-constrained regular trajectories

Refraction of the principal stress trajectories and the stress jumps on faults and contact surfaces: Part 1. Non-constrained regular trajectories

Anomalous diffusion of field lines and charged particles in Arnold-Beltrami-Childress force-free magnetic fields

The cosmic magnetic fields in regions of low plasma pressure and large currents, such as in interstellar space and gaseous nebulae, are force-free in the sense that the Lorentz force vanishes. The three-dimensional Arnold-Beltrami-Childress (ABC) field is an example of a force-free, helical magnetic field. In fluid dynamics, ABC flows are steady state solutions of the Euler equation. The ABC magnetic field lines exhibit a complex and varied structure that is a mix of regular and chaotic trajectories in phase space. The characteristic features of field line trajectories are illustrated through the phase space distribution of finite-distance and asymptotic-distance Lyapunov exponents. In regions of chaotic trajectories, an ensemble-averaged variance of the distance between field lines reveals anomalous diffusion—in fact, superdiffusion—of the field lines. The motion of charged particles in the force-free ABC magnetic fields is different from the flow of passive scalars in ABC flows. The particles do not necessarily follow the field lines and display a variety of dynamical behavior depending on their energy, and their initial pitch-angle. There is an overlap, in space, of the regions in which the field lines and the particle orbits are chaotic. The time evolution of an ensemble of particles, in such regions, can be divided into three categories. For short times, the motion of the particles is essentially ballistic; the ensemble-averaged, mean square displacement is approximately proportional to t2, where t is the time of evolution. The intermediate time region is defined by a decay of the velocity autocorrelation function—this being a measure of the time after which the collective dynamics is independent of the initial conditions. For longer times, the particles undergo superdiffusion—the mean square displacement is proportional to tα, where α > 1, and is weakly dependent on the energy of the particles. These super-diffusive characteristics, both of magnetic field lines and of particles moving in these fields, strongly suggest that theories of transport in three-dimensional chaotic magnetic fields need a shift from the usual paradigm of quasilinear diffusion.

Uma introdução ao controle do caos em sistemas hamiltonianos quase integráveis

Sistemas Hamiltonianos quase integráveis são de grande interesse em diversos campos de pesquisa da física e da matemática. Nesses sistemas, o espaço de fase apresenta trajetórias regulares e caóticas. Essas trajetórias dependem, em parte, da amplitude da perturbação que quebra a integrabilidade do sistema. O valor da perturbação crítica responsável por esta transição é um elemento chave no controle do caos. No presente trabalho, exploramos um procedimento para o controle do caos em sistema hamiltoniano quase integrável baseado na alteração de um parâmetro (perturbação). Inicialmente, apresentamos as ferramentas básicas para este estudo: mapa hamiltoniano, linearização do mapa e critério de Chirikov. Posteriormente, investigamos o comportamento de uma interação do tipo onda-partícula frente a perturbação. Por fim, confrontamos os resultados analíticos com uma abordagem numérica (iteração do mapa), mostrando um bom acordo.