Regular Route Research Articles

CITY-FORMING ENTERPRISES: RELIABILITY AND REDUCED COSTS OF THE PASSENGERS’ TRANSPORTATION

Introduction. The paper substantiates the relevance of reducing costs for regular passenger traffic and increasing their reliability in relation to cities with city-forming enterprises. The organizational and technological specificity of the regular route network of urban transport in such cities is disclosed. The authors propose a method for organizing regular transportation routes based on a rational combination of basic routes that require boarding and disembarking passengers only at stopping points and backup routes with boarding and disembarking passengers in any place not prohibited by the rules of road traffic. The authors demonstrate route network optimization of the regular passenger transportation using the proposed economic and mathematical model and taking into account the costs of forming the infrastructure for organizing traffic on backup routes, operating costs of transportation, as well as the cost of eliminating failures in urban transport. The developed mathematical model for assessing the reliability of regular passenger transportation differs from the well-known models, which take into account the availability of backup routes in the regular route network. The research proves the practical implementation of the proposed recommendations by the example of public transport routes in Magnitogorsk.Materials and methods. The authors used the analysis of scientific and regulatory literature; economic and mathematical modeling of transport processes; methods for calculating the reliability of technical and transport systems; the statistical, technical and economic system analysis.Results. As a result, the authors revealed the optimization of the economic and mathematical model of the regular passenger transportation in cities with city-forming enterprises and a mathematical model for assessing the reliability of regular passenger transportation. Moreover, the paper presented practical recommendations on the organization of reserve routes for regular passenger transport on the example of Magnitogorsk.Discussion and conclusions. By the implementation of theoretical principles, mathematical models and recommendations developed in the course of the research, the authors show the effect of implementation and the possibility to obtain new scientific results. Moreover, the authors demonstrate the formation of an additional volume of traffic by 178 thousand passengers a year, an increase in the speed of communication by 7 km per hour, a decrease in the cost of transporting one passenger by 7% and an increase in reliability by 1.14.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Machine learning technique to evaluate on adversity and effects caused by daily travellers in urban and metro cities

In today’s competitive world of technology and commerce. Travelling around the cities and across the Globe is mandatory requirement. In Indian metropolitan cities, an individual spends an average of 4.5 h a day travelling towards workspace. Thus time to travel (ToT) reaches 6–8 h on various reasons such as traffic, poor infrastructure and unorganized cities. In this article, a systematic analysis is computed and designed to study various adversities effects caused by regular travelling by an individual for a given bandwidth of time in order to plan for the medical care. Typically, a multi-board survey is conducted over Indian metropolitan cities. These studies are future collected and calibrated over realignment of datasets to generate a standard dataset for processing and henceforth a platform over cloud-serve is established for processing. Using trivial user data, attributes are extracted from query and independent linkages for regular database is established. The proposed system uses K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) approach to expand the queries dependencies and relationship ratio. Future, a two tire neural network is designed to establish a decision making with KNN resultant inputs from the experimental setup. The validated results can be expanded on user-input time bandwidth, visualization of corresponding impact of travel and adversity effects with respect to diseases and symptom causes. The technique also discusses the availability if medical care in nearest location and the various facilities/services provided by such identified hospitals using resource optimization and time minimization approach to provide maximum services on the regular travel route.

The Quality Monitoring of City Passenger Transportations on Regular Routes Using Data of Objective Control

The article presents the development justification of the quality monitoring methodology of city passenger transportations by motor transport on regular routes based on the criteria development for the evaluation of the passenger transportations quality with the use of the objective control means.

Automobile public transport in Kharkiv at the beginning of the twentieth century: projects and first attempts at implementation (based on materials from the local press)

Research aim is to establish the history of the first projects and attempts to organize bus passenger transportation in Kharkov at the beginning of the twentieth century. Research methodology. The article discusses the emergence and development of bus traffic in Kharkiv at the beginning of the twentieth century from the point of view of the concept of modernization of urban space. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the historiography the history of bus traffic in Kharkiv at the beginning of the 20th century became a topic of a special scientific study. The basic facts of the organization of regular bus traffic in the city in the context of the state of transport communication at that time have been established. Conclusions. The publications of the newspapers «Yuzhnyj Kraj» («South Land») and «Utro» («Morning») make it possible to identify the causes and content of the first projects of automobile passenger transportation in the city, as well as to find out that the beginning of bus traffic was closely connected with the solution of the so-called «tram issue» horse-drawn railways, which belonged to Belgian owners. Certain projects for road transport of passengers in Kharkiv - suburban bus service along the route Kharkov Measurements and delivery of the public to the hippodrome from Teatralnaya Square during the days of equestrian competitions - were carried out already in 1908-1909, but for the first time an official bus service in the city was opened along a regular route from Veterinarnaya Street to the railway station on June 6, 1910. Bus traffic existed in Kharkov during the summer-autumn of 1910, was resumed in the spring of the following year and probably lasted no longer than until the autumn of 1911. The first experience of organizing bus passenger transportation in Kharkiv was not very successful and could not compete properly with other types of urban public transport of that time - horse and electric trams. The cost of bus transportation was too high compared to the cost of horse tram and city electric trams.

Масштабы теневой экономики в сфере городских и пригородных пассажирских перевозок в регионах России

The author considers a non-cash fare payment system as an effective tool to reduce the shadow income of transport organizations. The object is shadow economy in regions of Russia. The subject is the public passenger transport sphere. The author studies buses on municipal regular transport routes (city and suburbs). The category of buses also includes buses of small capacity, i. e. ‘Minibuses’. The scientific novelty of the work is to obtain quantitative and qualitative estimates of the extent and consequences of the shadow sector of the provision in the public passenger transport sphere in regions of Russia. The work takes into account a non-cash fare system using debit, credit, transport and social (preferential) cards. It was revealed that in 2018, a non-cash system was installed in 56 regions and in 29 regions was not installed. Based on the panel data analysis, considering endogeneity, AR (1), heteroskedasticity, the work revealed, where the statistical significance at p-value

Building 3D Realistic Modeling Based on Air-ground Multi-source Data Fusion

Three-dimensional point cloud data is a new form of three-dimensional collection, which not only contains the geometric topology information of the object, but also has high simplicity and flexibility. In this paper, the air-ground multi-source data fusion technology is used to study the fine reconstruction of the 3D scene: based on the 3D laser scanning laser point cloud, the 3D spatial information of the ground visible objects is obtained, and the orthophoto obtained by the drone aerial photography is assisted, Obtain the three-dimensional space information of the top of the ground feature, and the ground three-dimensional laser scanner can quickly obtain the three-dimensional surface information of the building facade, ground, and trees. Due to the complex structure of the building and the occlusion of spatial objects, sub-station scanning is required when acquiring point cloud data. This article uses the Sino-German Energy Conservation Center Building of Shenyang Jianzhu University as the research area, using drone tilt photography technology and ground lidar technology to integrate. During the experiment, the field industry adopted the UAV image acquisition strategy of “automatic shooting of regular routes, supplemented by manual shooting of areas of interest”; in the field industry, the method of “manual coarse registration and ICP algorithm fine registration” The example results show that the ground 3D laser point cloud air-ground image fusion 3D modeling effect proposed in this paper is better and the quality is greatly improved, which makes up for the ground 3D laser scanning. In point cloud modeling, a large number of holes are insufficient due to occlusion and missing top information.

Hardware implementation of OLSR and improved OLSR (AOLSR) for AANETs

Airborne Ad-hoc Networks (AANETs) are a subclass of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The major challenge in AANET implementation is the regular route breaks due to very high mobility of aircraft. To deal with this routing challenge in AANETs, we have designed a new protocol named Airborne OLSR (AOLSR) which is based on more optimisation of the MPR selection technique used in existing OLSR protocol. A hardware implementation of any protocol is always crucial for the validation of its design. So, this manuscript also provides a hardware implementation of both OLSR and AOLSR protocols using Verilog. The node architectures for both the protocols have been implemented in Vivado. The node's sub-component implementation area, execution time and total power consumption have been used as parameters to compare their performance. The simulation analysis shows that the proposed AOLSR performs better as compared to OLSR in terms of total power consumption and execution time.

Hardware implementation of OLSR and improved OLSR (AOLSR) for AANETs

Airborne Ad-hoc Networks (AANETs) are a subclass of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The major challenge in AANET implementation is the regular route breaks due to very high mobility of aircraft...

The Quality Improvement of City Passenger Traffic on The Basis of the Passenger Capacity Control

The article presents the reasoning of the development methodology of the quality improvement of city passenger automobile traffic on regular routes based on the modern means use at the accounting of the bus passengers occupancy and intermedia, processing and the information use about the bus fullness by passengers for dispatching management of vehicles operating mode on route.

The Landscape Genetic Signature of Pollination by Trapliners: Evidence From the Tropical Herb, Heliconia tortuosa

Animal-mediated pollination is essential for the maintenance of plant reproduction, especially in tropical ecosystems, where pollination networks have been thought to have highly generalized structures. However, accumulating evidence suggests that not all floral visitors provide equally effective pollination services, potentially reducing the number of realized pollinators and increasing the cryptic specialization of pollination networks. Thus, there is a need to understand how different functional groups of pollinators influence pollination success. Here, we examined whether patterns of contemporary pollen-mediated gene flow in Heliconia tortuosa are consistent with the foraging strategy of its territorial or traplining hummingbird pollinators. Territorial hummingbirds defend clumps of flowers and are expected to transfer pollen locally. In contrast, traplining hummingbirds forage across longer distances, thereby increasing pollen flow among forest fragments, and are thought to repeatedly visit particular plants. If trapliners indeed visit the same plants repeatedly along their regular routes, this could lead to a situation where neighboring plants sample genetically distinct pollen pools. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped 720 seeds and 71 mother plants from 18 forest fragments at 11 microsatellite loci. We performed TwoGener analysis to test pollen pool differentiation within sites (among neighboring plants within the same forest fragment: Φ SC) and between sites (among forest fragments: Φ CT). We found strong, statistically significant pollen pool differentiation among neighboring mother plants (Φ SC = 0.0506), and weaker, statistically significant differentiation among sites (Φ CT = 0.0285). We interpret this pattern of hierarchical pollen pool differentiation as the landscape genetic signature of the foraging strategy of traplining hummingbirds, where repeatable, long-distance, and high-fidelity routes transfer pollen among particular plants. Although H. tortuosa is also visited by territorial hummingbirds, our results suggest that these pollinators do not contribute substantially to successful pollination, highlighting differences in realized pollination efficiency. This cryptic reduction in the number of realized pollinators potentially increases the vulnerability of pollination success to the decline of populations of traplining hummingbirds, which have been shown to be sensitive to forest fragmentation. We conclude that maintaining habitat connectivity to sustain the foraging routes of trapliners may be essential for the maintenance of pollen-mediated gene flow in human-modified landscapes.

Planning Methodology for Road Passenger Transportation

The need for theoretical and methodological assessments of organization of the transport process, of the features of the passenger transportation market in the modern city is explained by the changing economic conditions in the country and transformation of legal foundations of production and business activities. The planning methodology, which is discussed in the first place, is considered in retrospect, successive development and is open to continuations, allowing to permanently obtain scientifically based results, verified solutions and reliable forecasts. The current Russian legislation binds public authorities, regional and local governments to carry out organization of regular transportation of passengers and their baggage on the routes of the road and urban ground electric transport. The main act defining the competence of the executive authorities in development of regular passenger transportation is a document on planning of regular transportation. As such a document has not previously been implemented, its development should be carried out permanently at all levels of public administration and city management. The analysis shows that it is advisable to develop a guide to transport planning, which would set forth methods of solving routing problems and technological organization of passenger transportation on regular routes of urban motor and urban electric transport, include the possibility of using modern software for modeling mobility and passenger transportation, as well as information obtained from georeferencing tools and the use of electronic IT. The guide should be based on the concept of sustainable development of transport systems and facilities; transport accessibility of various territories and objects for potential passengers; integration of urban planning, transport, environmental, social and other types of legislation; capabilities of modern «smart cities»; technical innovations in the field of transport engineering; an integrated approach and the concept of logistics of passenger traffic; permanent monitoring; improved staff qualifications.

URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT: MARGINAL VALUE OF THE CAPACITY FACTOR

Introduction. One of the most important indicators determining the public transport service quality is the capacity utilization factor of transport fleet. This parameter directly effects on the economic efficiency of the transport organization. For the carrier it is desirable from an economic point of view that the value of the capacity utilization factor takes on the greatest value. Passengers, on the contrary, prefer to transfer without overfull capacity of transport vehicles. Moreover, this factor is used in determining travel fares, analyzing the executed movement regarding the availability of reserves in carrying capacity and planning transportation process. The paper discusses the method of marginal value calculation of the transport fleet’s capacity utilization factor of urban public transport based on ensuring standard vehicle's cabin filling limits.Materials and methods. The authors solved the task of determining the filling marginal value for transport fleet while working on regular urban routes by analyzing the dependence of the capacity utilization factor on the passenger traffic parameters, the average operating time of the transport fleet on the route and the speed fluctuation during public transport operation. The authors also proposed the indicator of the transportation speed fluctuation during the operation of urban public transport.Results. The authors found out that the capacity utilization factor of transport fleet substantially depended on the passenger traffic parameters, on the average operating time of the transport fleet and on the speed fluctuation during public transport operation.Discussion and conclusion. The obtained dependences allow us calculating the marginal values of capacity utilization factor with taking into account the parameters of the planned transport process. The standard capacity utilization factor varies within considerable limits from 0.2 to 0.4, depending on the operating conditions.

Advancing trade with China: The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company and the 1873–1880 mail contract

The Eastern and Australian Mail Steam Company altered the dynamics of sea transport between China and Australia in the late nineteenth century. From 1873 to 1880, this shipping company initiated a new, regular, and permanent route between China and Australia that assisted in the development of stronger trade relationships. The company fulfilled this on the back of a mail contract with the Queensland government. What transpired during the mail contract, its impacts, and its legacies have left an indelible, though unrecognised, positive mark on Australia’s trade relationships with China. As such, Eastern and Australian were one of the pioneers in brokering regular international trade routes for colonial Australian merchants and governments. They also became an integral element in the eventual transition from sail to steam, not only along the China-Australia route but also for all Australian international shipping.

Evaluation of Real-World Gaseous Emissions Performance of Selective Catalytic Reduction and Diesel Particulate Filter Bus Retrofits.

This study reports on the results of gaseous pollutants emission measurements of double-decker buses in an urban road network, using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). Measured vehicles were tested by following in-service buses on regular routes. Six Euro II and Euro III buses were retrofitted with diesel particulate filters (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or a combined SCR+DPF (SCRT) device. Substantial and statistically significant technology impacts were observed for several pollutants. Optimized SCR and SCRT retrofit technology reduced real-world NO x emissions by approximately 70%, on average. Retrofit DPF slightly reduced NO x emissions but increased direct NO2 emissions by more than a factor of 8, on average. SCRT led to about 70% lower NO2 levels than DPF alone, but for some vehicles higher NO2 levels were observed as compared with the "no retrofit" situation, warranting further investigation. None of the SCR systems were found to lead to a substantial increase in NH3 emissions after operation optimization. High NH3 and N2O emissions were occasionally observed while experience with the system calibration was being accumulated. Observed average N2O emission levels for "DPF+SCR" technology were relatively high at 182 mg/kg fuel, corresponding to 1.5% of total greenhouse gas emissions. The study shows that SCR retrofit programs can be effective for NO x reduction of transit buses but that proper calibration and regular emission monitoring are required.

Multiscale core-periphery structure in a global liner shipping network

Maritime transport accounts for a majority of trades in volume, of which 70% in value is carried by container ships that transit regular routes on fixed schedules in the ocean. In the present paper, we analyse a data set of global liner shipping as a network of ports. In particular, we construct the network of the ports as the one-mode projection of a bipartite network composed of ports and ship routes. Like other transportation networks, global liner shipping networks may have core-periphery structure, where a core and a periphery are groups of densely and sparsely interconnected nodes, respectively. Core-periphery structure may have practical implications for understanding the robustness, efficiency and uneven development of international transportation systems. We develop an algorithm to detect core-periphery pairs in a network, which allows one to find core and peripheral nodes on different scales and uses a configuration model that accounts for the fact that the network is obtained by the one-mode projection of a bipartite network. We also found that most ports are core (as opposed to peripheral) ports and that ports in some countries in Europe, America and Asia belong to a global core-periphery pair across different scales, whereas ports in other countries do not.

Risky business! Behavioral bias and motivational salience of rule-violations in children with conduct disorder

Conduct disorder is characterized by both habitual aggression as well as non-aggressive rule-breaking behavior. While a large body of research has focused on aggressive behavior to date, the subtype of non-aggressive rule-breaking behavior is poorly understood. The current study represents a first attempt to directly assess decision biases toward rule-breaking behavior, their motivational salience, and the association with interpersonal factors in conduct disorder. Participants (n = 20 children with conduct disorder and n = 20 healthy controls) played a video game with the goal to deliver a hot pizza by bicycle to a marked location on a two-dimensional city map. In each trial, participants decided whether to use the regular route (streets) or opt for a potential shortcut that was either permitted (bicycle lane) or prohibited (park). The efficiency of the shortcut was parametrically varied to assess individual decision functions. Consistent with our hypotheses, group differences emerged only when taking a shortcut represented a rule violation (park condition), with the conduct disorder group committing significantly more rule violations than controls. Furthermore, conduct disorder children showed a substantial frequency of rule violations even in the absence of shortcut related gains, indicating a pronounced insensitivity towards sanctions. Importantly, this tendency was associated with self-reported impulsivity and rule violations in real life.

Extension of the northward migratory route of the Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) to the western slope of the Andes

The Upland Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) is a migratory shorebird with main wintering areas in Argentina and Uruguay. The migration route from the wintering to the breeding areas has been described as passing through the Amazon basin, but some records suggested that the western slope of the Andes is part of the regular route. To assess if this area is regularly used by the species, we encouraged volunteers to be part of a Citizen Science project in Chile to conduct listening points at night, allowing us to gather records from extensive areas. In 2 years, we collected 80 records of Upland Sandpiper from Arica to La Serena, confirming that northern Chile is part of the regular route. This migration strategy might be a result of the current winds, which blow from east to west in March and April on the South American continent and from south to north following the Pacific coast. These results change our understanding of the Upland Sandpiper migration through South America, adding a new, important area where the species must be considered for energetic project assessments.

The influence of hold regularity on perceptual-motor behaviour in indoor climbing

Climbers often train on indoor climbing walls, which are modifiable to simulate features of outdoor climbing environments at different levels of difficulty. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of regularity of climbing holds on emergent perceptual-motor behaviours. Skilled climbers performed six repetitions of two topographically similar routes on an indoor climbing wall. One route was composed of 18 different types of hand holds (irregular route), whereas the other route had only two types of hand holds (regular route). Preview and climbing durations, as well as visual search behaviours, were recorded. Participants rated the regular route as more difficult to climb, requiring greater perceived effort to complete. The time spent previewing, and then climbing the routes, was reduced on average by 12% and 16%, respectively in the irregular route compared to the regular route. There were more fixations made when climbing the regular route (281 vs. 222 fixations per trial). It seems the climbers were more careful and thorough in their gaze behaviours with the regular route because of the additional technical demands it presented, whereas the irregular route afforded a more superficial visual exploration with use of more frequent saccades between holds. The findings suggest how irregularity in the environment is exploited by skilled climbers, apparently making the practice context easier to perceive and act in.

Enhanced AODV to an End-To-End Connectivity in a Smart City Based on Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

In recent years, VANET Networks have been amongst the most research fields worldwide, due to its daily interaction with people's life and the existing intelligent systems services. The Smart Cities represent one of the main users of this network, they identify and deploy VANETs as a network capable of reducing the overhead on the networks with installed infrastructures. VANETs benefit multiple services deployed in the city by reducing their time of operation. Related research in this field have illustrated the importance of the opportunistic network connectivity it offers within the city. Whereas some researches still focus on the improvement they may offer to control the traffic and improve the road safety. Other researches define how the integration of the VANET Networks within the Smart Cities comply to a more connected city. Due to VANETs being capable of reaching far points in the city. In this paper, we focus on the connectivity between two end-users for short communication time, using an enhanced AODV routing protocol for VANET Networks in the context of Smart Cities. Based on the prediction of vehicles movements and regular routes. We focus on the enhancement of the communication connectivity, and also, we improve the End-to-End delays between the end users, while reducing the overhead of routing packets in the network, and improving the network's quality of service.

Optimization of using fixed route taxi-buses with account of security of road traffic and air pollution in big cities

Abstract Results of studies on pedestrian flows in large Russian cities and results of evaluating negative influence of route taxis in comparison with other motor vehicle categories are presented in the article. Market economy of Russia has increased transport mobility of population of big cities; at the same time municipal transport hasn’t developed or it has even reduced the offer on transportation of passengers. That is why wide use of the potential of buses of small capacity as passenger route taxis has become characteristic of many cities. Research has shown that intensive traffic of route taxis in transport flow increases the risk of road traffic accidents and is becoming ecologically not safe. A correlation between the number of road accidents involving taxis and the volume of emissions in the air of the street-and-road network has been established. The corresponding correlation coefficient is particularly important. It is suggested to use environmental criteria for validation of requirements for a carriage rolling stock when developing conditions for tendering process for serving regular routes.