Regular Gynecological Examinations Research Articles

The Effect of Menopause Symptoms on Female Genital Self-Perception in Postmenopausal Women

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of menopausal symptoms on Female Genital Self-Perception (FGSP) in postmenopausal women.
 Methods: This descriptive and relationship-seeking study was conducted with women aged 40 and above who applied to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary hospital between June and December 2022, who have not had a menstrual period for at least 12 months, and who met the inclusion criteria. The Patient Information Form, The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), Vulvovaginal Symptom Questionnaire (VSQ), and the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) were used to obtain the data.
 Results: The mean age of 203 women included in the study was 57.53±6.70. The total mean scores obtained from the scales was 15.40±7.7 for MRS, 3.75±3.96 for VSQ, and 18.99 ±4.34 for FGSIS. An inverse and statistically significant relationship were found between MRS and VSQ total and sub-dimension scores and FGSIS scores (p:0.001 for all). A significant relationship was found between FGSIS score and body mass index and parity (r:-0.154, p:0.028 and r:-0.258, p:0.001). University graduates, those who had regular gynecological examinations, and people with a very good perception of general health status had significantly higher FGSIS scores (p:0.001 for all).
 Conclusion: According to the scale scores, the FGSP of postmenopausal women was moderate and negatively affected by the increase in menopausal symptoms. Obesity, an increase in the number of parities, low education level, and poor health perception were the factors that negatively affected FGSP.

Correlational studies on clinical and laboratory diagnoses of Trichomonas vaginalis coinfection with HIV candidiasis and syphilis among women of reproductive age in Jalingo North-central Nigeria

Background & objective: The high prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection globally and the frequency of co-infection with other STIs make Trichomoniasis a compelling public health concern. Research has shown that T. vaginalis infection is associated with high risk of several sexually transmitted infections. This study was to provide information on the coinfection rate with some STDs and the correlation between clinical diagnoses and confirmatory laboratory diagnosis among women of reproductive age in Jalingo. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional and laboratory- based research was carried out on the Correlational studies on clinical and laboratory diagnoses of T. vaginalis and it co-infection with HIV Candidiasis and Syphilis among women of reproductive age in Jalingo North-Central Nigeria, between November 2022 to March 2023. A health facility (Mimllins Laboratories Limited) was selected from Jalingo local government area. One hundred (100) Women within the reproductive age group of 15 to 50 years, seeking health care in the selected facility that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and grant consent were enrolled. A pretested structured interviewer’s questionnaire was used to collect data on clinical presentation. Results: A total of 100 eligible women between the ages of 15 to 50 years’ resident in Jalingo, Taraba State and attends to at the selected facility were examined. The overall prevalence of Trichomoniasis among the general population was 13%. For co-infection rates with HIV, syphilis, and Candidiasis, all the HIV-infected participants (4) had T. vaginalis infection while 70% (7/10) of the population that had syphilis had T. vaginalis infection. Both diseases (HIV and Syphilis) had a very strong association with T. vaginalis infection among the population (both p-values= 0.000). Candidiasis on the other hand had no significant association with T. vaginalis infection (p=1.000). Based on the clinical diagnosis, abdominal pain and burning sensation gave strong associations with T. vaginalis infection (p values were 0.001 and 0.005 respectively). However, the reverse was the case for vaginal itching and discharge (both p-values were 1.000). Conclusion: A greater percentage of T. vaginalis positive women came to the laboratory because they had related uncomfortable symptoms. This is problematic since some women in this area are unaware of the importance of having regular gynecological examinations unless symptoms appear. Hence, general surveillance for sexually transmitted diseases, an effective way to prevent T. vaginalis infection, is needed.

Investigation of the Effect of Women's Breast Cancer Worry Levels on Breast Cancer Prevention Behavior.

The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of worry about breast cancer (BC) amongst a sample of women and to examine the effect of this on behavior to prevent BC. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 271 women aged 18 years and above who attended the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary hospital and met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the following tools: Patient Information Form; Breast Cancer Worry Scale (BCWS); Breast Cancer Prevention Behaviors Identification Scale (BCPBIS); and Mammography Processes of Change Scale (MPCS). When evaluated according to BCWS scores (mean 8.43±3.36), the BC worry levels were found to be low. The behavior adopted for prevention was also found to be positive according to BCPBIS (mean 119±15.26) and MPCS (mean 82.38±12.81) scores. A significant correlation was found between the BCWS and both the BCPBIS and MPCS scores, and again between the BCPBIS and MPCS scores (p<0.001 for all). There was a correlation with three scale scores in those who had knowledge about BC, and those who had regular clinical breast examination (BE) (p<0.05 for all). The BCPBIS score was found to be higher in those aged between 41-65 years, those who had mammography, and performed p self-BE (p = 0.002; p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively). According to the MPCS score, mammography behaviors was found to be more positive in those who had regular gynecological examinations and those who had mammography (p = 0.08 and p = 0.011). The participants generally had low BC worry levels and had adopted positive behavior for prevention. Being informed about BC and screening and having regular BE increased BC worry. Those with high BC worry, those who had mammography before, those who had knowledge about BC and screening, and those who regularly performed BE showed more positive behaviors toward preventing BC.

The Determination of Knowledge Levels of Women about the Prevention of Gynecological Cancers

Purpose: The aim of this research was to determine the knowledge level of women in the prevention of gynecological cancers. &#x0D; Methods: This descriptive research was conducted with 420 women from May to June 2022. Introductory Information Form and Gynecological Cancer Prevention Information Scale were used to collect of data.&#x0D; Results: The total mean score of the Gynecological Cancer Prevention Information Scale was 14.84±7.90 (min:0, max:35). As a result of this research, it was determined that women's knowledge of protection from gynecological cancers was close to the middle level. This situation was affected by variables such as age, education level, employment status, income level, alcohol use, age of first pregnancy, age of first sexual intercourse, thinking that female cancer is preventable, having regular gynecological examinations, and knowing about cancer screenings.&#x0D; Conclusion: Women's knowledge of prevention from gynecological cancer was not at the expected level. It is essential to emphasize the importance of cancer prevention and early diagnosis in order to reduce cancer-related death rates in the society.

Knowledge level about HPV infection and cervical cancer screening tests

Introduction: Understanding HPV and cervical cancer is vital for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. Nurses play a crucial role in implementing screening and are also at risk. This study examines nurses' knowledge and practices regarding HPV and cervical cancer screening in a tertiary center.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: It is a prospective survey study conducted with nurses. A total of 191 nurses participated in the three-part and 53-item survey that evaluated demographic data, HPV knowledge levels and cervical cancer screening awareness.&#x0D; Results: A total of 2895 nurses work at the hospital. The rate of participation in the research was 6.6% with 191 participants. The average age of the participants is 27.1. Majority of the participants are female (n: 171, 89.5%), only 20 (10.5%) are male. While 81.9% of the respondents had knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases, only 13.5% had gone to regular gynecological examinations. Despite 98.4% of the participants who had knowledge about cervical cancer and screening practices, only 11% (n:19) had undergone cervical cancer screening and 94.2% (n:180) had not received HPV vaccine. The most mis-answered question about HPV was whether current vaccines protect against both genital warts and cervical cancer. &#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, nurses' knowledge level and screening practices about HPV and cervical cancer need to be improved. It is also important to increase awareness of the HPV vaccine and encourage more people to receive it. This effort could positively impact health outcomes related to cervical cancer and HPV.

Determination of the Relationship Between Gynecological Cancer Awareness and Fear of Cancer in Women Using Social Media and the Affecting Factors.

Understanding the relationship between fear of gynecological cancer and awareness of cancer in women may help oncology nurses increase women's participation in gynecological cancer screening. To examine the relationship between women's gynecological cancer awareness and cancer fear using social media and the affecting factors. In a descriptive and cross-sectional study design, online data were collected from 1231 women aged 20 to 69 years through social media using the Descriptive Information Form, the Gynecological Cancer Awareness Scale (GCAS), and the Cancer Worry Scale (CWS). Analytic tests included paired t tests, analysis of variance, and post hoc correlations and structural equation modeling. The women's total mean GCAS score was above moderate (152 ± 17), and their mean CWS score was high (19 ± 5). There was no relationship between the GCAS and CWS mean scores. Characteristics of participants with high awareness of gynecological cancer were being young, having a high educational level, having children, living in a province, having a history of cancer or family history of cancer, and having regular gynecological examinations, Papanicolaou smear tests, breast self-examination, and vulva examinations (P < .05). The fear of cancer was higher in women with children, a family history of cancer, and regular gynecological examination behaviors (P < .05). Awareness of gynecological cancer was not significantly statistically associated with fear of cancer. Certain sociodemographic and gynecological characteristics are associated with awareness of gynecological cancer and/or fear of cancer. Oncology nurses may plan individualized or large-scale educational events that may make use of social media to enhance accurate awareness of gynecological cancer and related examinations in women.

Cervical and endometrial cancers of intestinal origin diagnosed 18 years after vaginal replacement with a sigmoid colon segment: a case report and review of the literature.

BackgroundSigmoid colpoplasty is a surgical method for the treatment of vagina agenesis. Malignant tumors of neovaginas derived from sigmoid colons are rare.Case presentationWe report a 33-year-old woman who underwent sigmoid colpoplasty for vaginal agenesis and presented 18 years later with vaginal bleeding. Examination revealed cancer of the neovagina with involvement of the cervix and endometrium. The patient was administered four cycles of chemotherapy because she refused surgery.ConclusionsPatients with a history of colpoplasty should undergo long-term comprehensive testing after reconstruction, including regular gynecological, colposcopic, and gastrointestinal examinations. In patients with cancer of the neovagina, a comprehensive treatment plan should be developed in consultation with gynecologists and surgeons. There is no standard treatment, although surgery plus chemotherapy or radiotherapy appears to be effective.

SPECTRUM OF GYNAECOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES IN NORTH INDIA : OVERVIEW

Background: Gynecologic cancers form a huge burden of morbidity and mortality around the world. This study was undertaken to study the pattern, histopathological types and relative frequencies of gynaecological malignancy cases reported at four major hospitals and pathology centers in Jaipur region. Method: Retrospective review of records of gynecologic cancers obtained from four major pathology departments in Jaipur region in which histopathological data of all female diagnosed with the genital tract malignancies for a ve year period were included in the study. Results: Most common genital tract malignancy was cervical cancer (51.8%) followed by ovarian cancer (24.6%), uterine cancer (17.6%) and vaginal cancer (3.96%). Mean ages for ovarian, uterine, endometrium, fallopian tube, vulva and cervical cancers were 42.79±15.84, 50.93±13.14, 61.21±7.61, 63.50±19.09, 56.05±17.89 and 51.29±11.95 years respectively. Conclusion &amp; Recommendations: Cervix carcinoma is the most common female genital tract malignancy followed by ovarian carcinoma and uterine cancer. Squamous type of cervical cancer was the commonest type. Hospital facilities for screening and regular gynecological examinations and well-dened follow-up surveillance system can change disease morbidity and mortality.

Medical and Social Reasoning of Improvement of Oncogynecological Diseases` Prevention System Management

Aim: To analyze the dynamics of oncogynecological morbidity level in Sumy region and to identify barriers for prevention and early diagnosis of oncogynecological diseases in women. Materials and Methods: study structure included: desk study (collection and analysis of statistical data), medical and sociological research on definition of barriers for prevention and early detection of oncogynecological diseases on the basis of primary medical level, which was conducted by questioning among women of Sumy region with an anonymous questionnaire with subsequent statistical processing of data using the license package of programs “PSQ” (processing of sociological questionnaires), a computer program of primary sociological information analysis. Results: in the process of analyzing the dynamics of morbidity, mortality, annual mortality and neglect of diseases of oncopathology, a decreasing in the rate of morbidity was found with simultaneous increasing of annual mortality and neglect, which highlights a decrease in carrying out preventive examinations in women. This, in turn, worsens the possibility of diagnosis of gynecological oncopathology at the early stages and their prevention. Conclusions: this requires development of a set of measures that would provide maximum coverage of regular gynecological preventive examinations in women. This mechanism can be effectively implemented through involvement the territorial communities in the process.

Znanje, stavovi i ponašanje studenata Visoke zdravstvene škole u Beogradu o značaju HPV infekcije, HPV vakcine i drugih preventivnih mera

Introduction/Aim: Knowledge and awareness of the importance of the HPV vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) can greatly contribute to the reduction of cervical cancer and other malignant tumors. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of students about HPV infection, as well as to propose measures for the better coverage of young people with the HPV vaccine. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 449 students of healthcare of the Medical College of Applied Sciences in Belgrade in the period from March to May, 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact tests were used for the statistical analysis of data. Results: The average age of students was 21.02 ± 2.59 years. 86.0% of students assessed their knowledge about the HPV vaccine as satisfactory. Teachers had the greatest influence on their knowledge about the HPV vaccine (79.7%), followed by the electronic media (10.7%). Medical platforms for information about the HPV vaccine were used by only 9% of students. Students acquired the first information and a certain degree of knowledge about HPV infection and the HPV vaccine in high school (80.4% and 65.6%). Only 3.4% of students think that young people in Serbia are sufficiently informed about HPV infection and 0.4% about the HPV vaccine. Every second student believes that peer education in schools is one of the ways to better inform young people. About 94% of students know that there is an organized screening for cervical cancer in our country. Only 10.2% of students wanted to vaccinate their child with the HPV vaccine, and those who would not do so cite the insufficient information about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine as their main argument (81.6%). Respondents who were for the HPV vaccine significantly less frequently underwent regular gynecological examinations. Conclusion: Students of the Medical College of Applied Sciences in Belgrade believe that there should be better education about HPV infection and the vaccine, which could be best realized by conducting peer education.

LEIOMYOMA TYPES, INCIDENCE AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION - A STUDY AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

A cross sectional studywas conducted over a period of 15 months from 1st Jan 2020 to 31st March 2021 at Malla Reddy Hospital,a tertiary care hospital. To study the incidence of fibroids according to FIGO categorization and their clinical presentation. 38 confirmed cases of fibroid uterus in the age group 20 – 60 attending gynecology OPD were interviewed and subjected to regular gynecological examination, PAP smear, dilatation and curettage procedures. Based on the studies, 60% of these patients were subjected to total abdominal hysterectomy as a part of treatment and the intra operative findings of the specimens were noted. The leiomyomas were classified according to the histopathological and ultrasonographic findings based on FIGO categorization. Highest incidence was seen 41 to 45 years age (52.6%). Incidence of Leiomyoma types according to FIGO subclassification system were found to be Type0=5%, Type1=5%, Type2=5%, Type3=13%, Type4=30%, Type5=13%, Type6=18.6%, Type7=3.3% and Type8=5%. Multiple fibroids were more common than single fibroids. Posterior location fibroids were more common than anterior. Most common symptom was menorrhagia (73.6%) followed by spasmodic dysmenorrhea (47.3%) and metrorrhagia (26.3%), infertility and symptoms of anemia. Most common sign was pallor (58%) followed by mass per abdomen (18.4%). Incidence of associated pathology of adenomyosis (18%) ovarian cysts (8%), endometrial polyps (8%), myxoid degeneration (2.6%). The results of our study matched the existing studies.

Awareness about Gynecologic Cancers and Related Factors among Healthy Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT The risk of cancer-related mortality and morbidity decreases when women are aware of the risk factors for gynecologic cancers and implement strategies such as attending relevant early screening programs. This cross-sectional study conducted between August 2017 and August 2018 at a public hospital in Turkey aimed to determine the awareness about gynecologic cancers among healthy women by utilized the Krieger’s ecosocial theory as a framework for the study. The study included 554 Turkish women aged 18–65 years. Data were collected using the Gynecological Cancer Awareness Scale (GCAS) and a questionnaire designed in this study. Significant differences were noted between the average GCAS score and variables such as the amount of menstrual bleeding, entering menopause, a history of reproductive system disease, regular gynecological examination (including Pap test), regular vaginal self-examination, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), genital hygiene behavior, the fear of having cancer, having knowledge about cancer, and requiring information about cancer (p < .05). Despite the high level of awareness about gynecologic cancer among these women, the lack of proper knowledge and preventive measures was high. Having knowledge about gynecologic cancers results in increased awareness; however, the level of knowledge is not sufficient to prevent gynecologic cancers, which shows the need for sufficient and effective cancer screening and education programs.

Prophylactic Examinations For Cervical Cancer – Mandatory Precaution That Can Save A Life

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common oncological disease among women after breast cancer. It is preventable in 99% of cases, provided that early prevention is performed. Very often women pay attention to the prevention of their gynaecological health only when there are serious health problems. Early prevention is one of the main tasks of midwives working in this sector. Purpose : To examine the attitude of women to the prevention of cervical cancer. In that regard, two main goals are set: 1) to establish women's awareness of prevention methods for cervical cancer 2) to analyse their knowledge about regular gynaecological examinations. Materials and methods: 120 women were interviewed, 60 of them were patients of “Complex oncology centre - Shumen” and the other 60 were healthy women, selected randomly. Methods used are as follows: A survey method (direct, group, anonymous survey), analysis of literature sources, documentary method. The data was processed by statistical and graphical analysis. The research was conducted in the month of January 2020 in the city of Shumen. Results and discussion: The results of the research show relatively high frequency of the gynaecological examinations: 58% of diseased and 40% of the healthy woman indicated that once a year they take a preventive gynaecological examination. Every forth woman (25%) of both groups takes a preventive gynaecological examination twice a year, and 15% of all responders – three times a year. Conclusion: Prophylaxis and prevention are key to cervical cancer treatment. The establishment of a national program for the prevention of cervical cancer is a matter of state policy. Prophylactic examination is a matter of health culture and responsible personal behaviour.

Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Reltion Between Women's Attitudes Towards the Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer and Regular Gynecological Examination

Amaç: Bu çalışma kadınların serviks kanserinin tanısına ilişkin tutumlarını ve ilişkili faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.Yöntem: Kesitsel tipteki bu araştırmanın evrenini Aydın İli Çeştepe Aile Sağlığı Merkezine kayıtlı 18 yaş üzeri 2049 kadın, örneklemini ise okuryazar, 18 yaş ve üstü 314 kadın oluşturmuştur. Veriler, kişisel bilgi formu ve Servikal Kanserin Erken Tanısına Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri, temel istatistiksel testlerin yanı sıra Student T ve lineer regresyon testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Kadınların %26.8’sı düzenli jinekolojik muayene olduğunu, %46.5’i pap smear yaptırdığı, %3.5’i ailede serviks kanseri olduğunu bildirmiştir. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 34.9(±10.8)’dur. Serviks Kanserinin Erken Tanısına İlişkin Tutum Ölçek toplam puanı 72.24’tir (±8.36). Ölçeğin Algılanan Duyarlılık Boyut puan ortalaması, çekirdek tipi ailede yaşayanlarda geniş ailede yaşayanlara göre 1.62 (%95 GA:0.27-2.97) puan, ailede serviks kanseri olmayanlarda olanlara göre 2.47 (%95 GA:0.27-4.67) puan, düzenli jinekolojik muayene olmayanlarda olanlara göre 2.17 (%95 GA: 1.21-3.13) puan fazla bulunmuştur. Pap smear deneyimi yaşamamış olanlarda yaşamış olanlara göre Algılanan Engel Boyut puanı 0.58 (%95 GA: 0.00-1.16) puan fazla, Algılanan Yarar Boyut puanı ise 0.69 (%95 GA:0.07-1.30) puan fazla bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Kadınların serviks kanserinin erken tanısına ilişkin tutum puanları ortalama düzeydedir. Kadınlara serviks kanseri tanı yöntemleri, risk faktörleri hakkında sağlık eğitimlerinin verilmesi, sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının geliştirilmesi için desteklenmesi ve serviks kanseri hakkında farkındalığın artması sağlanabilir.

Awareness of cervical cancer, human papilloma virus (HPV) and HPV vaccination among women in a cancer screening, early diagnosis and education center

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the awareness of women about cervical cancer and human papilloma virus (HPV) and to evaluate their HPV DNA test results.Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 250 women who applied to Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Center (KETEM) at Konya Training and Research Hospital of Health Sciences University. A questionnaire prepared by the researchers was applied to determine the women's sociodemographic characteristics, cervical cancer and HPV knowledge levels.Results: The mean age of the women was 47.7 ± 7.5 years old. When the smear results of the women included in the study are examined, HPV was positive in 3.2% (n=8). Participants with higher education levels had significantly higher Pap smear test knowledge and performed more Pap smear tests than those who had lower education levels (p<0.001). Participants with higher monthly income had significantly higher levels of HPV vaccination knowledge (p=0.014). Women who had regular gynecological examinations, had higher screening test knowledge and had Pap smear tests more than those who were not screened regularly (p<0.001). Participants who know what is a Pap smear test, had a significantly higher HPV vaccine knowledge (p<0.001). Women who had higher education levels had a significantly higher knowledge level about HPV-related lesions (p<0.001).Conclusions: Pap smear test rates, awareness and knowledge regarding HPV, cervical cancer and HPV vaccine were appeared to be very low in our study. It is possible to reduce disorders caused by HPV infection and cervical cancer incidence by improving awareness for cervical cancer and HPV infection, generalizing use of preventive measures, and extending participation to screening programs and HPV vaccination.

Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Arising from an Interstitial Cyst Complicated with Endometriosis: A Case Report

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the uterine cervix is rare, and its etiology is unclear, except for reports of prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure. In this case report of a 78-year-old postmenopausal Japanese woman with pelvic endometriosis, cervical CCC presented as a deep interstitial tumor, strongly suggesting the patient suffered from cervical endometriosis for a long time. A cystic lesion without solid components was detected in the uterine cervix. Although the patient had regular gynecological examinations every 6 months, she presented 5 years later with a complaint of watery vaginal discharge. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected a uterine cervical cystic mass with a solid component. Although no malignancy was confirmed preoperatively, surgery was performed under a high suspicion of cervical cancer. Intraoperative pathology revealed CCC in a solid tumor, so debulking surgery, including lymphadenectomy, was done. Endometrial tissue was found adjacent to the tumor, strongly suggesting the tumor arose from cervical endometriosis. Because endometriosis in ectopic sites carries a risk of carcinogenesis, as is the case in ovarian endometriosis, it may be recommended that a cervical cystic lesion with pelvic endometriosis should be followed up regularly for the early detection of uterine cancer.

Identification of Women’s Attitudes towards Early Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

Purpose: Identification of women’s attitudes towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer is important in terms of overcoming the barriers to the solution to a global health problem. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify women’s attitudes towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study utilized a stratified, proportional sampling method. The participants were 1248 women aged between 20 and 64 who applied to the Maternity and Children Hospital polyclinics due to any reason. Data were collected through the socio-demographic form which was originally developed by the researchers in line with the literature and the Attitude Scale toward Early Detection of Cervical Cancer. Results: Of all the participants, 66.6% were found to have a regular gynecological examination. Almost half of the women who did not undergo regular examination reported to have done so because they felt embarrassed. Attitudes of women towards early diagnosis of cervical cancer were found to be at moderate level. Age, education level, financial situation, and being married were identified as the factors that affected attitudes towards early diagnosis (p&amp;lt;0.05). Perceived susceptibility, seriousness, and benefits of women who had regular gynecological examination were found to be significantly higher than those who did not. Conclusions: In line with the findings, although there is a reliable and accessible test that enables early diagnosis of cervical cancer, medium level of attitudes among women is an important barrier in preventing and decreasing deaths caused by cervical cancer.

Reproductive health issues of undocumented migrant women living in Istanbul

Objectives Compared with the indigenous population of a host country, undocumented migrant women often experience more complicated reproductive health issues and fewer women access preventive gynaecology services. The aims of the study were to identify the reproductive health issues and demand for health services of undocumented migrant women living in Istanbul. Methods The population of this cross-sectional, descriptive study comprised 236 undocumented migrant women living in Istanbul, recruited using the snowball method. Data were collected through a three part questionnaire written in Turkish, Arabic, Persian, English and French. Results The mean age of the participants was 27.6 ± 7.0 years; 47% were transit migrants; 72% became pregnant in Turkey; 42.2% had had an unplanned pregnancy; 70.8% had received antenatal care; 10.4% had had an unplanned home birth; and 21.2% reported menstrual irregularity. Only 5.5% reported that they had had a gynaecological examination and only 4.2% had taken part in a screening programme. Conclusion Participants’ primary reproductive health problems were unwanted pregnancy and menstrual irregularity. While demand for family planning, regular gynaecological examinations and screening programmes was low, demand for antenatal and childbirth care was high.

Analysis of interbreeding and age-dependent indexes of reproductive ability of cows.

Comparative estimation of the periods sexual cycle under futile inseminations cortex and heifers sexual mature age in facilities Sumy region.&#x0D; The profitability of dairy farming in the farms of Sumy region will remain an unresolved issue to this day, as the indicators of reproductive capacity of breeding cows and repair heifers need analysis and correction. Inadequate feeding and inadequate care of pregnant cows and parturients are often added to this. As a consequence of the above - the reproductive capacity inherent in this species of animals is not fully realized, most cows remain infertile, and farms are short of calves and milk. The percentage of barren animals can be calculated only at the end of the calendar year, taking into account the data of statistical reporting, while infertility must be fought daily. Detection of infertile animals is effective only in the case of regular obstetric and gynecological medical examinations on the farm. It is during this time that experts find out the causes and calculate the percentage of the main components of infertility, which includes anaphrodisia. The article presents the results of the study of the main folds of anaphrodisia of cows and repair heifers of the experimental farm of Sumy region. The results of obstetric and gynecological examination, indicators of reproductive capacity of cows and heifers of mating age, reflect the basis of technology used in the economy, the intensity of use of breeding stock, as well as determine the economic feasibility of livestock in general. The main indicators of reproductive capacity of cows in the conditions of livestock farms are: indicators of inseminations, fertility, number of hotels, indicators of fruitless inseminations, and also duration of the service period The aim of the research was to study and analyze the components of anaphrodisia of cows and repair heifers of the farm during the experimental years. The results obtained will be a criterion for assessing the state of reproductive function of the uterine population of cattle. The research was conducted at Kosivshchynska Agricultural Company, Sumy District, Sumy Region, on Holstein-Friesian cows during 2019-2020. The main indicators of reproduction of uterine cattle were studied on the basis of annual reports. The obtained digital material was processed by methods of variation statistics using Student's parametric t-test. It was found that a significant percentage of culled animals occurred due to functional disorders of reproductive ability, namely due to repeated and ineffective inseminations. It was found that in 2019, 19.3% showed a sexual cycle after calving in less than 30 days, in 2020 - 18.9%, in 31-60 days in 2019 - 27%, in 2020 - 26%, in 61 -90 days in 2020 - 52.7%, in 2019 - 51.8%, for 91-120 days in 2019 - 22.1%, in 2020 - 23.5%. There is a steady growth of the service period, which worsens the performance of the experimental economy. It was found that the largest percentage of culled cows and repair heifers were animals with anaphrodisia: in 2019 33.7% of the total number of culled animals, in 2020 - 51.10%. The number of inseminations during the experimental years decreased, and the insemination index increased : in 2019 it was equal to 60, and in 2020 -80. Studies in this area highlight the problem of infertility in cattle, which encourages the study of this issue, and the search for ways to solve this problem. &#x0D;

Oligoarthritis associated with a “forgotten” IUD – a case report

Reactive arthritis has been defined as an aseptic inflammatory arthritis associated with a concomitant infectious disease. Usually, the symptoms develop during or soon after a symptomatic infectious disease, however, in both sexes genitourinary infections might be asymptomatic. &#x0D; Herein, we presented a case of a 68-year old woman with oligoarthritis associated with a “forgotten” intrauterine device (IUD). The IUD was successfully removed by laparoscopy leading to a full resolution of symptoms and improvement of inflammatory markers.&#x0D; The presented case shows that asymptomatic genital infection should be considered in case of suspected infection-related arthritis without clear etiological cause, especially in women with IUD. The in-depth training of patients regarding the proper use of contraception methods as well as the regular gynaecological examinations might help to prevent further similar cases.