Registration Procedure Research Articles

Towards Automation in Radiotherapy Planning: A Deep Learning Approach for the Delineation of Parotid Glands in Head and Neck Cancer.

The delineation of parotid glands in head and neck (HN) carcinoma is critical to assess radiotherapy (RT) planning. Segmentation processes ensure precise target position and treatment precision, facilitate monitoring of anatomical changes, enable plan adaptation, and enhance overall patient safety. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) have proven exceedingly effective in precisely outlining tumor tissues and, by extension, the organs at risk. This paper introduces a DL framework using the AttentionUNet neural network for automatic parotid gland segmentation in HN cancer. Extensive evaluation of the model is performed in two public and one private dataset, while segmentation accuracy is compared with other state-of-the-art DL segmentation schemas. To assess replanning necessity during treatment, an additional registration method is implemented on the segmentation output, aligning images of different modalities (Computed Tomography (CT) and Cone Beam CT (CBCT)). AttentionUNet outperforms similar DL methods (Dice Similarity Coefficient: 82.65% ± 1.03, Hausdorff Distance: 6.24 mm ± 2.47), confirming its effectiveness. Moreover, the subsequent registration procedure displays increased similarity, providing insights into the effects of RT procedures for treatment planning adaptations. The implementation of the proposed methods indicates the effectiveness of DL not only for automatic delineation of the anatomical structures, but also for the provision of information for adaptive RT support.

Inventory of assets and liabilities in accordance with FSBU 28/2023 «Inventarization»

To ensure the reliability of accounting indicators and accounting (financial) statements, as well as economic security, it is necessary for agricultural organizations to conduct a timely inventory of assets and liabilities. Inventory is the most important accounting tool and methodological method of economic control for identifying the actual presence of assets and liabilities in an organization, as well as establishing their actual existence, assessing their condition and the validity of their presence in an economic entity. Therefore, a systematization of cases has been carried out for the mandatory inventory of the organization’s assets and liabilities. The qualifications, procedure for registration and evaluation of inventory results in accounting are given. Correspondence accounts for transactions reflecting inventory results in accounting were compiled.

Socioeconomic Sustainability of Chena Cultivation in the Forested Land of Hambantota District, Sri Lanka

Chena cultivation is one of the major agriculture systems and extensively practiced in rural areas of low country dry zone as their main livelihood. Generally, a slash-and-burn method is used to clear the land in the forested area where the land is prepared before the North-East monsoon starts. Short-duration, comparatively drought resistant crops such as grains, legumes, oil crops, and vegetables are commonly grown in Chena. However, scientific studies on Chena cultivation to assess socioeconomic status were limited in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this study attempted to assess the socioeconomic status of Chena farmers in the close proximity of forest lands in Southern part of Sri Lanka. Chena cultivation areas at Tissamaharama (8 Grama Niladhari divisions namely Gotabhayapura, Yodakandiya, Rathnelumwalayaya, Uddakandara, Viharamahadevipura, Ranakeliya, Wijayapura and Joolpallama) and Lunugamwehera (7 Grama Niladhari divisions namely Udamaththala, Padawgama, Pahalamaththala, Rabukwewa, new town-Lunugamwehera, new town-Weerawila and Keerthipura) Divisional Secretariats in Hambantota district was studied. 40 Chena farmers were purposively selected for the study. Primary data were collected from the farmers by using pre-tested structured questionnaire, personal interviews and field observations. Descriptive statistics and correlation tests were employed to analyse the data. Results revealed that farmers practiced four types of Chena such as Navadali Hena (clearing an untouched forest area), Ath Danduwa Hena (regrowth and cut), Mukulan Hena (consists of medium- sized trees) and Hen Kanaththa (land exist for survival). 98% of farmers are fully involved in chena cultivation in the study area. 32.5%, 22.5%, 20%, 12.5%, and 7.5% of farmers had 11-20, 21-30, 0-10, 31-40, and 41-50 years of experience, respectively in Chena cultivation. The result also revealed that 80% of the farmers were not a member of farmer`s societies and other organizations. A small number of farmers had received some relief from government such as fertilizer, agricultural extension services, 50% of subsidy seed, and 50% of subsidy loan. Chena farmers earned more than Rs.500,000.00 whereas the average income was Rs. 802,392.16 per annum. Further, 63% of the cost was contributed by labour followed next to land preparation (16%) and agrochemical (13%). Sweet melon, green gram, long beans, and tomato were recorded as major cultivated crops. Further, Chena areas were highly problematic by wildlife and cattle damage (87.5%), marketing issues (67.5%), legal (37.5%), drought (30%), and pest and diseases (27.5%). However, around 74% of respondents were willing to continue the Chena cultivation, because they have no other alternative livelihoods in this area. On the other hand, the majority (54%) were neutral or dissatisfied about their situation because they did not have land ownership. Introducing a registration procedure for land ownership, constructing the electrical fence to avoid wildlife damage, establishing a wildlife management unit to protect the wildlife habitat, and planning a proper irrigation method to secure the water supply throughout the year were the major suggestions to improve farming at a sustainable level of production and consumption.
 Keywords: Forest land use, Chena cultivation, Dry Zone, Hambantota

Tinjauan Yuridis Tentang Prosedur Penerbitan Sertifikat Atas Tanah Di Desa Waemulang Kabupaten Buru Selatan Berdasarkan Program Pemerintah

Introduction: Based on the reality that occurs in everyday life in the environment where the author lives, namely in the village of Waemulang, Leksula sub-district, South Buru Regency, where the community The problems that occur in the Waemulang village community in South Buru district are related to the cancellation of land rights certificates that occur in today's society. This, started with the existence of a government program regarding the National Agrarian Project Operation (PRONA) for making certificates of land rights.Purposes of the Research: This writing aims to find out the procedures for obtaining certificates of land rights based on government programs, to find out what are the grounds for objections to the issuance of land title certificates issued by the national land agency, and as one of the academic requirements in completing studies at the Faculty of Law, University of PattimuraMethods of the Research: The normative juridical research method is descriptive analysis in nature, namely obtaining data from the library in the form of documents, books, magazines and other literature related to writing. The source of legal material used is Primary legal material, Secondary legal material, and Tertiary legal material and used as a technique for collecting legal material, then processing and analyzing legal material through qualitative analysis, namely the data obtained is then systematically arranged for further qualitative analysis based on scientific disciplines. Civil law to achieve clarity of issues to be discussed.Results of the Research: The results of the study show that the procedure for issuing land certificates in obtaining land rights is carried out by the land registration process, so that there is a guarantee of legal certainty for all right-holders, while the procedure for obtaining land rights, namely the procedure for land registration is carried out sporadically at the request of interested parties, and procedures Systematic land registration is carried out according to work plans carried out in designated areas. A conflict can lead to disputes so that dispute resolution can be done in several ways: Dispute resolution through formal courts, through administrative efforts and through lawsuits.

Rights of Children from Interfaith Marriages: Child Registration Case in Semarang, Indonesia

This paper investigates the rights of children born into interfaith marriages, focusing on child registration in Semarang. In a multicultural society like Indonesia, children from interfaith unions face complex legal and social challenges. This study explores the nuances of child registration in Semarang, addressing the legal framework, social dynamics, and implications for children's rights. Beginning with an overview of Indonesia's legal context, the paper emphasizes the importance of civil registration in establishing a child's legal identity and access to rights and services. It examines the hurdles encountered by interfaith families in navigating registration procedures, including issues of parental consent, religious affiliation, and administrative barriers. The study also delves into the social aspects of child registration in Semarang, analyzing how cultural norms, religious beliefs, and community attitudes shape the registration process and affect children's legal recognition. Challenges such as social stigma, discrimination, and bureaucratic inefficiencies are highlighted as obstacles to obtaining birth certificates and official documentation for children from interfaith backgrounds. Furthermore, the paper discusses the implications of insufficient child registration for children's rights, emphasizing the importance of equal treatment and legal recognition for all children, regardless of their parents' religious affiliations or cultural backgrounds. By examining the child registration case in Semarang, Indonesia, this study contributes to broader discussions on the rights of children from interfaith marriages and advocates for inclusive policies and practices. Addressing legal and social barriers to registration and promoting interfaith dialogue can ensure that every child enjoys their fundamental rights and opportunities for a fulfilling future.

National registration of space objects: analysis of problems and solutions

The article is devoted to the study of the legal aspects of the implementation of the norms of space law in Ukraine regarding the implementation of the national registration of space objects. It was established that the registration-legal connection between a space object and the state is a legal element that determines the presence or absence of a stipulated right of state jurisdiction over a space object in outer space. It is proven that the implementation of the exclusive jurisdiction of the state depends on the existence of a clear mechanism for the national registration of space objects and the effective functioning of their state register.
 Based on the analysis of the norms of international space law, it was determined that the «state of registration» of a space object is its «launch state», which maintains a register of space objects. It is emphasized that the «launch state» should introduce a national procedure for registering space objects, which involves the creation of a state register. The legal significance of their registration lies in the fact that entering a space object into the register is a legally significant action that enables the application of the norms of national legislation. It is the “launch state” that has received and implemented the right to register the space object, will have the legal status of the “registration state” and will implement quasi­territorial jurisdiction over the object during its stay in outer space.
 It is argued that the legislative norm on the mandatory state registration of spacecraft in the State Register of Spacecraft of Ukraine does not currently create legal consequences for the subjects of the relevant legal relationship, since the Rules for the Registration of Spacecraft in Ukraine have not been approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine yet. Legal uncertainty regarding the rules of their registration creates a potentially dangerous jurisdictional vacuum during the stay of spacecraft in outer space, which can lead to the emergence of negative legal situations.
 The primary step of the state in solving this problem should be the establishment of a clear and effective procedure for the national registration of space objects. This will contribute to ensuring legal stability and compliance of Ukrainian space legislation with the norms and principles of international space law, as well as guaranteeing the preservation of Ukraine’s jurisdiction over objects launched into outer space.

Patient Satisfaction Levels in One of the Private Hospital in Padang City

Improving patient care is a priority for health service providers, with the aim of achieving optimal levels of patient satisfaction. Based on patient satisfaction data, the level of patient satisfaction in 2022 still doesn't meet the minimum service standard. It was also found that there were many complaints about the services provided at outpatient clinics. This research aims to determine the level of patient satisfaction based on satisfaction indicators and analyze which attributes are priority problems. The research method uses a sequential explanatory method. Data was obtained from 167 respondents and nine informants. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis and Cartesian diagrams. Qualitative research was carried out using in-depth interviews, observations, and reviews of related documents. Research results showed that the level of patient satisfaction was 72.5%. Based on the five dimensions of service quality, the level of patient satisfaction was found to not meet service standards. There are four main priority problems to be addressed: service registration procedures, inappropriate arrival times for doctors, staff attitudes and communication that aren't optimal, and waiting times for medicines that don't meet standards. It was concluded that the level of patient satisfaction still doesn’t meet the minimum service standards. Keywords: Outpatient care, patient satisfaction, service quality

A global perspective: characteristics of infertility-related randomized clinical trials.

Infertility is a prevalent global condition, and emerging reproductive technologies may enhance its evaluation and treatment. Understanding the current features of randomized clinical trials in infertility is crucial for improving study design and ensuring the translation of results for patient benefits. To investigate the primary characteristics of randomized clinical trials related to infertility and areas where require improvement. We conducted a search on the International Clinical Trials Registry platform for eligible infertility trials between 2003 and 2022. The distribution ratio of various characteristics uploaded by infertility-related studies on the platform was analyzed and compared according to sex and registration year. Out of the total trials, 85.3% (1,906) included only women, 8.6% (192) included only men, and 6.1% (136) included couples. The majority of retrieved trials followed a parallel arm design (91.0%) and were non-industry-funded (92.2%), with a median planned sample size of 131 patients (interquartile range 75-270). Among these trials, 54.5% (1,217) were conducted in Asia. The most common primary purpose of infertility-related trials was treatment (88.8%), with over half of the investigated interventions focusing on medication (57.9%). Asia is the leading region for research, and the drug therapy is still widely used and updated. However, support care for infertile couples has also received some preference. Areas that require improvement and promotion include addressing male infertility and focusing on underserved regions like Africa. The results also highlight deficiencies in trial registration and masking methods, emphasizing the need for better regulation and facilitation of infertility trials in the post-COVID-19 era. Based on the current status of infertility RCT studies, greater attention should be paid to infertile men and populations in underdeveloped regions like Africa in future studies, together with a standardized registration and implementation procedures.

Reduced Equations for K UTM Scale Factor and GNSS Usage in Chilean Cadastral Environments

Topographic distances from global navigation systems (GNSS) equipment are being progressively involved in legal land parcel registration applications (Bramanto et al., 2019; Dabove, 2019; Pullar and Donaldson, 2022; Roberts, 2005; Tamrakar, 2013), a practice not entirely reliable from the surveying point of view of legal land registration. GNSS observations expressed as Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, are cartographic projection data and are not exactly what horizontal ground topographic distances indicate, which are valid for land tenure, deeds, rights purposes. A method for converting GNSS positions to horizontal topographic distances in cadastral environments preserving metric accuracy standards fixed for parcel registration according to Chilean authorities, is presented here. Complex equations to determine scale factor K from the UTM projection have been reduced to a set of constant coefficients, allowing replicating electronic distance measurement (EDM) performance in horizontal distances used in other experiences as Australia, by just providing coordinates and observed accuracies. All assumptions are aimed to simplify the property registration procedures in singular geographic environments like Chile, where urban settlements can be found at heights 2,000 m or more, being of utmost relevance to bear in mind differences between projected and ground coordinates. Applied experiences performed near Santiago de Chile at heights of 600 m over the MSL, yielded 3 mm difference in 500 m distance compared to measurements carried out by means of GNSS equipment in static mode.

Wpływ cyfryzacji rejestru przedsiębiorców Krajowego Rejestru Sądowego na bezpieczeństwo obrotu gospodarczego

The article deals with the issues related to IT solutions implemented in the Polish registration procedure and their importance for economic transactions. The functioning of the IT system (Court Registers Portal) in the registration proceedings regarding the register of entrepreneurs kept by the National Court Register was shown. The introduced technological solutions have improved the registration procedure, although some functional shortcomings of the Court Registers Portal system remain visible and require its improvement. The advantage of digitization of the registration procedure is efficient access to registration files and financial documents of an entity entered in the National Court Register, which is a manifestation of the principle of openness of the registration procedure and improves business transactions. The analysis conducted leads to the conclusion that the implemented solutions constitute the right reform direction, which still requires further clarification.

Forced displacement and the health workforce crisis: Venezuelan healthcare workers in Peru.

The migration of health workforces tends to be economically based benefiting high-income countries, while draining lower-income countries of workers and skills However, national instability or civil conflict may also have the effect of forcing out health workers. However, few articles focus on the experiences of these types of migrants. Peru has become the second largest Latin American destination for Venezuelan forced displaced migrants, a number of which are health workers. While the exact numbers of these workers is unknown, it is estimated that 4000 and 3000 doctors and about 2500 nurses and health technicians from Venezuela reside in Peru. These workers find entry into the heath system difficult due to bureaucratic and costly registration and qualification validation procedures. However, during Covid-19 these conditions were relaxed, and a large number of these heath workers entered the heath workforce. These workers were primarily doctors and worked in urban medical facilities, though there was some distribution across the country's departments. This avenue to the health workforce allowed the mobilisation of dormant health skills and lifted workforce density numbers. Nonetheless, it is too early to see if there have been sustainable improvements, and it remains uncertain how these policies have contributed to the country's UHC goals. Peru's experiences raise the issue of how to mobilise dormant displaced health worker migrants.

Mass migration governance and openness toward refugees: Comparing Germany and Turkey

AbstractThis study seeks answers to the question: ‘Under what conditions do communities with migration experience in refugee‐receiving states become more open toward accepting more refugees and why?’. The research seeks answers to this question by examining the attitudes of individuals (N = 37) from Turkey who have been living in Germany for at least a year and who have sufficient familiarity with the characteristics of governance of mass migration in both countries. The findings suggest that the respondents are more pessimistic about the consequences of Turkey accepting more refugees in the future, while they are optimistic about the outcomes of the arrival of more refugees in Germany. This study posits that receiving communities' perceptions about the host state's regulatory and institutional capacity in managing mass migration and integration of refugees shape their attitudes toward the possibility of the influx of more refugees over time. The findings indicate that efficient mass migration governance in a receiving state is identified through four characteristics: (i) admission of educated refugees, (ii) proper refugee registration procedures, (iii) systematic integration processes, and (iv) effective monitoring and law enforcement mechanisms. The study concludes that local communities view public authorities as the key actors in managing the consequences of mass migration and establishing and sustaining good mass migration governance at the receiving state level is likely to facilitate positive attitudes towards accepting more refugees.

РЕГИСТРАЦИЯ ВОЗДУШНЫХ СУДОВ: ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩАЯ

The development of civil aviation and the operation of any type of aircraft require their mandatory registration, because without this their operation is not allowed. Aircraft registration is a fundamentally important aspect that determines economic freedom and at the same time the level of safety of air transport management. The article provides an analysis of current conditions and procedures for registration of aircraft in various countries and focuses on critical factors and changes in this area at the present stage. The prerequisites and main problems in the field of organizing registration procedures in economic way are determined, in particular, the possibility of circumventing existing tax systems, losses of airlines associated with illegal actions of other states, as well as the continued existence of such companies in the current conditions. The ways to solve them are proposed, including continuing to improve the current tax system and budget financing of air enterprises, creating conditions for flights without financial and technical risks, through the formation of a secondary market for aircraft registered in the Russian Federation. The improvement of registration procedures is a component factor of a new stage in the development of civil aviation.

Переход из одного вида судопроизводства в другой после возбуждения производства по делу

The author has conducted a detailed analysis of the mechanism of transition from one type of legal proceedings to another after the initiation of proceedings in the court of first instance; the problems of its legal regulation are outlined. The author uses official statistical data to track the effectiveness of the institute of changing the order of consideration of civil and administrative cases. With the help of rich empirical material the problems arising in solving the issue of transformation of procedural order are revealed. General and special methods of scientific research (historical, comparative-legal, method of dialectical cognition, formal-logical method of interpretation of law and method of system analysis) formed the methodological basis of this study. The author has identified the shortcomings of normative-legal regulation of this institute, suggested ways to improve the procedural legislation. The author analyses the procedure of procedural registration of the change of the type of legal proceedings after the initiation of proceedings in the court of first instance. The conclusion is made about the necessity for the court to issue an independent judicial act in the form of a motivated court ruling; the impossibility of its appeal. The question of availability of grounds for transferring the case on jurisdiction to another court has been studied in detail. The author took the position that the transfer of the case to the court of jurisdiction does not contradict the principle of invariability of jurisdiction. It has been established that after the transition the replacement of a judge should not be made arbitrarily, but in accordance with the principles of formation of the composition of the court established in part 3 of article 14 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the RF, part 1 of article 28 of the CAS of the RF, and be fixed by a procedural act. In turn, the absence of the necessary procedural registration of the replacement of judges in the form of a separate definition should be an unconditional ground for the cancellation of a court decision as issued in an illegal composition of the court. The issue of the consequences of procedural actions that were performed before the transition to the implementation of legal proceedings under the rules of another procedural code has been studied separately. Based on the goals and objectives of justice, the grounds for the introduction of the institute of transition from one type of legal proceedings to another, it is proposed to go the way of preserving the legal significance of all procedural actions that were committed before the definition of transition.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The legal principles of the implementation of tourist activities in Ukraine are revealed; normative legal acts regarding the legal regulation of tourist activities in the conditions of digitalization of Ukraine were analyzed; the main normative acts regulating the activities of business entities in digital format are highlighted. The legal scope of procedures for state registration of business entities in electronic form and their electronic identification is considered. The issue of regulatory regulation of the processes of digital interaction of representatives of the tourism business with public authorities in terms of obtaining administrative services is analyzed. One of the directions of digitization is characterized – the creation of a platform of registers, the basic registers and others are disclosed. In accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, the following are included in the list of data sets subject to publication: License Register of Tour Operators, Register of Certificates Establishing Hotel Categories, Unified Tourist Register (EUTR). The Procedure for conducting the ETR was analyzed, the normative definition of the register was disclosed, the categories of users of this state electronic information system were listed, where the object is information about subjects of tourist activity and objects of tourist infrastructure. Legislation on information protection and its processing and regulations regulating information interaction in the digital format of the ETR with public electronic registers and other state electronic information resources are highlighted. In Ukraine, there are legal acts for the development of tourism activities in the conditions of the formation of the digital economy. The strengthening of the digital infrastructure of the domestic industry of tourism will be the implementation of the ETR in 2025. However, the specifics of the digitalization of tourism activities should be reflected in industry regulations, including law of Ukraine «About tourism». In addition, the presence of a significant number of regulations on the regulation of digital relations requires the unification of regulations into a single document on digitalization issues – the Digital Code, which will regulate socio-economic relations in the digital economy.

Peculiarities of implementing the administrative procedure for registration of residence in dormitories of educational institutions

Peculiarities of implementing the administrative procedure for registration of residence in dormitories of educational institutions

Dimensional inspection of spur and helical gear teeth manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition

Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) allows the fabrication of complex shapes onto non-planar surfaces. This manuscript presents a 3D-scanning strategy for the dimensional inspection of LMD-manufactured gear teeth onto cylindrical substrates. The standard registration (alignment) methods are ineffective in the context of LMD because they minimize the global distance between the reference model and the 3D-scanning point cloud. This global minimization wrongfully biases the alignment. In response to this limitation, this manuscript discusses a registration procedure that avoids global distance minimization by sequentially aligning the datums (gear root cylinder and planar faces) of both datasets. This datum-alignment procedure fixes 5 out of 6 Degrees of Freedom (DOF). The final DOF is determined by finding the optimal rotation angle that minimizes the distance between the gear teeth of both datasets. The strategy is validated with actual LMD-manufactured spur and helical gear teeth onto cylindrical substrates. This strategy would also save time during the grinding process.

Investments for sustainable development of regions of the Kyrgyz Republic in a green economy

In this article, we will look at the economic landscape of Kyrgyzstan, the potential benefits and risks of investing in the regions of the country, as well as some strategies for successfully investing in Kyrgyzstan for sustainable development. The main sectors of the country's economy are analyzed regionally, including agriculture, tourism, gold mining and other resources, taking into account the principles of green economy development. Government measures aimed at attracting foreign investment, such as tax breaks and simplification of business registration procedures, are also considered. Thus, attracting foreign investment in sustainable regional development will fundamentally increase the economic effect as a result of the joint use of individual elements of the system. As a result, the presence of economic and political stability of the country, reduction of external debt and attracted green investments will give expected changes in the future, which may affect the investment climate. Therefore, the article will be a valuable source of information for those who are planning to invest in the economy of Kyrgyzstan. Since the regions represent a promising market for investors who are ready to invest their funds in the development of the country’s economy.

Theoretical basis of the development of business activities in the trade sphere of Ukraine

Complex external conditions of functioning cause increased attention to the study of theoretical foundations and practical prospects for the development of business activities of enterprises in the field of trade in Ukraine. The development of entrepreneurial activity in the field of trade should be based on a thorough understanding of the theoretical basis of the implementation of entrepreneurial activity in the field of trade and its features in Ukraine. Entrepreneurial activity is a guarantee of the further development of the country's economy, the creation of jobs and the general improvement of the population's standard of living. The article defines the main legal bases of business management. The essence, principles, subjects, objects and functions of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine are considered. The classification of types of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine is presented, which takes into account possible types of entrepreneurial activity and provides their characteristics for the needs of modern entrepreneurs. Traced approaches to distinguishing retail and wholesale trade. The main characteristics and functions of retail and wholesale trade are defined. Problems in the regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the sphere of trade in Ukraine are highlighted, the main ones being: insufficient support from local authorities; unfavorable conditions of bank lending, high interest on loans, complicated registration procedure; complex procedure for issuing and obtaining permits and licenses; complex reporting procedure; the presence of administrative barriers; the presence of large enterprises that create prerequisites for the development of monopolies. Prospective directions of business regulation in the sphere of trade in Ukraine are summarized. The main problems faced by trade enterprises during military operations on the territory of Ukraine have been determined, the main ones being: the reduction of the domestic market and the deterioration of consumer demand; increased risks to logistics chains and supply; reduced investment and increased economic uncertainty. The prospects for the development of the theory of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine are summarized.

The Compliance Issues with Regard to the Registration Procedure of Satellite Constellations

Large constellations, especially at low-Earth orbit, have become a popular solution for global telecommunication. With the proliferation of prospective constellations, more and more satellites will be launched and deployed in the future, which challenges the regulatory framework from several aspects. In the last decades, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has established a regulatory framework of space radiocommunication systems for the purpose of securing rights and protection from technical harmful interference of subsequent networks. The well-known steps in the Radio Regulations include the advance publication of information, coordination, notification, and recording of frequency assignments in the Master International Frequency Register. The network registration procedure ran well with the conventional geostationary-satellite orbit (GSO) and non-GSO satellites until the emergence of large constellations. The scope of this paper is to introduce the current approach for ITU to regulate the registration of large constellations and point out the underlying issues. Three issues come from unclear provisions. The first one is whether a non-GSO network can be kept active with fewer satellites on orbit after bringing into use and the milestone requirement. The second issue is whether a non-GSO satellite can be used for bringing into use of different networks. The third issue is whether there should be an error tolerance for the notified orbital parameters in practice. Possible solutions such as postmilestone procedure and tolerance of orbital parameters are discussed. The chance for both ITU and Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) to explore the potential was also analyzed to implement mutual reference for constellation registration. Furthermore, if the collaboration of the 2 regimes going deep, it could also explore to build up a one-to-one mapping database to figure out the relationship between Master International Frequency Register fillings with actual deployment of large constellations in space.