Regular Duties Research Articles

Teaching on the cheap? The extent and impact of teaching assistants covering classes and leading lessons

AbstractThis study provides a detailed picture of how the on‐going challenge of teacher shortages in England and Wales is driving the deployment of teaching assistants (TAs) to cover classes in place of teachers. Analyses of data from a survey of nearly 6000 TAs in mainstream and special schools found that TAs cover classes for up to 4 h a week, with one in four covering classes because schools do not have enough teachers and/or are unable to get external supply teachers. The conditions under which TAs cover classes are challenging and a cause of stress and anxiety. Unlike teachers, TAs cover classes without a lesson plan or support from another TA. The majority of TAs said that covering classes inevitably involves them having to teach pupils – despite national guidance stipulating that cover by TAs should not involve ‘active teaching’. Three in four TAs report that their own role is not covered when they cover for teachers. Being deployed to cover classes disrupts and diverts TAs from carrying out their regular duties of delivering curriculum interventions and providing classroom support. Consequently, TAs feel that undertaking cover negatively impacts the quality of learning and provision for pupils with additional needs, as well as their workload, wellbeing, sense of effectiveness and job satisfaction. The conclusion that TAs actively teach lessons to whole classes has potentially significant real‐world consequences and implications for policy and practice. This paper calls for an urgent policy response to what is, in essence, a troubling symptom of the current teacher recruitment and retention crisis.

Key issues in Japan's public health centers to prepare for future pandemics: a text mining study using a topic model.

In Japan, over 450 public health centers played a central role in the operation of the local public health system in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify key issues for improving the system for public health centers for future pandemics. We conducted a cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire. The respondents were first line workers in public health centers or local governments during the pandemic. We solicited open-ended responses concerning improvements needed for future pandemics. Issues were identified from these descriptions using morphological analysis and a topic model with KHcoder3.0. The number of topics was estimated using Perplexity as a measure, and Latent Dirichlet Allocation for meaning identification. We received open-ended responses from 784 (48.6%) of the 1,612 survey respondents, which included 111 physicians, 330 nurses, and 172 administrative staff. Morphological analysis processed these descriptions into 36,632 words. The topic model summarized them into eight issues: 1) establishment of a crisis management system, 2) division of functions among public health centers, prefectures, and medical institutions, 3) clear role distribution in public health center staff, 4) training of specialists, 5) information sharing system (information about infectious diseases and government policies), 6) response to excessive workload (support from other local governments, cooperation within public health centers, and outsourcing), 7) streamlining operations, and 8) balance with regular duties. This study identified key issues that need to be addressed to prepare Japan's public health centers for future pandemics. These findings are vital for discussions aimed at strengthening the public health system based on experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exploring Experiences in Participating in the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) Program 2022: A Case Study of the Municipality of Cardona

This study explores the experiences, challenges, and recommendations of the Municipality of Cardona in its participation in the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) program. The SGLG evaluation process was found to be meticulous and comprehensive, providing a thorough assessment of the municipality's governance practices. Through the SGLG assessment, the municipality successfully identified its strengths and weaknesses, enabling targeted interventions and continuous improvement in governance. However, the municipality faced challenges during the SGLG participation. Limited financial resources and inadequate training and staffing hindered its ability to meet the SGLG requirements effectively. Additionally, the complex requirements and extensive documentation of the SGLG program demanded significant time and effort, often exceeding available timeframes and affecting the quality of submissions. Balancing regular duties with the additional workload of the SGLG assessment posed time constraints and challenges in managing priorities. To address these challenges, recommendations have been proposed. Enhancing financial resources, investing in capacity building programs, and improving data management systems are crucial to support the municipality's SGLG participation. Allocating dedicated resources and time specifically for the SGLG assessment process is essential to ensure thorough self-assessment, data gathering, and documentation. Furthermore, fostering stakeholder engagement and promoting a culture of continuous improvement will enhance the municipality's governance practices and overall SGLG performance. Implementing these recommendations will strengthen the Municipality of Cardona's participation in the SGLG program, leading to sustainable development and improved services for its constituents.

Pertinence of Literature in Destroying Menstrual Taboos

The impurity of menstrual blood is a universal myth that spans across all societies and cultures. This notion has also established a barrier to gender equality, as females are instructed, throughout cultures, that menstruation is disgraceful. This belief restricts their capacity to conduct regular duties when they are bleeding, hence making them organize their lives around their menstrual period. The need to fill the inadequate understanding of the menstrual cycle in society is a necessity. The third wave of feminism encouraged society to discuss certain challenging topics, which led to considerable breakthroughs in beliefs around menstruation. The day when feminist discussions were limited to people who could pay to express their opinions has long since passed. The concept of feminism in the twenty-first century encompasses a larger spectrum of opinions. Strong arguments on women’s cleanliness and the need for understanding menstruation only serve to emphasize how crucial and significant the issue is. The present paper attempts to explore the myths and taboos, cultural and political perspectives on menstruation, and the role literature is playing in altering society’s attitudes about menstruation. The paper will attempt to comprehend how important literature is in eradicating the stigma associated with menstruation and how it contributes to raising awareness of menstrual hygiene among people.

Non-Cyclical Mastalgia and its Effects on Daily Life among Women Visiting the Breast Disease Treatment Center at Shar Hospital in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq

Background: Breast discomfort or pain, known as mastalgia, is a frequent symptom among female patients throughout their lifespan. Identification of the underlying causes through evaluation and target imaging is required for the patients' comfort.
 
 Aim: To assess the primary variables that cause non-cyclical mastalgia and how it affects women's lives.
 
 Methods: A quantitative-descriptive prospective study on a randomized, selected sample group of 100 patients with non-cyclical mastalgia in Breast Disease Treatment Center at Sulaimaniyah was done. A prepared questionnaire was used to interview the participants from January 15 to January 22, 2023.
 
 Results: Out of the 354 women who presented to the Breast Treatment Clinic during the study period, 100 (28.23%) were diagnosed with non-cyclical mastalgia. The common breast disorders among participants were simple, complex cyst and fat tissue necrosis on ultrasound. Mastalgia effects on daily life, interferes with usual sleep patterns of women (P=0.003), causes anxiety (P=0.001), had negative effect on exercise (P=0.002) and daily work (P=0.01) of women.
 
 Conclusions: Women over 40 years old who experience fear, tension, and anxiety due to the consequences of mastalgia, which interfere with regular sleep patterns and have an adverse effect on exercise and regular job duties, and most of them have breast problems on imagining, are more likely to suffer from non-cyclical mastalgia.

Specialized training in hospital pharmacy: an overview of the concerns, needs and current situation of resident tutors

ObjectiveTo provide new insight into the training needs and resources required by hospital pharmacy resident tutors in Spain, as well as into their level of motivation and satisfaction with their teaching. MethodGoogle Forms® was used to design a survey addressed to hospital pharmacy resident tutors between January and March 2019. They survey consisted of generic (tutor, hospital, service) and specific questions (available resources, teaching activities, teaching satisfaction, training needs). A univariate exploratory analysis was conducted to study possible factors related to teaching satisfaction and motivation. ResultsReplies were received from 83 tutors (rate of response: 52.8%), from 15/17 Spanish regions. The annual resident/tutor ratio was 4 (IQR = 2-4). A total of 96.4% of tutors conducted interviews, of whom 65.1% did so quarterly. Other activities included the management of external training rotations (97.6%), planning of rotations (97.6%) and annual appraisals (96.4%). Only 17.1% of respondents were given time off their regular duties for their tutorship work, with 71.4% stating that the time they were allowed was insufficient. A total of 70.7% of tutors from eight Spanish regions where the granting of protected time was regulated said were not given any time off for their teaching endeavors. Most tutors declared to be satisfied (66.7%) and motivated (63%) with their teaching work. Motivation appeared to fall with age, and both motivation and satisfaction decreased as a function of the tutors’ years of professional experience and when they were given no time off for their tutorship work or when the remuneration was low, without any relationship being identified between these factors. Tutors pointed out that work should be done to increase the number of hours assigned to tutorships (78%), preparing SEFH-validated training plans (76.8%), improving teaching techniques (65.9%), and decreasing the clinical workload (62.2%). Over the past 3 years, 69.1% of tutors had received training. This training was arranged by educational committees (63.3%), the Spanish regional authorities (42.4%) and SEFH (13.6%). All the training in clinical, teaching, and communicative competencies enjoyed wide acceptance (> 90%). The preferred delivery method was hybrid (partly on-line and partly onsite) (64.6%). ConclusionsSEFH's tutors’ group conducted its first national survey addressed to hospital pharmacy resident tutors. The survey showed that, although tutors are highly satisfied with their teaching activities, they would like more training and to be able to devote more time to their tutorship work. It was also shown that a regulatory framework needs to be implemented in various Spanish regions and that compliance with existing regional regulations must be improved.

"We are unique": organizational stressors, peer support and attitudes toward mental health treatment among airport firefighters.

Airport firefighters are responsible for providing emergency responses to aviation incidents on a runway or in the vicinity of an airport, including airplane crashes, mass casualty events, emergency landings and many other concerns on airport grounds. While data exist on the occupational stressors of firefighters and public safety personnel in general, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the experiences of airport firefighters, particularly in relation to their organizational stressors, peer supports and attitudes toward mental health treatment. We conducted two focus groups with 10 career firefighters working at an airport in Atlantic Canada in 2019. Focus groups were recorded; the recordings were transcribed and later coded using thematic analysis, which took an inductive, iterative, narrative approach. Airport firefighters face unique challenges, and operational stressors are overshadowed by organizational stressors. Additionally, peer support is an integral aspect of coping with both organizational stressors and critical incidents. Firefighters were found to have positive attitudes toward mental health treatment in general, but several barriers still remain, such as stigma, fear of being placed on leave and fear of confidentiality breach. Specialized treatment options for public safety personnel and airport firefighters who engage in serious incidents outside of their regular duties are needed.

Home-Based Dynamics of Sleepiness-Related Conditions Starting at Biological Evening and Later (Beyond Working).

Shift work requires round-the-clock readiness to perform professional duties, and the workers' performance highly depends on their sleepiness level, which can be underestimated during a shift. Various factors, including the time of day, can influence sleepiness in shift workers. The objective of this study was to explore the dynamics of sleepiness-related conditions assessed through heart rate variability analysis, starting from the biological evening and continuing in vivo (at home), without the need for artificial alertness support. The participants solely performed regular evening household duties. A total of 32 recordings were collected from the Subjective Sleepiness Dynamics Dataset for analysis. At 8:00 p.m. and every 30 min thereafter, the participants completed cyclic sleepiness scales (the KSS and the SSS) until the time they went to bed, while their heart rate was recorded. The results of the study indicated that during the biological evening, high sleepiness is associated with a 'stressed' condition characterized by higher sympathetic activation. Later on, it is associated with a 'drowsy' condition characterized by higher parasympathetic activation and a decline in heart rate variability. Our findings provide evidence that the type of condition experienced during high sleepiness depends on the biological time. This should be taken into account when managing work regimes in shift work and developing alertness detectors.

Knowing What We Don't Know: A Survey of School Nurse Information Needs.

Providing complex care for students requires an informed school nurse workforce. However, school nurses, many of whom work independently, may not know where to find necessary information. This study seeks to understand the information needs of school nurses by conducting a needs assessment survey within the state of Illinois. A survey was disseminated through three statewide professional listservs to determine the types of care-related questions school nurses ask as part of their regular duties and which resources they use to answer those questions. School nurses' information needs vary widely, and they rely on numerous sources to answer clinical questions. They are responsible for the well-being of hundreds to thousands of children. While they are comfortable searching for information, they are motivated to further develop research skills.

Transformational Leadership Behaviors of School Principals: A Quantitative Research Based on Teachers’ Perceptions, under Phuentsholing Municipal, Chukha District, Bhutan

It is commonly believed that the academic performance of students, the stability of administration, and the standard of education as a whole would all suffer if an educational institution lacked effective administrators and committed academic personnel. In order to determine the frequency of transformative leadership as experienced by educators in four government schools servicing the Phuenthsoling Municipality of Chukha, Bhutan, this research will look at the prevalence of such leadership. There were a total of 138 participants in this quantitative study, 134 of them were faculty members from four Government-funded institutions. Principals may better shape their mindsets and guide their schools to success with the guidance of transformational leadership. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to learn how often principals exhibit transformational leadership behaviours in the course of their regular administrative duties.
 The findings showed that school administrators demonstrated high levels of idealised influence, motivating inspiration, personalised concern, and intellectual stimulation.
 The results revealed that the principals of the four schools studied used transformational leadership strategies to a significant degree.
 This study will help further the growth of an institution by persuading current principals to adopt a transformational leadership style that will increase academic staff commitment and ultimately the institution's efficiency and longevity.

Committed for Social Change: Analysing the Role of Frontline Health Workers During Pandemic in Rural Odisha

The frontline health workers take health services directly to communities where access is either absent or often limited. The Aanganwadi workers and Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA), among the most prominent frontline workers, act as essential to providing health facilities by bringing services to people’s doorsteps. They create awareness, provide nutritional support to children and mothers, promote universal immunisation, provide escort services for Reproductive and Child Health and so on. With the rise of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ASHA and Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) have been expected to do supplemented work along with their regular duties. They are engaged in contact tracing, providing food supplements at the doorstep, screening the returning migrant workers, reporting suspected COVID-19 cases, doing door-to-door surveys and ensuring quarantine or isolation. However, they remain the least paid as Corona warriors and are exposed to Corona. The research found that AWWs and ASHAs are denied fundamental dignity and basic rights such as the right to recognition as workers, the right to the minimum salary and basic social security measures, which are the basic entitlement of the frontline workers in the State. The article critically analyses their role and rights during the pandemic.

Police manpower supply planning for regular duties with stochastic demands

ABSTRACT We develop modeling strategies to alleviate the shortage of police manpower in a stochastic environment, based on flexible manpower supply planning using off-duty police officers and mutual support between police stations, along with flexible working hours and shifts. A stochastic independent assignment model (SIAM) and a stochastic mutual support model (SMSM) are constructed for manpower supply planning for regular policing duties with stochastic demands. These models are designed using mathematical programming techniques to minimize total manpower supply hours, subject to practical constraints. The SIAM is solved using CPLEX, but the SMSM is too complicated for this approach, so we develop our own heuristic algorithm to solve it efficiently. Additionally, we use the expected value of perfect information (EVPI) and the value of the stochastic solution (VSS) to evaluate the stochastic models. Numerical test results indicate that both models perform well, but the SMSM produces better manpower plans for police than the SIAM.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Surrounding Environment of Nursing Home Residents and Attitudes towards Infection Control and Oral Health Care among Nursing Home Staff in Japan

The environments of nursing home staff and residents have dramatically changed since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with greater demand for infection control. This study aimed to clarify the changes and regional differences in the surrounding environment of nursing home residents as well as the working environment of staff, including oral health care, after the spread of SARS-CoV-2. A self-administered questionnaire survey was sent to nursing staff at about 40 nursing homes in different areas of Japan in September and October 2021. The questionnaire consisted of items centered around: (1) the surrounding environment of nursing home residents, (2) awareness and attitudes towards daily work among staff, and (3) attitudes to and procedures for oral health care among staff. A total of 929 respondents included 618 (66.5%) nursing care workers and 134 (14.4%) nurses. Regarding changes in resident daily life, 60% of staff perceived decreases in psychosocial and physical function after the start of the pandemic due to limited family communication and recreational activities, especially in urban areas. Concerning infection control, most respondents adopted routines of disinfecting hands before and after their duties. Oral health care was part of the regular duties of over 80% of respondents. Many participants answered that the frequency and time of oral health care only slightly changed after the onset of COVID-19, but many also reported disinfecting hands both before and after oral health care, particularly in rural areas. Our findings suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic decreased the daily living activities of residents, leading to psychosocial and physical decline, especially in urban areas. The results also indicated that the spread of SARS-CoV-2 triggered improvements in the awareness and attitudes towards infection control in daily work, including oral health care, among nursing care staff, notably in rural areas. Such an effect may contribute to a more positive perception of oral health care infection measures after the pandemic.

Physician Advocacy: Identifying Motivations for Work Beyond Clinical Practice.

Advocacy is a perceived social and professional obligation of physicians. However, many feel their training and practice environment do not support increased engagement in advocacy. The aim of this qualitative project was to delineate the role that advocacy plays in physicians' careers and the factors driving physician engagement in advocacy. Physicians engaged in health advocacy in Kansas were identified by personal contacts and referrals through snowball sampling. They received a standardized email invitation to participate in a short interview. These interviews were recorded and transcribed using Apple Voice Memos and Google Dictation. Two team members independently identified themes from interview transcripts, while a third member served as a moderator if themes identified were dyssynchronous. Of the 19 physicians invited to participate, 13 were interviewed. The most common reasons for engaging in advocacy included the desire to change policy, obligation to go beyond regular clinic duties, giving patients a voice, and avoiding burnout. Physicians reported passion for patients and past experiences with disparities as the most common inspiration. Most physicians did not receive formal advocacy training, but identified professional societies and peers as informal guides. Common supports for advocacy were professional organizations, community partners, and employers. Time was the most common barrier to conducting advocacy work. Physicians have a broad number of reasons for the importance of doing advocacy work, but identify key professional barriers to further engagement. Providing accessible opportunities through professional organizations and community partnerships may increase advocacy participation.

Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being and training of medical interns: an experience from a university of Eastern India

Background: COVID-19 pandemic changed routines, with social distancing, quarantines, online classes, negatively affecting the mental health of the medical fraternity.Objectives: To assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental well-being and training and identify stressors experienced by medical-interns.Methods: A cross-sectional study among 150 interns, from 1st June- 30th September 2021, using Google form with 3sections-demographics, stressors experienced during the pandemic and WHO well-being index; data analyzed using EPI INFO software en-US version7.2.3.1.Results: of the 150 interns, 138 responded. Mean-age was 25.19 ± 1.62SD years; 60.8% were males, 56.5% were hostellers,30% suffered from COVID-19. 78.9% stated “lack of supervision during postings”, 73.9%“postponement of NEET PG” and 60.8%“lack of learning opportunities” as reasons of stress. 65.2% had a good “WHO well-being index”. Their COVID-19 infectivity status had a statistically significant (p=0.004) association with WHO well being index. “Lack of learning opportunities”(p=0.02), “fear of contracting COVID-19”(p=0.03) & “limited time for PG preparation(p=0.01) were associated with their well-being.Conclusion: COVID-19 was associated with stress and poor mental health among the interns. Fear of disease, lack of regular duties and postponement of PG exams were factors leading to stress. Lack of learning opportunities, fear of contracting the virus were associated with poorer mental well-being.

Burnout among Health Care Workers during COVID-19: An Applied Study at King Abdulaziz Hospital in Al Ahsa

The objective of this study was to measure burnout prevalence among health care workers at KAH during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method applied in this study was a descriptive quantitative approach. We collected the data via self-assisted online survey utilizing the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), a reliable instrument to measure burnout by investigating its three subdomains: personal, work-related and client-related. The results came out from this study were that: 244 HCWs completed the questionnaire. The mean of total burnout, personal burnout, work-related burnout, and client-related burnout score was 55.89 (SD 19.8), 64.8 (SD 22.16), 57.6 (SD 21.05) and 45.18 (SD 24.54), respectively. Factors that contributed to the increased levels of burnout included: younger age, female gender, the nursing profession, fewer years of experience, extended working hours per shift, fewer off days per month, fewer hours of sleep per night, increased workload, prolonged contact with COVID-19 cases, frequent change in regular job duties and the higher perceived psychological impact of the pandemic. The study concluded that healthcare workers at KAH experienced high rates of personal burnout and work-related burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, institutional intervention to address burnout was deemed necessary.

An emerging military-industrial-nonprofit complex? Exploring conscripted volunteering in Israel

‘Volunteering’ has been emerging in the last decades as an object of intensified political interest and promotion, assembled through a myriad of alignments, composed of state institutions and international bodies, corporations, and third sector actors, operating across local, nationwide, and transnational scales. This article focuses on a particular configuration that I call ‘conscripted volunteering’, in which soldiers engage in activities framed as ‘doing good’ beyond their regular military duties. The article explores how this configuration emerges in Israel through growing efforts to create assemblages of corporate, public, nonprofit, and military actors. These assembling efforts include initiating and maintaining connections, routinizing and sustaining partnerships, and aligning various interests and needs. While some assemblages gradually dissolve, others are successfully sustained and new ones emerge. The overall proliferation of such assemblages in Israel is identified in this article as an emerging ‘military-industrial-nonprofit complex’ that is forged by a consensual neoliberal agenda regarding citizenship and modalities of participation. These insights could be utilized to understand various types of military-humanitarian interventions and to reconceptualize military-society relations more broadly.

Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, work-related trauma exposure, and substance use in first responders

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been shown to increase the likelihood of substance use in the general population. First responders (e.g., EMTs, paramedics, and firefighters) are routinely exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) as part of their regular duties, increasing their risk for a range of adverse mental health outcomes including PTSD symptoms. However, no study to our knowledge has explored the relationship between PTEs, PTSD symptoms, and substance use in this population. In the current study, we examined whether PTSD symptoms were associated with alcohol and drug use in first responders above and beyond demographic variables, job-related characteristics, social support, and cumulative work-related PTE exposure, and whether work-related PTE exposure had an indirect effect on substance use via PTSD symptoms. MethodsParticipants (N = 885; mean age = 37.13; 59.0% male; 91.5% White) were recruited from all 50 U.S. states, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico to complete an online survey. ResultsIn hierarchical regression analyses, PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with alcohol and drug use above and beyond all the other variables. Work-related PTE exposure was not a significant predictor of either outcome once PTSD symptoms were included, suggesting that PTEs confer risk for substance use via their association with PTSD symptoms. This finding was confirmed by an analysis showing that PTE exposure had a significant indirect effect on both alcohol and drug use via PTSD symptoms. ConclusionResults support the need for periodic assessment of both PTSD symptoms and substance use in first responders.

What are the Impact of Season and Temperature Variations in India on the Number of Adolescent/Adult Mortality Due to Heart Disease / Hypertension – A Cross-Sectional Research Study?

One of the researcher of this study who is also a medical doctor with experience of 18 years have suspected that there are season and temperature variations in India on the number of adolescent/adult mortality due to Heart disease / Hypertension. During regular duties at various Government hospitals, the researcher felt some trends in the title-mentioned research question. Hence the researcher decided to investigate the query mentioned in the title with proper evidence and accredited data. The key purpose is to alert the policy-makers, caregivers, medical doctors, patients, decision-makers, researchers, and citizens of India, etc through evidence-based study to take proper care during the seasonal and temperature variations which may harm persons with Heart disease / Hypertension. There are several research studies done on the impact of season and temperature on hypertension and related mortality which established that a relationship exists between them. Despite being the secondmost populous country of the world with wide variations of seasons/temperature, the researcher has not found any adequate broad country-based study conducted in India for evaluating the impact of temperature / seasonal variation on the number of adolescent/adult mortality due to Heart disease / Hypertension in the general population. CVDs (Heart Diseases) are the most important cause of death accounting for 17.9 million people's mortality globally in 2019, representing 32% of all global mortalities; of which 85% were caused by heart attack and stroke. Hypertension is a serious medical condition of elevated blood pressure that increases the risks of heart diseases; 1.28 billion adults globally have HTN and two-thirds (66%) of these are living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India. This is a novel cross-sectional research study with the key objective to analyze the impact of season and temperature variations on the mortality trends of adolescents/adults due to Heart disease / Hypertension with the utilization of time-bound accredited data. The title mentioned research question is not well understood to date and this research study tries to find an answer through one factor only i.e. mortality data. This research study was a Country / HMIS (MoHFW) accredited data-based retrospective cross-sectional study conducted across all HMIS registered public/private/rural and urban health facilities of 36 states and UTs (union territories). The study population for this novel research study consisted of any adolescent (10 to 19) / adult (19 and above) of both sexes. The three years of study when combined shows that the Heart disease / Hypertension mortalities were highest in January with 89417 mortalities ([95% CONF. INTERVAL] 84795.48 - 94038.52 ; STD. ERR.-1074.109; MEAN-29805.67; STD. DEV.-620.1374; MIN29346; MAX-30511 followed by September-85633 (95% CONF. INTERVAL- 57391.89 - 113874.1)and December-83682 (95%CONF. INTERVAL -73045.63 - 94318.37) while lowest mortalities were found in April – 66116 (95% CONF. INTERVAL- 49641.4 - 82590.6 ). The mean seasonal mortality for Heart disease / Hypertension mortalities was highest in the Winter Season JanFeb (mean temperature 20.91 C) having mean mortality of 28322.33 followed by post-monsoon (mean temperature 23.59 C) with mean mortality of 27458.33, monsoon (mean temperature 28.44 C) with mean mortality 26197.83 and pre-monsoon (mean temperature 27.91 C) having lowest mean mortality 23302.22.

Employee Perception of Leadership Tolerance of Deviance and the Moral Disengagement from Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Organizational leaders set the example for “what is acceptable” ethical behavior and encourage organizational citizenship behavior among employees. Organizational citizenship behavior is the willingness to go above and beyond regular duties and responsibilities without using formal reward systems. However, employees who use social comparisons or repeatedly witness leaders who tolerate deviant behaviors are more likely to morally disengage from the positive attributes associated with organizational citizenship behavior. This research aims to determine ethical leadership attributes that resist the negative impact of perceived deviance tolerance on employee organizational citizenship behavior. The Leadership Ethic and Decision-making (LEAD) model is grounded in the foundational leadership theory which suggests that leaders should conduct an inward examination using integrity and assurance with an outward examination based on pragmatism to improve employee perception of ethical decision-making. The result of this study is based on responses from 378 full-time employees in the United States. The findings reveal that LEAD is a reliable, ethical leadership model and pragmatism is resistant to negative moderation of perceived tolerance of deviant behavior on employee contributions in the workplace. Therefore, leaders, managers, and HR professionals who apply the LEAD model will influence organizational citizenship behavior while reducing the deviant behaviors associated with the perceived tolerance of deviance.