Southern Regions Of Russia Research Articles

Results of growing parsley using aquaponics method

The article presents the results of experiments on the use of the aquaponics method. Aquatic animals release products toxic to them themselves: nitrogenous, phosphorus, potassium compounds, carbon dioxide. The accumulation of these substances in water is the main problem as in closed industrial aquaculture. The same substances are absolutely necessary in hydroponics and they are added to water to obtain nutrient solutions for plants. Given that environmentally friendly products are increasingly popular and demand for them is constantly growing, there are prospects for introducing this innovation in the southern regions of Russia. Due to an increase in parsley yields in the aquaponic plant by 7.3%, an additional profit was received 4.8 rubles from 1 square meters.

ПРОГНОЗ ЭФЕКТИВНОСТИ КОМПЛЕКСА МЕЛИОРАТИВНЫХ МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ В ДЕЛЬТЕ РЕКИ КУБАНЬ

Analysis of the current state and prospects for the implementation of the program of complex melioration in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory is one of the main tasks in the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Kuban. The article pays special attention to the decisive importance of the agro-industrial complex of the region in supporting and ensuring food security of the country on the example of the Krasnodar Territory, since the southern region is of great importance in the formation and development of the agro-industrial complex of the country. In accordance with the program documents, the Krasnodar Territory is a key element in the creation of the “main food base of the country” on the territory of the Southern Federal District on the basis of the formation of a national mega-cluster of the agro-industrial complex. Also in the article, special attention is paid to the problematic aspects and difficulties in the practice of creating and operating a reclamation complex in the regions of southern Russia. Taking into account the accumulated experience, the key components of the complex land reclamation of the Krasnodar Territory are outlined, providing for the improvement of the physical and physicochemical properties of soils through the use of modern irrigation technologies, the introduction of new methods for removing excess water during the growing season and the expansion of the use of progressive methods of anti-erosion land reclamation. Forecasting the effectiveness of the use of complex land reclamation in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory should show its feasibility and necessity. Through the implementation of comprehensive measures, it is possible to achieve a reduction in soil degradation, increase the efficiency of drainage systems, as well as irrigation in general, and ultimately obtain a positive economic effect. An example of such an economic approach to the agricultural lands of the Kuban is the improvement of the general organic-chemical state of soils, which is mainly reflected in an increase in the gross yield of agricultural crops.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОПУСТЫНИВАНИЕ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ЮГА РОССИИ

The article deals with one of the most urgent environmental problems of the southern regions of Russia - land desertification. The regions have a high level of degradation of agricultural land, the territories suffer from drought and lack of forests. Desertification and land degradation is a serious issue affecting the Astrakhan Region and the Republic of Kalmykia. This is facilitated by wind erosion, salinity of soils, natural fires. The purpose of the work is to study the current state of soil resources of the arid ecosystem of the South of Russia, to analyze the problem of desertification and pasture digression in the dry-steppe regions of Russia, to determine the impact of various factors on desertification of the Southern Federal District. Conclusions. The ways of solving the issue and options for countering the further advance of the desert are presented.

Current state of innovative development of Russian wine

The article provides a retrospective study of the development of the innovative state of the country’s wine industry. The negative moments of the past and prospects for further development are indicated. The main southern regions of Russia, which are famous for the cultivation of grapes and the production of wine, are considered. A comparative assessment of the wine-making industry of the southern regions of Russia with neighboring regions is carried out. The characteristics of the largest wine-making enterprises of the Republic of Crimea, Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region are given. The dynamics of wine production in the Republic of Crimea for the period 2013-2019 is given. The analysis of the results of the impact of scientific and technological progress, namely: the work of innovation centers aimed at training qualified personnel, winemakers, which will help improve the results of the economic activities of winemaking enterprises. Examples of such work in European countries are given.

Positive and negative aspects of the vision of the police professionby teenagers in the southern regions of Russia

Positive and negative aspects of the vision of the police professionby teenagers in the southern regions of Russia

Climatic adaptation as priority of sustainable development of the agrifood system in the southern regions of Russia

The article presents current and prospective estimates of the climatic changes parameters and their contradictory impact on the productivity of the agrifood system in the country’s southern regions. In the period up to 2030-2050, against the background of an increase in heat supply and duration of crop season, a mixed arid-humid type of moistening will have been predicted with an increase in aridization towards an increase in the frequency of droughts, including soil ones, as well as increased harmfulness of certain types of agricultural pests and pathogens. A new climate-adapted paradigm of sustainable development of the agrifood system in the South of Russia, based on Climate-Smart Agriculture, is proposed. The priority measures of climatic adaptation of the agrifood system in the South of Russia are grounded in connection with the growth of the spacing of winter crops, heat-loving, fruit and berry crops, vineyards; water-saving and moisture-retaining technologies; phytosanitary measures for the prevention and control of climate-dependent pests; agrotechnical methods of increasing the adaptive potential of crops to climate change; climate-adaptive schemes for the use of pastures; engineering of highly productive and climate-resistant agrophytocenoses and agroecosystems. Measures to stimulate climatic adaptation of the agrifood system in the South of the Russian Federation should involve the development and inclusion in the sectoral State Program of the Russian Federation of the Adaptation of Agriculture of the Constituent Entities of the South of the Russian Federation to Climate Change pilot section with an annual competition of regional agro-climatic projects based on budget COFUND; financing farms for the implementation of climate-adapted and related agricultural activities, climate insurance.

Experimental studies of the air conditioning system efficiency in the cab of “TORUM 785” combine harvester

The article presents the results of field tests and experimental studies of the efficiency of the climatic air conditioning system (ACS) in the cab of a combine harvester “TORUM 785”. The studies were carried out according to the Russian methods recommended for use in field tests of tractors and self-propelled vehicles intended for agricultural work in the southern regions of Russia. In the course of the research, a sufficiently high efficiency of the climatic SCR of the cabin of the “TORUM 785” combine harvester was shown under various operating conditions. It is shown that the created climatic SCRs are not inferior to foreign models developed by such companies as John Deere, Claas and New Holland.

The Adventures of a Jesuit in Russia: how the Soviet Government Fought with Father Edmund Walsh (1922—1923)

The unprecedented famine that swept the southern regions of Russia in 1921—1922 forced the Soviet government to turn to the Western powers for help. The work of foreign aid missions in Russia contributed to the improvement of the economic situation in the country and became one of the factors that led to the beginning of its exit from isolation and the establishment of international contacts. However, the attitude of the Soviet authorities to the aid missions was far from unambiguous. The Soviet authorities could hardly put up with the presence of representatives of Western powers on the territory of Russia. The work of the missions was hindered in every possible way, their employees were suspected of espionage and counter-revolutionary activities. To the greatest extent, this concerned the Papal Famine Relief Mission, which worked in the country for two years, from August 1922 to September 1924. The presence of its members, who belonged to four Catholic orders (Jesuits, Salesians, Verbites, and Claretians), was especially undesirable in the years when religious persecutions were unfolding in the country and the first major trials of the Orthodox and Catholic clergy took place. The head of the Mission, the American Jesuit Fr. Edmund Walsh caused particular anger of the Soviet authorities because he reported unfavourable information to the Vatican and tried to intervene at the time of the greatest pressure on the Catholic clergy. The article describes the incidents that have become the most characteristic and indicative of the attitude of the Soviet authorities to Walsh. The article uses materials from the archives of the Catholic Church (the Archive of the 2nd section of the Vatican State Secretariat, the Historical Archive of the Society of Jesus, the Central Archive of the Salesian Order), as well as the Archive of Georgetown University (USA) and several Russian archives (the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of the Russian Federation).

Implementation of the agricultural university educational programs during a pandemic: participants’ opinions

The article presents the results of a study of the opinions of students and teachers of the southern region of Russia about the learning process in higher education programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. We carried out a comparative analysis of the quality of the implementation of educational programs in the assessments of participants in the process during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-May 2020) and its peak values (November-December 2020). The positive and negative consequences of transferring training to a distance learning format are formulated. Among the positive consequences are: the availability of training from anywhere; more flexible training, focused on the educational needs of students; new formats of social student life; more accessible communication with teachers. We analyzed the experience of the educational community presented in publications during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data obtained provide an understanding of the importance of the development and implementation of new organizational and methodological approaches for the effective response of higher education to external global challenges of our time.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОДОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ РЕЖИМОВ ГЭС ПРИ СИМБИОЗЕ С ГЕЛИОУСТАНОВКАМИ

The results of the analysis of the problems associated with the development of the world solar energy are presented. It is noted that at the present stage of the electric power industry, the potential of renewable energy sources (RES) is still poorly realized. The specific issues of water-energy modes of operation of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), operating in symbiosis with solar photovoltaic installations (SPEU) have been identified, the schedule of which should be the same. It is shown that the operation of hydroelectric power plants and SPEU in the joint electric load schedule makes it possible to obtain a constructive and economic effect due to the fuel saving of power plants of various types, including thermal ones. The maximum capacity of the HPP-SPEU power complex is optimized by the installed capacity of the HPP while observing the full duplication of the SPEU capacity by other power plants of the energy system. It is shown on the example of the Lagdo hydroelectric complex in the northern Cameroon that under the conditions of developing countries with a large solar and hydraulic potential (Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Uganda, etc.), as well as for the southern regions of Russia, SPEU can produce up to 75% of the annual electricity generation during the low-water period of the year at its joint work in the energy complex with the hydroelectric power plant. This makes it possible to facilitate the redistribution of the river fl ow during the entire low-water period without attracting additional useful storage capacity of the reservoir. The developed methodology for optimizing the water-energy regulation regime can also be applied during the operation of the HPP of the HPP-SPEU energy complex along the watercourse, i.e. with daily flow regulation.

Фасциолез в субъектах Северного Кавказа как вероятная биологическая, эпидемиологическая и эпизоотическая угроза населению и животноводству

When analyzing statistical materials from 32 polyclinics in 15 cities of the North Caucasus (Grozny, Gudermes, Argun, Magas, Nazran, Vladikavkaz, Beslan, Ardon, Karachaevsk, Cherkessk , Nalchik, Nartkala, Baksan, Prokhladny and Mayskiy) in 18,0 thousand samples of feces, the indices of occurrence per 100 thousand of population and abundance of F. gigantica eggs were 0, which indicates an epidemic the well-being of the region in relation to zoonosis, thanks to the program organization of health education of the population. At the same time, for fascioliasis (Fasciola gigantica) of sheep, cattle and buffaloes, all 5 Republics of the North Caucasus belong to the disadvantaged regions of southern Russia with a critical risk index for the biosafety of livestock industries in all climatic zones of the subject due to the weak and half implementation of antiepizootic measures. In 5 Republics of the North Caucasus in 2011–2019. The indices of the incidence and abundance of fascioliasis in sheep, cattle and buffaloes increased by 2–3 times, which indicates the threat of invasion to the efficiency of livestock subsectors in the region. Our data indicate a high level of sanitary contamination of the soils of near-village pastures in the plain and foothill zones of all subjects of the North Caucasus with invasive elements of the causative agent of giant fascioliasis and their absence in the soils of distant pastures. In 100% of soil samples from rural pastures in the plain and foothill zone, invasive eggs of Fasciola gigantica were identified, which, according to forecasts, may lead to the spread of parthenitis among intermediate hosts, followed by the spread of invasion among the population of 5 regions, such as the Chechen and Ingush Republics, RNOAlania, Kabardino-Balkarian and Karachay-Cherkess Republics.

Bioengineering systems for protection and improvement of urbanized areas of coastal and recreational zones

The problems of protection and environmental management of disturbed and urbanized areas of coastal and recreational zones are urgent for the southern regions of Russia. Exogenous natural processes, intensively developing in the basins of small rivers of mountain zones, pose dangerous situations for populated areas and tourist centers. The applied methods of controlling exogenous processes require ecologization and adaptation to the natural environment. Engineering systems are required to solve the complex problem of reliable protection of urbanized and recreational areas and restoration of disturbed land areas. Bioengineering systems, interconnected structures, which effectively perform engineering and biological functions of protecting territories and restoring disturbed lands have to be developed. For scientific substantiation of proposed bioengineering systems, theoretical and experimental research methods were used, as well as scientific and technical achievements in the fight against exogenous natural processes. The main study results are new constructive and technological solutions for environmental bioengineering systems in disturbed areas of coastal and recreational zones. In compliance with the regulatory requirements for environmental technologies, protective and regulatory structures and slope fastenings have been developed, forming bioengineering systems. Theoretical foundations and recommendations for the design and construction of bioengineering systems for river bed regulation, protection and restoration of disturbed lands in protected areas have been developed. For further studies, scientific, technical and technological foundations for the development of bioengineering protective systems from the proposed structures have been developed. In the future, technical conditions and projects of standard structures of protective and regulatory structures will be developed.

ПРОБЛЕМА АВТОНОМИЗАЦИИ В 1920-Е ГГ. И РОЛЬ ЮЖНОРОССИЙСКОЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНТЕЛЛИГЕНЦИИ В ЕЁ РЕШЕНИИ

The article studies the problems of the autonomy of the national regions of the south of Russia, examines various regional projects and, based on the actual material, identifies the features of solving this issue, as well as the interaction of central and local authorities. Special attention is paid to the role of the intelligentsia in the formation of national statehood. The aim of the work is to consider various approaches, primarily of the intelligentsia, to autonomy through comparative analysis in the national regions of the southern Russian region. While writing the paper the authors carried out historio-graphical and source analysis on the stated problem, and used various documents of legislative and executive authorities. The methodological basis was a comprehensive approach to the study of the problems of autonomy in the national regions of southern Russia. In particular, the historical-narrative method was used to reconstruct the historical past. To identify various projects on self-determination, the comparative-historical method and the method of retrospective analysis were used. The study made it possible to conclude that the problem of self-determination of peoples was closely related to the formation of the new state, and, accordingly, it was needed to preserve the integrity of the country. In national regions, the intelligentsia offered various options in its solution. But the comparative analysis demonstrates that national territories remained part of Russia and became part of the new Soviet state. The Southern Russian intelligentsia, which played a leading role in the process of autonomy, eventually became the regional political elite.

Program-modular approach to the coordination of interests of participants of regional water markets (the case of southern regions of Russia)

Relevance. The efficiency of water management is determined by the quality of managerial decision-making. These decisions should ensure the balance of interests of all the actors in regional water markets. At present, in Russia, however, the balance of interests is considered only in macro-level strategies, which leads to the inefficiency of water distribution in regions. The study of the issues of rational distribution of water resources and their use in various industries and spheres of activity is, therefore, particularly relevant. Research objective. This article aims to propose methodology for maintaining the optimal balance between the interests of economic actors in regional water markets. Data and methods. This article proposes a program-modular approach to building a more efficient water management system. It is shown how the proposed methodology based on the incremental model of management can be used for balancing the interests of economic agents (suppliers and consumers of water resources). Results. It is proved that the plurality and divergence of interests of economic agents makes it difficult to manage them and thus precludes social and economic development of territories. The structural-functional analysis of the incremental model reveals various types of connections between the water-retaining capacity of gross regional product and indexes of industrial production for regions of the South Federal District. Conclusions. The prospects of development of water management in regions are associated with ensuring the balance of interests of the water market’s participants. The program-modular approach proposed by the authors combines the administrative and resource potential of regional water management and aligns the goals on the regional level with the more general goals of hydropower modernization. The novelty of our research is that it relies on the incremental model, which, unlike other models of management, leads to an incremental achievement of the desired through certain iterations.

Quantification of some ornamental plant species carbon dioxide absorption for various moisture conditions

The study of carbon dioxide gas exchange of leaves of Prunus laurocerasus L., Laurus nobilis L. and Viburnum tinus L. under various environmental conditions was carried out. The greatest resistance to drought and the ability to absorb CO2 under hydrothermal stress was found in Viburnum tinus plants. It was determined that the inhibition of the processes of CO2 absorption with increasing water scarcity begins in the studied species with a decrease in soil moisture to 35% field capacity. Under conditions of soil drought, the amount of CO2 absorbed by Prunus laurocerasus leaves is reduced by 10 times, Laurus nobilis – by 7 times, Viburnum tinus – by 2 times. The positive carbon dioxide gas exchange of Prunus laurocerasus, Laurus nobilis and Viburnum tinus in the hot dry period, when the amount of CO2 absorption exceeds its release during respiration by 1–5.1, 1.5–3.7 and 1.1–6.2 times, respectively, indicates a significant potential these species for optimizing the urban ecosystems of the southern regions of Russia. The developed predictive models allow us to perform a quantitative assessment of the ability of plants to absorb carbon dioxide under various environmental conditions.

Socio-ecological practices of constructing a comfortable and safe urban environment

The article presents the socio-ecological practices of constructing a comfortable and safe urban environment on the example of the southern region of Russia and current trends in the scientific discussion affecting this topic. We considered expert assessments of the quality of training graduates of gardening and landscape construction programs based on the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard. We presented the role of agrarian education in the promotion of environmentally friendly technologies in the preparation of graduates of gardening and landscape construction. Attention is paid to the modern skills of designing the urban environment based on the practice of involving the local community in this process and promoting transdisciplinary methods of researching the needs of the population. We proposed the areas of improving the process of training students under the program of garden and park and landscape construction, capable of contributing to the achievement of the strategic national goal of developing a comfortable and safe environment for the life of Russians.

Foreign cultivars of apple tree under the Crimean conditions

The article presents the results of a study of economically valuable traits of apple cultivars of foreign selection in the Crimea. The study of yield, resistance to fungal diseases, commercial qualities, chemical composition and taste of fruits was carried out. It has been established that 16 cultivars have large fruits, 10 cultivars are distinguished by high tasting grade, and 14 cultivars have an attractive appearance. These samples are of interest as a starting material for breeding work. Cultivars Champion and Prima are promising for inclusion in the breeding process to improve the chemical composition of fruits. Cultivars Askold and Prima are distinguished by increased productivity. Askold cultivar is distinguished by productivity, taste of fruits, and resistance to pathogens and is recommended for production testing in the Crimea and various regions of southern Russia.

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH AND FRUITING OF INTERSPECIFIC FORMS OF THE GENUS MALUS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN REGION OF RUSSIA

The results of a long-term assessment of the characteristics of growth, development and fruiting of 30 grades and forms of apple trees of domestic and foreign selection in the southern region of Russia are presented. The purpose of the research is to identify the most valuable traits in terms of a complex of traits for further use in the breeding process on the basis of studying the biological characteristics of the growth and fruiting of interspecific forms of the genus Malus in the southern region of Russia. Used generally accepted and modern, developed with the participation of employees of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding programs and methods. To group the interspecific forms of the genus Malus according to the size of the fruit, a gradation was used according to the UPOV method. Based on the results of many years of research (2014–2020), lowgrowing apple genotypes were identified: Fairy, Krasno-polosatoe, Gertrude, Nikita, etc. with a tree height of 1.9–2.5 m. It was found that the variation in the grades ranged from 0.50 to 4.15 m 2 ; in the group of grades with tree growth vigor below average, the most significant variation was noted — from 1.33 to 4.15 m 2 . Genotypes with a small crown volume: Krasno-polosatoe, Fairy, Spartak, X1–48–49, form 68–69, 29–4–182, Ketny (from 0.24 to 0.72 m 3 ) were identified in the group of low-growing grades. A significant variation in the weight of the fruit in the studied genotypes of the apple tree was revealed — from extremely small ones: Spartak (average fruit weight — 8.4 g, maximum — 11.9 g) and Florking (average weight — 9.6 g, maximum — 12.4 g) to below average — Raspberry Chinese (average fruit weight — 70.5 g, maximum — 88.7 g). The following grades are distinguished: Ketny, Fairy, Rozovi zakat, Krasno-polosatoe and apple-tree shapes: 68–69, X1–48–49, 29–4–182, combining moderate tree growth, small crown volume (0.24–0.97 m 3 ) and high rates of crown productivity UPK (specific crown productivity) — from 5.41 to 13.52 kg/m2; UPOK (specific productivity of crown volume) — from 8.09 to 25.29 kg/m 3 ), promising in breeding for a complex of significant traits.

Estimation of the efficiency of involvement of renewable energy sources in the energy balance of the south region of Russia

The article contains a study on the feasibility of using renewable energy sources, in particular wind energy, for energy supply to consumers in the southern region of Russia. The paper presents the results of an economic assessment of the efficiency of construction of a wind farm with an installed capacity of 300 MW, as well as a comparison of two options for financing the project. Conclusions and recommendations are formulated to stimulate and support renewable energy sources in the southern region of Russia.

Промышленные ядра экономического каркаса инноватизации регионов Юга России

The imperatives of the spatial development of industry within regions of the South of Russia which have critical demand for innovations formed under the influence of external and internal factors, make necessary the search for new mechanisms that would create regional frameworks for innovation. Thus, taking into account the priority of the industrial sector in the innovative development of the region, the need to identify the borders of the frame of balanced innovation in this area confirms the relevance of the study. This article aims to discover the state and efficiency of using innovative potential of commercial actors that characterize the industrial landscape of the regions of the South of Russia as well as those that form frame matrices. The theoretical and methodological basis of this research is formed on the joint use of the system-synergetic, resource-efficient, process-targeted and endogenous approaches, as well as the combination of theories of industrial development, growth poles, balance and economic framework. In contrast to existing studies, the issue of making the industrial sector of the region innovative is analyzed from the point of view of the formation of an economic framework, the cores of which i.e. the nodes of business activity are the industrial drivers of the central territories, functioning in the cooperation with small and medium-sized innovatively active enterprises of the periphery. In order to achieve a balanced support of the framework for industrial innovation, the implementation of interregional projects, focusing on the creation of innovative clusters, is suggested. The structure of such clusters consists of industrial enterprises, which operate (or are ready for such a work) according to the import substitution model. The research concludes that the forms and scales of influence on the elements of measures in the economic framework that support innovative transformations in industry in certain regions of Southern Russia are determined not only by the state of the resource potential, but also by the specificity of certain territorial determinants, due to which these tasks should be directly connected to the goals of the social and economic development of the area under analysis.