Regular Concrete Research Articles

Effect of Fiber Dosage On Mechanical Properties Of Geopolymer Mortar Under The Coupling Of Sulfate Erosion And Dry-Wet Alternation

Coastal buildings are susceptible to long-term sulfate erosion and alternating wet-dry cycles, leading to rapid degradation in mechanical properties and durability. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find a construction material that is superior to ordinary silicate concrete. Geopolymer concrete, an innovative environmentally-friendly material, offers advantages like early strength, fire resistance, and durability. Research reveals that even after sulfate erosion, geopolymer concrete outperforms regular silicate concrete in terms of mechanical properties and durability. However, geopolymer concrete suffers from high brittleness. A remedy is found in the incorporation of fibers, which substantially enhances its mechanical properties and durability. This study investigates the influence of carbon fibers and polypropylene fibers on the mechanical traits of metakaolin-geopolymer mortar, exposed to sulfate action and wet-dry cycles for 60 repetitions. Results indicate that the addition of 0.6% carbon fibers yields the highest compressive strength, while a 1:1 combination of carbon and polypropylene fibers produces peak flexural strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) confirm uniform fiber distribution within the mortar, reinforcing material bonds and retarding crack propagation. Consequently, mechanical properties and durability are improved.

Optimisation of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete with Special Quarry Dust

The cement composition of concrete directly affects the CO2emissions to the environment. UHPC (Ultra High-Performance Concrete) is a new type of concrete rapidly gaining popularity in the building industry due to its superior strength and endurance. In contrast to regular concrete, UHPC requires more than twice as much cement, making it more expensive and leaving a more significant carbon imprint. In this study, waste cement was substituted with 4%, 8%, and 12% special quarry dust from a manufacturer in Kuantan, Malaysia. Maximum compressive strength and quarry dust percentage are determined through experimentation and assessed in Design Expert Software. This investigation tested modified UHPC for strength, durability, and scanning electron microscope (SEM)appearance. Experiments show that substituting 21% quarry dust for cement yields the best outcomes. Since the particle size of quarry dust is finer than that of other matrices, it helps to reduce voids and boosts the UHPC's endurances. The quarry dust adds filler and a minor increase in viscosity to the UHPC, which is a better replacement for anhydrate cement in filler applications.

Investigation of the Effect of Magnetic Water and Polyethylene Fiber Insertion in Concrete Mix

The features of a concrete mix are determined by the hydration of cement, which is accomplished utilizing the water quality utilized in the mix. Numerous researchers have worked on integrating pozzolanic or nanoparticles to increase hydration processes and impart high strength to concrete. Magnetic-field-treated water (MFTW) has been used in a novel method to enhance the characteristics of concrete. Due to magnetization, water particles become charged, and the molecules inside the water cluster fall from 13 to 5 or 6, lowering the hardness of water and so boosting the strength of concrete when compared to the usage of regular water (NW). Magnetic water (MW) is used in advanced building methods and procedures to improve physicochemical qualities. This study focuses on analyzing water quality standards using physiochemical analysis, such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) using the MW at various magnetizations (0.9 Tesla (MW0.9), 0.6 Tesla (MW0.6), 0.3 Tesla (MW0.3). Tests were carried out to assess the fresh, hardened, and microstructural behavior of concrete created with magnetic water (MW) using techniques for microstructural characterization such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). According to the findings, the magnetic influence on water parameters improved significantly with increasing magnetic intensity. As compared to regular water concrete, the MW0.9 mix increased workability, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength by 9.2%, 32.9%, and 34.2%, respectively, compared to normal water concrete (NWC).

A case study of T-beams with hybrid section shear characteristics of reactive powder concrete

Abstract As an extension of recent developments in concrete understanding, an extensive study is currently being conducted on the structural performance of reactive powder concrete (RPC). This article guides how to investigate the shear behavior of RPC T-beams and calculate their ultimate and breaking shear capacities. The mechanical features of this construction material and approach to revising the reactive powder shear hybrid segment T-beams are cast-off in this motion and are investigated in this experimental study. To evaluate the effects of volumetric ratio of steel fibers, silica fume ratio, and tensile steel ratio, introductory section on the effectiveness of T-beam shearing reactive powder, the program of experimentation involved trying four beams. The research aimed to determine the deflection conduct of the load, downtime approach, strain amount over the beams’ depth, and failure form of cracks. In examining reaction powder’s mechanical characteristics mixtures, steel fiber volumetric ratio and silica fume volumetric ratio were also studied. Furthermore, a hybrid beam study revealed that by using reactive powder web and regular concrete in flange effectively, T-beam concert is enhanced when associated with normal concrete T-beams by 12%. Hybrid beams have also revealed that using reactive powder flange and usual concrete in a web effectively advances the show of T-beams when associated with standard concrete T-beams by 28%.

Analyzing the mechanical properties of bacterial concrete

The purpose of this research is to lower construction costs. to exploit these resources and lessen environmental waste. Industrial wastes nowadays are continually rising. GGBS is used in place of cement in the M25 mix when the bacillus cereus bacterial concentration is 107 cells/ml. With bacterial densities of 107 cells/ml, GGBS was used as a cement substitute in the following concentrations: 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. With the replacement of GGBS in constant quantities, the compressive and tensile strengths improved up to 10% before decreasing. Higher compressive strength and split tensile strength were achieved at 28 days with a 10% cement replacement with GGBS and the inclusion of bacteria as 24.56% and 13.88%, respectively, compared to regular concrete. For 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of OPC by GGBS with bacillus subtilis, respectively, the water absorption value was reduced by 9.43%, 13.47%, and 17.11% at 28 days compared to conventional OPC concrete.

Production of Lightweight and Heat-Insulating Concrete Using Minced Tires

The main objective of the research was to study the effect of crushed rubber tires, which were used as a substitute for coarse aggregate (gravel) in production of lightweight and heat-Iinsulating concrete. The volume ratios of the mixtures used were as follows: First was 2 gravel, 1.5 sand, and 1 cement. The second was 2 minced tires, 1.5 sand, and 1 cement, while the third mixture was 1 minced tires, 1 spring gravel, 1.5 sand, and 1 cement. Concrete cubes were produced and the results were compared with ordinary concrete. The following tests were carried out: compressive, resistance, water absorption, porosity, volumetric density, specific weight, treatment with alkaline solutions -KOH NaOH, and thermal conductivity. The results of the tests proved that the addition of minced tires negatively affected the compressive strength compared to the reference concrete at the ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. As an alternative to Al-Naba gravel, it was also shown that there was an increase in water absorption with an increase in the proportion of minced tires relative to the water absorption in the reference mixture. Also, the density values of lightweight concrete decreased compared to the regular reference concrete, which leads to a reduction in the weight of the dead loads and therefore the foundations and their quality. Because of the high temperatures in the summer as these types of concrete do not react with alkaline solutions such as NaoH and KOH, and this is one of the advantages for concrete work.

Water sorptivity prediction model for concrete with all coarse recycled concrete aggregates

This paper examines the water sorptivity of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and shows how sorptivity can be predicted using electrical resistivity as the main predictor. The measurements in 48 RAC specimens show that RAC has higher water sorptivity and lower electrical resistivity than regular concrete. RAC sorptivity and rate of saturation prediction models were developed using multiple linear regression analysis. The prediction models include electrical resistivity, percent volume of coarse recycled concrete aggregates, and air content of residual mortar as explanatory variables. A graphical calculating device based on the sorptivity regression models was also created.

Reinforcing Regular Concrete with Metal and Synthetic Fibers

Reinforcing Regular Concrete with Metal and Synthetic Fibers

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Pozzolanic Geopolymer Concrete Reinforced with Polymer Fiber

In recent decades, Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new material in the construction industry, which has favorable performance and workability and contains aluminosilicate materials full of silicate (Si), aluminum (Al), and alkaline solution as a binder. The advantages of using geopolymer materials instead of cement in concrete are not limited to high mechanical and microstructural properties. It also has a remarkable effect in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In the current study, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) GPC was used with 0-2% polyolefin fibers (POFs) and 0-8% nano-silica (NS) to improve its structure. After curing the specimens under dry conditions at a temperature of 60 °C in an oven, they were subjected to compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and impact resistance tests to evaluate their mechanical properties. The addition of NS enhanced the whole properties of the GBFS geopolymer concrete. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the concrete increased by up to 22%, 14%, and 24%, respectively. Besides, it leads to ultrasonic wave velocity enhancement to 12% in the room temperature. The addition of the fibers to the GPC significantly increased the tensile strength (by up to 9%) and the energy absorbed due to the impact. Moreover, compared to Concrete containing ordinary portland cement (OPC), the GPC demonstrated much better mechanical and microstructural properties. Besides, the presence of POFs in the GPC compound substantially affects tensile strength and resistance against an impact. Accordingly, the sample’s tensile strength had an improvement by 8.4% in the room temperature. In the following, by conducting the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests, a microstructure investigation was carried out on the concrete samples. In addition to their overlapping with each other, the results indicate the GPC superiority over the regular concrete.

Experimental study on the thermal properties of fiber reinforced concrete (TPFRC)

Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has recently sparked interest in the scientific community because of its superior qualities over regular concrete. Traditional concrete must be strengthened and updated to bear enormous loads and overcome concrete faults such as cracking, swelling, and shrinking. The use of FRC is advantageous in industrial, commercial, and strategically significant buildings that are prone to fires. The experimental results of the study and comparison of thermal characteristics and temperature-dependent mechanical properties of Polypropylene, Steel and Hybrid (steel + Polypropylene) fiber-reinforced concrete are presented in this project. The effect of employing Polypropylene, Steel and Hybrid fibers (steel + polypropylene) in the proportions given and fluctuation in strength parameters, and qualities shown owing to heating at different temperatures were investigated in this study. The thermal properties of the non-metallic and metallic fibers were studied through experimentation and results were concluded. It can be recommended from the experimental investigation that the usage of fiber-reinforced concrete is advantageous for ensuring the safety of important industrial buildings which are often exposed to high temperatures. Polypropylene can be employed in cases which are subjected to unfavorable environmental conditions, impact damages, and surface abrasion.

Analisis Penambahan Larutan Gula Terhadap Kuat Tekan dan Kuat Lentur Beton yang Mengandung Arang Briket

Concrete is frequently used as the primary component of building construction. Given its role as a former, concrete plays a significant role in the construction industry. To make pozzolanic concrete more useful as a mineral ingredient for concrete, coal briquette charcoal ash, and sugar solution are added to the mixture. The aim of this study was to determine the impact on concrete's compressive strength and flexural strength by adding 0.10%, 0.20%, and 0.30% sugar solution containing 5% charcoal briquettes. There were 39 specimen samples, including 16 samples of variance concrete and 23 samples of regular concrete. Concrete on the test object is treated by immersing it for 28 days. When the specimen was 28 days old, the concrete's compressive and flexural strengths were evaluated. According to the test's findings, variation concrete has greater compressive and flexural strengths than regular concrete. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete mixture increase with the amount of sugar solution added

Thermal Insulation of Hybrid GFRP-Lightweight Concrete Structures

This paper presents a numerical study on the thermal effect of the insulation of lightweight concrete in hybrid GFRP-concrete structures. In these hybrid structures, the GFRP profiles are totally covered by normal and lightweight concrete and subjected to thermal loads. The problem with GFRP structures is their weak thermal resistance, even at moderately high temperatures. To promote some thermal insulation, it is recommended to cover the GFRP profile with concrete, but this increases its weight. Therefore, lightweight concrete may be a good solution due to its insulation capabilities. For this study, the thermal loads used in the numerical campaign are based on a nominal fire-curved ISO-834, and the temperature is measured at several points. Using these temperatures, it is possible to conclude that the effect of lightweight concrete may provide structural benefits when compared with classical standard structural concrete for covering GFRP profiles using different cover values (from 5.0 cm to 2.5 cm). For this work, commercial finite element software was used for the thermal nonlinear analysis. It was possible to conclude that with lightweight concrete, it is likely to have half of the cover and still maintain the same level of insulation as regular concrete.

Percussion-based concrete fiber content recognition using homologous heterogeneous data fusion and denoising deep learning network

With the development of materials science, fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has attracted much attention in building engineering areas and gradually alternated the traditional regular concrete in recent years. Since the fiber content significantly affects the performance of FRC material, it is of great importance to detect the fiber content in practical applications. Thus, this research proposes a novel percussion-based recognition method to evaluate the fiber content in FRC material, which contains a simple but effective time series data fusion approach and an adroitly integrated one-dimensional denoising autoencoder-enhanced convolutional neural network (1D-DAECNN). Particularly, compared with most current existing percussion-based recognition methods, which utilize single acoustic signals, the proposed method simultaneously adopts the homologous heterogeneous data obtained respectively from the microphone and embedded piezoceramic transducer after one-time percussion. Then, the homologous heterogeneous data are processed by the presented time series data fusion approach to achieve time domain waveform features fusion, which aims to improve the convergence speed of deep learning networks. After that, the 1D-DAECNN is constructed to identify the fiber content in FRC material. Via the front-end denoising autoencoder (DAE) and the back-end one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) in the integrated network, the noise suppression capability of the 1D-DAECNN can be improved, and the manual feature extraction can be avoided during the training process. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated via laboratory tests on five FRC specimens. The results indicate that, compared with the conventional percussion-based method, the convergence speed and recognition precision of the proposed method is significantly improved even under noise conditions.

An Investigation on Eco Friendly Self-Compacting Concrete Using Spent Catalyst and Development of Structural Elements

The theme of this initiative is "Waste to Wealth." Construction materials, particularly concrete, need to have better qualities, including strength, rigidity, durability, and ductility, because Oman's construction industry is expanding. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) has more benefits than regular concrete, including better workability. The major focus of this study is the C30-grade SCC for the control mix, spent catalyst (zeolite catalyst)-based SCC, and the development of the RC beam's flexural behavior employing control and spent catalyst-based SCC. The preliminary study and the main study are the two study outcomes included in this project. Preliminary research involves creating four mixtures with various dosages of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% in order to optimize spent catalyst in C30 grade concrete. All of the cubes undergo a 28-day curing test. The cubes' compressive strength is tested in order to establish the ideal dosage, which is 9%. Develop a C30 grade control modified design mix in accordance with SCC and optimize chemical admixtures such as superplasticizer (SP) at different dosages, like 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5%, using various trials and tests (slump flow, L-box, J-ring, V-funnel, and U-box tests), as well as the optimized dosage of spent catalyst (SC). The main study includes six singly reinforced RC beams with dimensions of 750 (L)×100 (B)×150 mm (D) that were cast and tested in the laboratory. After a 28-day curing period, two specimens were placed under a two-point loading setup, with the remaining two samples receiving the optimum dosages of spent catalyst and superplasticizer. All of the beams were tested using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with a 1000 kN capability. From the preliminary study, partial substitution of cement in control concrete of grade C30 using spent catalyst (SC), it was found that the 9% optimum dosage produces greater compressive strength compared to other doses, which are almost 10% rises at 28 days of curing period. Based on a different test, it was discovered that the optimum dose of 3% SP gave closer agreement and satisfied the need for SCC as per the BS standard. The load-carrying capability of the SCC beams is almost 21.7% higher than that of the control beams. Comparing the SCC beams to the control beams, their deflection was reduced by about 26% at the same load level, and their ductility rose by almost 33%. Comparatively to the control beam, the stiffness of 21.6% of SCC also rises. According to test results, the SCC beam performs better in every way when superplasticizer and spent catalyst are used at the recommended dosage. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-08 Full Text: PDF

Waste-to-energy agricultural wastes in development of sustainable geopolymer concrete

The building industry, which generates many greenhouse emissions, is under much pressure because of how communities are being affected by climate change. Due to the environmental issues associated with traditional cement production, geopolymer concrete has emerged as a feasible alternative. In recent years, Portland cement has been replaced with industrial or agricultural byproducts as precursors in the environmentally friendly building material known as geopolymer concrete. Fly ash, powdered granulated blast furnace slag, and metakaolin were all employed as precursors in geopolymer concrete, with fly ash being the most popular. This study examined the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete with various dosages of rice husk ash (RHA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Additionally, geopolymer concrete blends' micro-structure and energy efficiency with different RHA were assessed and contrasted with regular plain Portland cement concrete. According to the findings, using agricultural wastes in geopolymer concrete has three advantages: it improves compressive strength, creates a waste-to-energy nexus, and lessens the environmental effect.

Steel slag's effect on concrete mechanical properties and durability

The utilization of steel slag as a mineral additive in concrete has been the subject of research aimed at assessing its impact on concrete's properties such as compressive strength, chloride penetrability, drying shrinkage, and resistance to carbonation. In this study, two different conditions were considered: constant water-binder ratio and compressive strength after 28 days. The results showed that increasing the amount of steel slag in concrete decreased its compressive strength, particularly its early strength, permeability, and ability to resist carbonation under constant W/B conditions. At lower water-binder ratios, however, the adverse effects of steel slag on the strength of compression, penetrability, and the carbonation resistance of concrete were less pronounced. When the W/B was high early in the drying process, steel slag accelerated shrinkage, but it had no impact on the final shrinkage at 90 days. The impact on concrete drying shrinkage was minimal at low W/B. Under continuous 28-day compressive strength conditions, it was also discovered that concrete containing steel slag had a lesser early strength and a higher late performance than pure cement concrete. It was found that the penetrability, carbonation resistance, and drying shrinkage of steel slag concrete were comparable to those of regular and pure cement concrete. This research highlights the potential of steel slag as a mineral additive in concrete production, but its use must be carefully considered to ensure optimal results.

Studies on the post cracking behaviour of Recycled Aggregate Concrete beams at elevated temperature

PurposeThe majority of previous studies made on Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) are limited to the utilisation of non-structural grade concrete due to unfavourable physical characteristics of RCA including the higher absorption of water, tending to increased water requirement of concrete. This seriously limits its applicability and as a result it reduces the usage of RCA in structural members. In the present study, the impact of hybrid fibres on cracking behaviour of RCA concrete beams along with the inclusion of reinforcing steel bars under two-point loading system exposed to different sustained elevated temperatures are being investigated.Design/methodology/approach RCA is substituted for Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCA) at 0, 50 and 100 percentages. The study involves testing of 150 mm cubes and beams of size (700 × 150 × 150) mm, i.e. with steel reinforcing bars along with the addition of 0.35% Steel fibres+ 0.15% polypropylene fibres. The specimens are being exposed to temperatures from 100° to 500°C with 100° interval for 2 h. Studies were made on the post crack analysis, which includes the measurement of crack width, crack length and load at first crack. The crack patterns were analysed in order to understand the effect of fibres and RCA at sustained elevated temperatures.FindingsThe result shows that ultimate load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beams and load at first crack decreases with the raise in temperatures and increased percentage of RCA content in the mix. Further that 100% RCA replacement specimens showed lesser cracks when compared to the other mixes and the inclusion of fibres enhances the flexural capacity of members highlighting the importance of fibres.Practical implicationsRCA can be used for structural purposes and the study can be projected for assessing the performance of real structures with the extent of fire damage when recycled aggregates are used.Social implicationsMost of recycled materials can be used in the regular concrete which solves two problems namely avoiding the dumping of C&D waste and preventing the usage of natural aggregates. Hence the study provides sustainable option for the production of concrete.Originality/valueThe reduction in capacity of flexural members due to the utilisation of recycled aggregates can be negated by the usage of fibres. Hence improved flexural performance is observed for specimens with fibres at sustained elevated temperatures.

Durability performance of concrete containing recycled coarse aggregates derived from laboratory-tested specimens

PurposeThe durability of concrete containing recycled aggregates, sourced from concrete specimens that have been tested in laboratory testing facilities, remains understudied. This paper aims to present the results of experiments investigating the effect of incorporating such type of concrete waste on the strength and durability-related properties of concrete.Design/methodology/approachA total of 77 concrete cylinders sized Ø100 × 200 mm with varying amount of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) (0%–100% by volume, at 25% increments) and maximum aggregate size (12.5, 19.0 and 25.0 mm) were fabricated and tested for slump, compressive strength, sorptivity and electrical resistivity. Disk-shaped specimens, 50-mm thick, were cut from the original cylinders for sorptivity and resistivity tests. Analysis of variance and post hoc test were conducted to detect statistical variability among the data.FindingsCompared to regular concrete, a reduction of slump (by 18.6%), strength (15.1%), secondary sorptivity (31.5%) and resistivity (17.0%) were observed from concrete containing 100% RCA. Statistical analyses indicate that these differences are significant. In general, an aggregate size of 19 mm was found to produce the optimum value of slump, compressive strength and sorptivity in regular and RCA-added concrete.Originality/valueThe results of this study suggest that comparable properties of normal concrete were still achieved by replacing 25% of coarse aggregate volume with 19-mm RCA, which was processed from laboratory-tested concrete samples. Therefore, such material can be considered as a potential and sustainable alternative to crushed gravel for use in light or nonstructural concrete construction.

Influence of Using Bamboo Reinforcement Bar and Fiber on Mechanic Beams Behavior

High quality concrete has a low enough porosity value to achieve high density. The purpose of this study was to measure the performance of high-quality concrete blocks by using bamboo reinforcement and bamboo fiber as additional materials. The use of super-liquefying additives from fly ash and palm kernel shells, and high-quality low-grade FAS Tilapia Concrete enhances the concrete experience. Based on (ACI, 2014), it was classified as high-quality concrete with a compressive strength greater than 41.4MPa. Reinforced concrete is a structure made by mixing coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, cement, and steel aggregate. Fiber concrete is concrete in which fibers evenly mixed with concrete mortar. The fibers in this concrete serve to retard cracking and reduce brittleness, making the concrete thinner than regular concrete. Using fibers up to 1.5 µm in high-quality reinforced concrete blocks, the maximum deflection reached 23,200 mm for LVDT 5, 0.000 mm for LVDT 3 and LVDT 4, and 37.565 mm. As a result, no shear cracks occurred, and only flex cracks occurred. This is because bending stiffeners are weaker than sliding bones. To increase the flexural strength of bamboo reinforcing blocks, the amount of tensile and compressive bamboo reinforcement should increase to double the amount of reinforcement used in this study.

Experimental studies on strength and durability of alkali activated slag and coal bottom ash based geopolymer concrete

This thesis work describes the experimental evaluation of the durability and strength properties of nominally mixed conventional concrete of grade M35, Alkali Activated Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete. Research on Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) durability properties has been conducted. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium Chloride (NaCl) must be mixed in a 2.5:1 M ratio and at molarities of 12 and 16, respectively, in order to make alkali activators, with dry curing and open-air curing serving as distinct curing regimes. NaOH concentrations of 12 M and 16 M were used to make nine distinct mixes, one of which was designated as the control mix. Then, these mixtures were cured at room temperature in the open air. Prior to the testing day, they were maintained at room temperature after a 24-hour dry curing procedure at 90 °C in a hot air oven. Each of the nine mixes underwent split tensile and flexural strength and durability testing after 90 days. Compressive strength tests are conducted at 28, 56, and 90 days. The results show that tensile strength increases as NaOH solution concentration decreases, but compressive and flexural strength increase as NaOH solution concentration increases. However, it was discovered that the Geopolymer concrete made from Alkali Activated Slag and Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) did not perform well in tests of water fast chloride penetrability because surface cracking predominated. When compared to the results of the control mix, the Alkali Activated Slag and Coal Bottom Ash (CBA)-based geopolymer concrete mix shows a superior improvement in strength measures than standard concrete. At this time, it seems that making geopolymer concrete costs less than regular concrete.