Regular Gasoline Research Articles

Production of pyrolysis oil from used tyres and the effects of pyrolysis oil-gasoline blends on the performance of a gasoline-powered electric generator

This study produces liquid fuel from waste automobile tyres via thermal pyrolysis purposely to investigate the feasibility of replacing conventional fuel with pyrolysis oil in internal combustion engines. Shredded automobile tyres were pyrolysed in an electric-powered pyrolysis reactor and the oil obtained was treated with H2SO4 to remove sludge and to reduce its odour. The treated oil was distilled, and the products obtained have properties similar to gasoline and diesel fuels. The light tyre pyrolysis oil (LTPO) was blended with regular gasoline and the various blends obtained were used in powering an electric generator, and the fuel consumption rate in the generator was observed to reduce with an increase in pyrolysis oil content. Analysis of the exhaust flue gases showed that gasoline-LTPO blends gave a significant reduction in the CO levels. However, the unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) content of the exhaust stream increased with the LTPO content, with the blends containing 60% LTPO having the highest HC level. The conclusion from the study revealed that the tyre pyrolysis oil could possibly replace conventional fuels in internal combustion engines, and the application of the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) approach could resolve the issues of high HC contents in the exhaust stream.

Comparative Analyses of Physicochemical Properties of Artisanal Refined Gasoline and Regular Automotive Gasoline.

Physicochemical properties of artisanal refined gasoline (ARG) and regular automotive gasoline (RAG) sampled from the Eastern Obolo Creek and Mkpat Enin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were investigated. This was to compare the physicochemical properties of the two gasoline samples with each other and their compliance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The finding revealed an antiknock index of RAG (91.15%) and ARG (83.05%), atmospheric distillation of RAG (185°C) and ARG (184°C), Reid vapor pressure of RAG (0.53 kg/cm3) and ARG (0.36 kg/cm3), gravity of RAG (0.771) and ARG (0.683), sulfur content of RAG (0.014%/wt) and ARG (0.02%/wt), while Flash point for RAG were Pensky Martens −25°C, Abel-Pensky −33°C and ARG Pensky Martens −27°C, Abel-Pensky −35.36°C, respectively. The research octane number, motor octane number, Reid vapor pressure, sulfur content, and specific gravity of RAG were (ASTM) compliant while only the final boiling point and sulfur content of ARG were within ASTM range. Based on the findings, the LRG might have been poorly refined or adulterated and could constitute problems in automotive engines if used. However, this crude technology can be upgraded and the gasoline quality improved through alkylation, isomerization, and cyclization. Artisanal refiners should be trained to become proficient with the intent of becoming incorporated into the upstream petroleum sector.

Investigations on the Spray-Atomization of Various Fuels for an Outwardly Opening Piezo Injector for the Application to a Pilot Injection Passenger Car Gas Engine

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Pilot injection gas engines are commonly used as large stationary engines. Often, the combustion is implemented as a dual-fuel strategy, which allows both mixed and diesel-only operation, based on a diesel engine architecture. The current research project focuses on the application of pilot injection in an engine based on gasoline components of the passenger car segment, which are more cost-effective than diesel components. The investigated strategy does not aim for a diesel-only combustion, hence only small liquid quantities are used for the main purpose of providing a strong, reliable ignition source for the natural gas charge. This approach is mainly driven to provide a reliable alternative to the high spark ignition energies required for high cylinder charge densities.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">When using such small liquid quantities, a standard common-rail diesel nozzle will apparently not be ideal regarding some general specifications. Due to this fact, an outwardly opening piezo injector is intended to be used due to its high performance in several aspects. An issue, which is almost unknown in literature, is the atomization behavior for fuel types differing significantly from the viscosity properties of regular gasoline fuel.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The aim of this publication is to clarify, whether the outwardly opening piezo injector can produce an atomization quality, which is sufficient to be used as a pilot injection ignition source for natural gas engines. The experimental results were obtained by means of a combined methodology using both Mie-scattering and PDA (Phase Doppler Anemometry) in a constant volume chamber. The injected masses showed a difference of up to 30% for the examined fuels, whereas liquid penetrations displayed a smaller difference. The Sauter Mean Diameters (SMD) for diesel-like fuels were 5…10μm larger compared to operation on gasoline-like fuels. Additionally, the needle motion for given actuation parameters was studied using a laser vibrometer. Influences of rail pressure, injector temperature, actuation time and reproducibility were investigated, showing that the injector has great reproducibility, but on the other hand requires a complex understanding of the actuation strategy in engine operation.</div></div>

Corrosion evaluation of Aluminum 6061-T6 exposed to sugarcane bioethanol-gasoline blends using the Stockwell transform

Abstract This research presents the study of the corrosion type and the corrosion rate (CR) by signal processing of electrochemical noise (EN) of the Aluminum 6061-T6 (Al 6061-T6). This was exposed to bioethanol obtained from sugarcane (E100), regular gasoline (E0) and bioethanol - gasoline blends in following proportions; E5 (5% v/v bioethanol), E10 (10% v/v bioethanol), E20 or gasohol (20% v/v bioethanol) and E85 (85% v/v bioethanol). Three mathematical tools were used to perform the corrosion analysis: statistical method (SM), Fast Fourier transform (FFT), and Stockwell transform (ST) methods. The aim is to show the effectiveness of the ST method to define the corrosion type, resistance, as well as the CR. From the obtained results, the Al 6061-T6 in E100 and E85 blends showed greater susceptibility to the localized corrosion, and in E0, E5, E10, and E20 blends were susceptible to mixed corrosion . Similar values of resistance and CR were obtained by the analyzed methods. The Al 6061-T6 immersed in the bioethanol-gasoline blends achieved resistance values between 1 × 105 Ω cm2 and 1 × 1010 Ω cm2. The corrosion current density values (icorr) for all working electrodes were less than 2.1 × 10−4 mA/cm2, these values are considered low and insignificant. The ST is a powerful tool capable of analyzing the electrochemical behavior of aluminum alloy exposed to different solutions of bioethanol-gasoline blends. This mathematical model turned out to be efficient in determining the corrosion resistance, corrosion type, and kinetics of the process. Its application could be extended to the study of the corrosion of other metals in contact with other biofuels.

Un análisis estructural para la inflación en Estados Unidos

Inflation in all economies is a thermometer of economic activity, its financial stability and one of the most important parameters of the purchasing power of a country. In this sense, the study of the direct determinants of inflation is crucial to prevent inflationary shocks in the short and medium term. Since the last century, monetary variables have been linked as sole causes of inflation, completely excluding the structural inflationary approach. The purpose of this article is to investigate in the determination of inflation by structural origins, the central hypothesis being that the price of regular gasoline as a direct cause of inflation. The different inflationary theories are studied and the transfer of the oil price to the inflation of the United States (an economy with ultra-low inflation rates) is examined. To corroborate this hypothesis, an Autorregressive Movil Average Exogenous (ARMAX) econometric model is performed, which links gasoline prices and inflation lags as inflationary determinants. Finally, monthly data is forecast for 2019 inflation.

Evaluation of engine efficiency, emissions and load range of a PPC concept engine, with higher octane and alkylate gasoline

Gasoline Compression Ignition research has shown that it can provide diesel like engine efficiency while maintaining gasoline like exhaust emissions. While research has shown that lower octane fuels might be good for that, they are also not available now. A good compromise for that would be the use of higher octane gasoline which is available in most places.For this study, experiments were performed under Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) conditions with RON 90 gasoline, in a 2 L multi-cylinder diesel engine which complies with Euro 6 emissions standards. The aim is to evaluate the efficiency, the emissions and the achievable load in terms of minimum and maximum at three different speeds, 1200, 1800 2400 rpm and with two different RON 90 gasolines and the standard diesel engine hardware. The two fuels were a regular pump gasoline and an alkylate gasoline, which was chosen to represent a pathway to a renewable fuel. Results show that the minimum load is around 5 bar IMEPg, limited by high COV (coefficient of variation) values and high air intake temperature, while the maximum load reaches 18 bar IMEPg, limited by lambda value, pressure and mechanical limitations. While efficiency is similar between the two fuels with a brake value of around 40%, at higher loads the alkylate fuel produces higher amounts of soot while the regular gasoline has higher carbon monoxide at low loads. Finally, an energy balance comparison between the two gasolines and diesel is made, showing improved efficiency and soot emissions under PPC.

Experimental Evaluation of a Custom Gasoline-Like Blend Designed to Simultaneously Improve ϕ-Sensitivity, RON and Octane Sensitivity

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">ϕ-sensitivity is a fuel characteristic that has important benefits for the operation and control of low-temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC) engines. However, regular gasoline is not very ϕ-sensitive at low-pressure conditions, meaning that intake boosting (typically P<sub>in</sub> ≥ 1.3 bar) is required to take advantage of this property. Thus, there is strong motivation to design a gasoline-like fuel that simultaneously improves ϕ-sensitivity, RON and octane sensitivity, to make an improved fuel suitable for both LTGC and modern SI engines. In a previous study [SAE 2019-01-0961], a 5-component regulation-compliant fuel blend (CB#1) was computationally designed; and simulations showed promising results when it was compared to a regular E10 gasoline (RD5-87). The current study experimentally evaluates CB#1 in the Sandia LTGC engine and compares the results with those of RD5-87. The RON and octane sensitivity were improved 1.3 and 3.6 units by CB#1, respectively. Similar amounts of intake heat are required to achieve autoignition of CB#1 and RD5-87 at premixed, naturally aspirated conditions, ensuring that CB#1 can operate under HCCI mode as easily as regular gasoline. Furthermore, similar maximum engine loads can be reached with both CB#1 and RD5-87 under premixed, high-boost conditions. The ϕ-sensitivity was evaluated using two metrics. First, starting from well-mixed conditions, the change in CA10 with a specific amount of fuel stratification provides a metric of how the ϕ-sensitivity advances the ignition. Second, the amount of CA50 advancement without knock that is achievable with stratification provides a metric of how the ϕ-sensitivity spreads the heat release. Both metrics showed that CB#1 has a greater ϕ-sensitivity than RD5-87. Additionally, CB#1 has a lower peak heat release rate than RD5-87 for stratified operation with the same combustion phasing because of the larger spread of heat release, leading to lower combustion noise and lower knock propensity. Finally, CB#1 was found to be a more suitable fuel to work with ignition enhancers, such as EHN, compared to RD5-87.</div></div>

Energy smart hot-air pasteurisation as effective as energy intense autoclaving for fungal preprocessing of lignocellulose feedstock for bioethanol fuel production

This study compared the effects of hot-air pasteurisation (HAP) at 75–100 °C versus autoclaving at 121 °C and 2 bar overpressure on the lignocellulosic degradation process of birch-based substrates that were used for shiitake mushroom cultivation and potential bioethanol production. Fifty substrate samples were obtained as a time series from different stages of the cultivation, and their chemical contents were measured by chemical analysis and near infra-red spectroscopy (NIR). Despite of different energy intensities, HAP and autoclaving did not result in significant differences in the degradation of lignin and carbohydrates. Major compositional changes were associated with the cultivation process. Principal component analysis on the wet chemical data and orthogonal projections to latent structures based on NIR spectra reached the same conclusion, namely that HAP had similar effect as autoclaving on compositional changes in the substrate during cultivation. The results of this study suggest that a substitution of autoclaving by HAP may potentially save up to 9.9 TWh energy for the global production of 7.5 million ton shiitake. At the same time, lignocellulose feedstock can be pretreated for the production of up to 3.24 million m3 of 95%-ethanol fuels, which can potentially substitute proximate 1.88 million m3 of regular gasoline.

Where are fossil fuels prices heading?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present forecasts of fossil fuels prices until 2030 with spectral analysis to provide a clearer picture of this energy sector.Design/methodology/approachFossil fuels prices time series are decomposed in simpler signals called approximations and details in the framework of the one-dimensional discrete wavelet analysis. The simplified signals are recomposed after Burg extension.FindingsIn 2019-2030 average price forecasts of: West Texas intermediate (WTI) oil ($58.67) is above its 1986-2030 long-term mean of $47.83; and coal ($81.01) is above its 1980-2030 long-term mean of $60.98. On the contrary, 2019-2030 average of price forecasts of: Henry Hub natural gas ($3.66) is below its 1997-2030 long-term mean of $4; heating oil ($0.64) is below its 1986-2030 long-term mean of $1.16; propane ($0.26) is below its 1992-2030 long-term mean of $0.66; and regular gasoline ($1.45) is below its 2003-2030 long-term mean of $1.87.Originality/valueFossil fuels prices projections may relieve participants of WTI oil and coal markets but worry participants of Henry Hub, heating oil, propane and regular gasoline markets including countries whose economy is tied to energy prices.

Multivariate models for monitoring the environmental performance of gasoline

A linear multivariate regression model for the IR spectra of gasolineare used in the paper. On the basis of a number of test samples (alkylate, reformate, regular, premium), an equation was obtained for calculating the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasolines based on the transmission values at wave numbers: 1600, 1500, 870, 810, 750 cm-1. The calculated equation was tested on a series of regular gasolines and by the cross-validation method. The test results showed good values of the correlation coefficient (0,96) and the standard deviation (0,4 and 3,5). The range of the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the test samples is in the range of 24,9 - 30,5 mass %.

Tailpipe VOC Emissions from Late Model Gasoline Passenger Vehicles in the Japanese Market

High concentrations of tropospheric ozone remain a concern, and strategies to reduce the precursors of ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides, have been established in many countries. In this study, chassis dynamometer experiments were conducted for 25 late model gasoline passenger vehicles in the Japanese market to evaluate VOC emission trends. Tailpipe emissions were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results showed that tailpipe VOC emissions increased linearly with vehicle mileage due to deterioration of the three-way catalysis converter used to purify the toxic components in vehicle emissions. Distance normalized total VOC emissions showed that port injection mini-sized vehicles were effective in decreasing tailpipe VOC emissions because of their low vehicle weight. The VOC composition of tailpipe emissions was dependent on the fuel type (regular or premium gasoline). VOC emissions from hybrid vehicles were similar to those of other vehicles because cooling of the three-way catalysis converter during battery operations sometimes tended to reduce catalyst effectiveness during engine operations. However, it can also be assumed that each manufacturer is aware of this phenomenon and is taking action. Further monitoring of hybrid vehicles is warranted to ensure that these vehicles remain an effective means of mitigating air pollution.

Quantification of detergent-dispersant additives in gasoline by thermogravimetry

Although additized gasoline has been commercially available in Brazil for many years, the national regulatory agency, Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Biocombustível e Gás Natural, has not published any reference method for the quantitative analysis of the detergent-dispersant additives present in such gasoline. The issue is hampered by the fact that the exact composition of the additives is unknown: they are sold as packages and their composition is treated as a trade secret by their manufacturers. In this study, a quantification method is proposed that only uses thermogravimetry, preceded merely by the pre-concentration of the additives by standard atmospheric distillation. The distillation residues from seven samples of gasoline additized with additive A at nominal concentrations from 100 to 5000 mg kg−1 were analyzed, as were regular gasoline (without additive – blank), pure additives, and 15 samples of additized gasoline acquired at filling stations. By calculating the additive concentration ratio from the atmospheric distillation process and the mass loss relating to the main active components of the additives by thermogravimetry, it was possible to quantify the detergent-dispersant additives present in the gasoline samples, with a mean relative error of up to 11.2%. The proposed method is simpler and less costly than any other method encountered in the literature and the results indicate that it is potentially adequate for the analysis of any additized gasoline, irrespective of the additives contained in the package, and could be adopted by fuel quality control laboratories.

GIS-Based Method for Future Prospect of Energy Supply in Algerian Road Transport Sector Using Solar Roads Technology

This paper aims to investigate the possibility of integration of Electric Vehicles EVs supply’s with electricity and/or hydrogen in the road transport sector and estimate the energy supply derived from solar irradiation by using solar roads technology. The case study is road Est-Oust (road E-O) of Algeria. A Geographic Information System and spatial analysis tools are combined with spatial data and technical models to carry out these calculations. The results of this study demonstrate that solar road panels, which are integrated into the road E-O, produce over to 804 GWh/year which equivalents to 13778 tons of hydrogen per year.by using FCEVs will saving over then 41.103 liter of fossil fuels (regular gasoline); and reduce GHG emission (CO2) in the transportation sector by 216 tons per year.

Price dispersion with multi-product firms and vertical differentiation

ABSTRACTEmpirical evidence from the gasoline market suggests that prices and markups for regular gasoline are higher in stations offering both premium and regular compared to stations without premium. Also, the difference is larger in affluent areas. This implies that consumers pay higher prices for the same low-quality product when they visit stores offering both high- and low-quality products in areas that are populated with more high-income consumers.

The role of information in retail gasoline price dispersion

Collecting information on prices is a costly endeavor. The cost depends on the relative ease with which those prices can be collected, and in many retail gasoline markets, there is a substantial divide in the ease of collecting information with regular grade gasoline on one side of the divide and midgrade and premium grade gasoline on the other. Regular grade prices are prominently displayed on large signboards in front of gasoline stations while the prices of higher octane grades, except where required by law, are rarely displayed. In this article, the effects of differential-by-grade price information on search and gasoline price dispersion are examined. A rank reversal test is used to test whether the observed grade-specific price dispersion is consistent with search or non-search related causes and, finding the former, a series of tests are presented to test for the effect of price information and other leading hypotheses. A significantly concave curvature in the price dispersion coefficients across the three grades supports a price information hypothesis. Detailed socioeconomic data on consumers, spatially matched to the stations they are most likely to patronize, shows that income is a secondary factor. Implications for policy are discussed.

Experimental Study of the Effect of Fuel Type on the Emitted Emissions from SIE at Idle Period

The present study investigated the impact of fuel kind on the emitted emissions at the idling period. Three types of available fuels in Iraq were tested. The tests conducted on ordinary gasoline with an octane number of 82, premium gasoline with an octane number of 92, and M20 (consist of 20% methanol and 80% regular gasoline). The 2 liters Mercedes-Benz engine was used in the experiments.
 The results showed that engine operation at idle speed emits high levels of CO, CO2, HC, NOx and noise. The produced emission levels depend highly on fuel type. The premium gasoline (ON=92) represents the lower emissions level except for noise at all idling speed. Adding methanol to ordinary gasoline (ON=82) showed high levels of emitted CO, CO2, HC compared with premium gasoline. Emitted NOx emissions were near zero levels for most of the idle speeds for the tested fuels.

Pass-through of motor gasoline taxes: Efficiency and efficacy of environmental taxes

To investigate the efficacy and efficiency of environmental taxes, I analyze the rate at which taxes on motor gasoline are passed to consumers by estimating two cointegrating vector autoregression models for each of six states. For state models that specify the retail price of motor gasoline without taxes, exclusion tests suggest that taxes on motor gasoline are not passed to consumers on a one-for-one basis. For state models that specify the retail price of motor gasoline including taxes, results indicate that taxes are passed to wholesale prices in Florida and Massachusetts on a one-for-one basis and are passed to retail prices with a ‘mark-up’ in Florida, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio, and are not fully passed through in Washington. State-specific rates of pass-through differ from results suggested by theory and fixed effects estimators, which may be biased by the presence of nonstationary data and the assumption that the rate of pass through is the same across states. Rates of pass through greater than one transfer $12.2 billion from consumers to retailers in FL, $2.3 billion in MA, and $19.2 billion in NY during the sample period, which represent 10.7%, 6.0%, and 23.9% of total expenditures on regular motor gasoline.

Assessment of the use of ethanol instead of MTBE as an oxygenated compound in Mexican regular gasoline: combustion behavior and emissions.

The energy reforms implemented in Mexico promote the use of ethanol in gasoline but exclude the country's ozone nonattainment areas oxygenated with methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in view that further scientific studies are required. To address a potential implementation scenario in areas of ozone high VOC-sensitive regimes, the impact on performance and emissions characteristics between the regular MTBE fuel available and a formulated gasoline containing 10% v/v ethanol having similar Reid vapor pressure (RVP) were compared in a single cylinder spark-ignited engine and a set of tier I vehicles. Included in the assessment were the "criteria" pollutants (THC, CO, and NOx), toxic compounds, and speciated hydrocarbons in order to calculate the ozone-forming potential (OFP). The change in combustion speed of ethanol fuel vs. regular gasoline seems to be small and depends mainly on base gasoline formulation. Vehicle dynamometer testing showed no statistically significant differences in the average THC, CO, and NOx results when comparing both fuels. Statistically significant differences were seen in total speciated hydrocarbons, total carbonyls emitted, the increases in acetaldehyde emissions, and the decreases in OFP with E10. The results show roughly 20% increase in evaporative emissions when E10 is used, but the OFP of the emissions is lower than that of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City fuel (MAMC). The increase in the oxygen content using ethanol fuel seems to have no deleterious effect on the vintage of vehicles tested. Taking into consideration that the evaporative emissions standard in Mexico is less stringent than that in other countries, the substitution of the actual regular gasoline for ethanol fuels should uphold the least volatile AA class in areas with ozone problems.

The Role of Information in Retail Gasoline Price Dispersion

Collecting information on prices is a costly endeavor. The cost depends on the relative ease with which those prices can be collected, and in many retail gasoline markets, there is a substantial divide in the ease of collecting information with regular grade gasoline on one side of the divide and midgrade and premium grade gasoline on the other. Regular grade prices are prominently displayed on large signboards in front of gasoline stations while the prices of higher octane grades, except where required by law, are rarely displayed. In this article, the effects of differential-by-grade price information on search and gasoline price dispersion are examined. A rank reversal test is used to test whether the observed grade-specific price dispersion is consistent with search or non-search related causes and, Finding the former, a series of tests are presented to test for the effect of price information and other leading hypotheses. A significantly concave curvature in the price dispersion coefficients across the three grades supports a price information hypothesis. Detailed socioeconomic data on consumers, spatially matched to the stations they are most likely to patronize, shows that income is a secondary factor. Implications for policy are discussed.

The forward premium anomaly in the energy futures markets: A time-varying approach

This paper contributes to the empirical literature on the forward premium anomaly by investigating possible statistical explanations for this puzzling phenomenon in the energy market. To this end, time series of spot and different forward maturities for West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil and Reformulated Gasoline Blendstock for Oxygen Blending (RBOB) traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) over the period 1986–2018 are used. The statistical properties of the spot and forward premium time series are examined by using unit root tests with structural breaks and a long memory process. The time-varying slope coefficient of regressing spot returns on the lagged forward premium is then estimated via the rolling sample technique and the state space model using the Kalman filter. The empirical results provide strong support for the presence of multiple structural breaks and long memory in the forward premium of the crude oil and RBOB energy time series in contrast to the spot returns series, which are stationary. The results also show evidence for time-varying beta coefficients for all the energy maturities considered. Overall, there is strong evidence for the forward premium anomaly with a larger negative slope parameter for the crude oil compared to the regular RBOB gasoline. The rejection of the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis suggests that the futures price cannot play a significant role in price discovery.