Dagestan Region Research Articles

Soil Giant Phage: Genome and Biological Characteristics of Sinorhizobium Jumbo Phage.

This paper presents the first in-depth research on the biological and genomic properties of lytic rhizobiophage AP-J-162 isolated from the soils of the mountainous region of Dagestan (North Caucasus), which belongs to the centers of origin of cultivated plants, according to Vavilov N.I. The rhizobiophage host strains are nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Sinorhizobium spp., symbionts of leguminous forage grasses. The phage particles have a myovirus virion structure. The genome of rhizobiophage AP-J-162 is double-stranded DNA of 471.5 kb in length; 711 ORFs are annotated and 41 types of tRNAs are detected. The closest phylogenetic relative of phage AP-J-162 is Agrobacterium phage Atu-ph07, but no rhizobiophages are known. The replicative machinery, capsid, and baseplate proteins of phage AP-J-162 are structurally similar to those of Escherichia phage T4, but there is no similarity between their tail protein subunits. Amino acid sequence analysis shows that 339 of the ORFs encode hypothetical or functionally relevant products, while the remaining 304 ORFs are unique. Additionally, 153 ORFs are similar to those of Atu_ph07, with one-third of the ORFs encoding different enzymes. The biological properties and genomic characteristics of phage AP-J-162 distinguish it as a unique model for exploring phage-microbe interactions with nitrogen-fixing symbiotic microorganisms.

Молодежная миграция в Горном Дагестане как индикатор устойчивого развития территории

Introduction. Identification of the specifics of the course of youth migration in the most problematic mountainous regions of Dagestan. Methods. Comparative geographical, statistical, descriptive-analytical, cartographic research methods were used in the course of the study. Results and discussion. The number of young people in Dagestan has been declining in recent years, which indicates an increase in unfavorable trends in demographic development. The share of young people in the migration loss of the population of Dagestan is more than 42%. The most significant indicators of youth decline are observed in the southern regions with a predominance of Lezgins, Rutulians, Tsakhurs, as well as the Lak and Akushinsky districts, dominated by Lak. This trend is somewhat weaker in the areas of predominant residence of Avars. Magaramkent (more than 12%), Derbent, Akushinsky, Akhtyn (more than 9%) districts are leading in terms of the rate of reduction of the number of young population. The migration decline of young people is typical for all mountain settlements, but the intensity of this process varies by region, one of the provoking factors is inaccessibility. According to the direction of migration flows of young people, interregional outflow prevails (especially in the Rutul and Tabasaran districts). In a significant part of mountain municipalities, the importance of intra-regional youth migrations is high (Agulsky, Dakhdaevsky, Dokuzparinsky districts are in the lead), while the urban area receives a small replenishment. A very insignificant positive balance can be traced in international migration (the Lak and Magaramkent districts are distinguished). Conclusions. The mountainous territories of Dagestan are losing young people, which is one of the most important factors provoking a decrease in the sustainability of socio-economic development. The unfavorable geographical position of settlements and the peculiarities of the ethnic composition of the population are among the determinants that increase the outflow of young people from mountainous areas. The dominance of interregional youth decline in inter-regional flows is traced. Less significant intraregional flows are directed to the plains and coastal more dynamically developing territories.

Improving Transportation and Traffic Safety with Digital Infrastructure and Telematic Systems for Mountain Vehicle Operations

Digital transformation strategies have been developed and approved in the federal constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The strategy of digital transformation of the Republic of Dagestan has comprised transport among main areas.The strategy of digital transformation in the field of transport involves introduction of navigation systems on public transport, ensuring the comfort of passenger travel, including ease of payment, and reduced waiting time.Research has shown that in recent years the number of road traffic accidents in the mountainous regions of Dagestan and their severity has increased. This is due to an increase in the number of cars operated on the road network of the Republic, especially by motor tourists, a decrease in driver discipline, and the low level of development of telematics systems and digital infrastructure on mountain roads.In this work, the authors have proposed organisational, technical and engineering measures for development of digital infrastructure for the mountainous road conditions of the Republic of Dagestan, which include the creation of a Situation Centre in the Traffic Control Centre (TCC) with introduction of an automated transport mobility management system, systems for monitoring meteorological and road conditions, installation of dynamic information boards, updating of navigation maps and enhancement of the functions of voice messages.The implementation of the proposed measures will improve transportation and road traffic safety when transporting passengers in the mountainous areas of Dagestan and reduce the number of road traffic accidents.

Чужеродные моллюски в прибрежной части дагестанского района Каспийского моря

The species Corbicula fluminea and C. fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774), alien to the ecosystems of the Russian sector of the Middle Caspian, penetrated into the estuaries, forming new ecotones. Mollusks of the genus Corbicula are included in one hundred of the most actively spreading universes around the world. In 2018-2022, live individuals of the bivalve mollusk C. fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) were found in the waters of the northern part of the Agrakhan Bay, in the area of the Chased Gate, Kubyakinsky Bank, Kuznechonok. For the first time, finds of C. fluminalis and C. fluminea specimens of different ages were recorded in the Prisulak canal and the Yuzbash-Sulak reservoir. There is an expansion of the habitat of corbicules in the study area. Possible ways of invasion are assumed: introduction of corbicule larvae into the Caspian Sea basin with ballast waters of ships plying through the Volga-Don Canal; introduction of Asian fish species into the inland waters of Dagestan; transfer by waterfowl. High adaptive abilities and different breeding strategies of Corbicula mollusks increase the possibility of successful naturalization in estuarine and freshwater ecosystems of the Dagestan region of the Caspian Sea, as well as in desalinated areas near the mouths of the rivers of the Northern Caspian and the northern part of the Middle Caspian.

THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE IN SKELETAL MUSCLES AND LIVER OF THE MARSH FROG (PELOPHYLAX RIDIBUNDUS) DEPEND ON ITS ECOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

The marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) has a widespread distribution range, which is due to a variety of adaptations that contribute to the development of tolerance to a wide range of physicochemical environmental factors. Of particular interest are the adaptations of these animals to different levels of oxygen in mid- and high-altitude conditions. In this work, a comparative analysis of the kinetic parameters of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver of marsh frogs living in the mountainous and lowland regions of Dagestan was carried out. Animals caught in their habitats were decapitated, the liver and calf muscles were isolated, and they were placed in liquid nitrogen. In the laboratory, the selected tissues were homogenized and mitochondria-free cytosol was obtained by differential centrifugation, in which LDH activity was determined. It was found that LDH activity is significantly higher in the tissues of frogs from mountainous regions: by 42.4% in the muscles and 2.38 times in the liver (p 0.05). The high efficiency of catalysis is ensured due to significant changes in the catalytic parameters of the enzyme: an increase in Vmax (50.9% in muscles and 70% in the liver (p 0.05)) and a decrease in Km. (45.9% in muscles and 69% in liver, (p 0.05)). A more pronounced difference, compared to muscles, between LDH activity in the liver of foothill and lowland populations of frogs suggests that the sensitivity of liver LDH to changes in oxygen tension is higher. The vector of a number of other kinetic parameters of LDH (Ki, Sopt, Δ) in the liver of animals from mountainous landscapes is absolutely opposite to that of skeletal muscles. High activity and modifications of the catalytic properties of LDH in the tissues of marsh frogs living in mid-mountain areas may play an important role in the adaptation of these animals to conditions of oxygen deficiency.

A Temperate Sinorhizobium Phage, AP-16-3, Closely Related to Phage 16-3: Mosaic Genome and Prophage Analysis.

Soil Sinorhizobium phage AP-16-3, a strain phylogenetically close to Rhizobium phage 16-3, was isolated in a mountainous region of Dagestan, belonging to the origin of cultivated plants in the Caucasus, according to Vavilov N.I. The genome of phage AP-16-3 is 61 kbp in size and contains 62 ORFs, of which 42 ORFs have homologues in the genome of Rhizobium phage 16-3, which was studied in the 1960s-1980s. A search for Rhizobium phage 16-3-related sequences was performed in the genomes of modern strains of root nodule bacteria belonging to different species, genera, and families. A total of 43 prophages of interest were identified out of 437 prophages found in the genomes of 42 strains, of which 31 belonged to Sinorhizobium meliloti species. However, almost all of the mentioned prophages contained single ORFs, and only two prophages contained 51 and 39 ORFs homologous to phages related to 16-3. These prophages were detected in S. meliloti NV1.1.1 and Rh. leguminosarum OyaliB strains belonging to different genera; however, the similarity level of these two prophages did not exceed 14.7%. Analysis of the orphan genes in these prophages showed that they encoded predominantly virion structural elements, but also enzymes and an extensive group of hypothetical proteins belonging to the L, S, and E regions of viral genes of phage 16-3. The data obtained indicate that temperate phages related to 16-3 had high infectivity against nodule bacteria and participated in intragenomic recombination events involving other phages, and in horizontal gene transfer between rhizobia of different genera. According to the data obtained, it is assumed that the repetitive lysogenic cycle of temperate bacteriophages promotes the dissolution of the phage genetic material in the host bacterial genome, and radical updating of phage and host bacterial genomes takes place.

Invasions of New Morphotypes of Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) to the Basin of the Dagestan Region of the Caspian Sea

Invasions of New Morphotypes of Corbicula fluminalis and Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae) to the Basin of the Dagestan Region of the Caspian Sea

Traditional Methods of Leather Processing among the Peoples of Dagestan (19th – Early 20th Centuries): Technological Features and Main Centers of Industry

Целью обзора является анализ технологического процесса обработки кожи в Дагестане в XIX – начале ХХ вв., автором использованы труды по этнографии народов Дагестана. Рассмотрены технологические этапы обработки кожи, получение из нее сафьяна, описаны инструменты для снятия мездры и мягчения кожи, способы получения цветовой гаммы для окрашивания кожевенных изделий, определены центры по производству и сбыту кожевенной продукции. Анализ показал, что традиционная технология выделки кожи предусматривала несколько этапов обработки сырья: засаливание, просушивание, проветривание, очищение от жира, промывание, замачивание в растворе, расчистка от мездры, мягчение, отбеливание, окрашивание. Для обезжиривания и отбеливания использовали муку, соль, птичий помет, известь, сыворотку, квасцы, уксус. При окрашивании употреблялись железный купорос, кора и корни деревьев, произраставших в данной местности. The aim of the review is to analyze the technological process of leather processing in Dagestan in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The author sought to identify the technological stages of processing and dyeing leather, to characterize the features of the technology common among various peoples of the region, to identify the main centers for the production and sale of leather products in Dagestan and beyond. As part of the review, for the first time, the author generalizes the available scattered information about the leather industry of Dagestan and presents a fairly complete picture of the development of leather production in the region. The review is based on research works on the material culture of the Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Nogais, as well as historical and ethnographic works on the traditional heritage of other peoples of Dagestan. The methodological and theoretical basis of the work was a functional approach, supplemented by historical-genetic and comparative-historical methods and various techniques used in the scientific reconstruction of intangible heritage. The technological stages of leather processing and obtaining morocco from it are considered, tools for removing the skin and softening the skin, methods for obtaining colors (from black to red) for dyeing leather products are described, centers for the production and marketing of leather products are identified. The analysis showed that the traditional technology of leather dressing included several stages of raw material processing: salting, drying, airing, degreasing, washing, soaking in a solution, skinning, softening, bleaching, and dyeing. Flour, salt, bird droppings, lime, whey, alum, and vinegar were used for degreasing and bleaching. When staining, iron vitriol, bark and roots of trees growing in the area were used. The technology of leather dressing among the various ethnic groups of Dagestan did not have any striking features; however, the specific methods and means used for this were diverse. The recognized centers of the leather business were the Gunib and Avar regions of Dagestan. The author established that the leather craft became widespread in the mountains due to lack of land, redundancy of workers, availability of raw materials, isolation and remoteness from large shopping centers where imported leather products could be purchased. The author concludes that Dagestan craftsmen achieved the high quality of the leather produced due to the subtleties of the technological process and the use of natural components at various technological stages, which made the product competitive in the regional and all-Russian markets.

Политическая элита Северного Кавказа в годы революции и гражданской войны: планы и реализация политический концепций

The article handles the problems associated with modern Russian historiography devoted to the Revolution and the Civil War on the territory of the Terek and Dagestan regions in 1917-1921. Some argue the post-Soviet period provided Russian historians with a unique opportunity to ex-plore previously little-studied topics related to administrative-territorial and national-state chang-es in the Terek-Dagestan region, with the history of the Cossacks and their participation in the an-ti-Bolshevik movement on the Terek. Historians also pay close attention to the study of issues re-lated to the activities of the mountain liberal social movement, the influence of Islamists on revo-lutionary events in the region. It is concluded that the Russian historiography of the revolutionary period in the North Caucasus is experiencing a flourishing period; this topic attracts the attention of not only North Caucasian historians but also researchers from St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yekate-rinburg.

INVASIONS OF NEW MORPHOTYPES OF <i>CORBICULA FLUMINALIS </i>AND <i>CORBICULA FLUMINEA</i> (BIVALVIA: CORBICULIDAE) TO THE BASIN OF THE DAGESTAN REGION OF THE CASPIAN SEA

The article reports the discovery of populations of Corbicula mollusks in the south of the European part of Russia (N 43°, E 47°). Representatives of the genus Corbicula are included in the 100 most actively spreading invasive species. The aim of the study was to identify species and morphotypes in the Caspian Sea basin. For the first time on the territory of the Russian coast of the Caspian Sea at the mouth of the Sulak River in November 2019, 2 live specimens of the new morphotype B/Rlc Corbicula fluminea (Eastern corbicula, Asian Clam) (O.F. Müller, 1774) were found. In November 2021, 26 live individuals of the A/R C. fluminea morphotype were found in the Yuzbash-Sulak reservoir; 13 individuals of the A/R morphotype and 90 specimens of the C/S Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) morphotype in the Prisulak canal were found. A study of the morphometric parameters of the shells showed that the corbicules found belonged to different morphotypes, with well-distinguishable conchiological signs. The data obtained expand the understanding of the morphological variability of corbicules. A study of the species and size-age composition of populations was carried out. It was revealed that C. fluminea and C . fluminalis discovered on the Dagestan coast were new species and morphotypes of corbicules for the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea. The studied samples were dominated by mollusks of size and age groups corresponding to the age from 1.5 to 3 years, which indicated a recent settlement into a new reservoir for them. The populations of C. fluminalis studied from 2017 to 2021 were dominated by mollusks aged 5-6 years, which indicated an earlier introduction of this species. High physiological tolerance combined with different breeding strategies of the representatives of the genus Corbicula give grounds to assume a high probability of their successful naturalization in estuarine and freshwater ecosystems of the Dagestan region of the Caspian Sea.

О гнездовании степного орла в Дагестане

О гнездовании степного орла в Дагестане

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ СОРТОВ АМАРАНТА В ТЕРСКО-КУМСКОЙ ПОДПРОВИНЦИИ РД ПРИ РАЗНЫХ СПОСОБАХ ПОСЕВА

Field studies were conducted in the conditions of the Western Caspian region of Dagestan in the period from 2022 to 2023. The aim is to identify the adaptive potential of amaranth varieties (Kizlyar, Iriston, Ruby, Dobrynya) with different methods of sowing. It was found that in the conditions under consideration, the Iriston and Dobrynya varieties provided the greatest productivity. So, on average, according to the variants of the experiment, the indicators of the area of their sowing were noted in the range of 52.7 – 52.2 thousand m2/ha. The minimum indicator (50.4 thousand m2/ha) was observed in the Kizlyar variety, which is 4.6 and 3.6% lower than the data of the previous varieties. On the crops of the Ruby variety, the leaf surface was 51.1 thousand m2/ha, which is 1.4% higher than the standard (Kizlyar), and 3.1 – 2.2% lower than these varieties Iriston and Dobrynya. Analysis of the formation of the leaf area by amaranth varieties showed that the minimum average was obtained in the third variant (0.70 m) – 50.4 thousand m2/ha. When sowing with a width of 0.45 m, the maximum indicator was recorded – 53.0 thousand m2 / ha. The exceedances in comparison with the data of the first (0.15 m) and the third (0.70 m) were noted in the range of 3.1 and 5.2%. Similar dynamics were recorded for the accumulation of dry matter and the net productivity of photosynthesis (NPF). Sufficiently high yield data in the range of 33.7-32.9 t / ha were observed on plots with varieties Iriston and Dobrynya, and the minimum - in the variety Kizlyarets. Of the sowing methods, preference should be given to the wide-row (0.45 m), where the average yield is noted at 33.5 t / ha. Low productivity (30.4 t/ha) was obtained on a variant with a width of 0.70 m

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ ПОДХОД В ПАЛЕОРЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯХ ХАЗАРСКИХ ТРАНСГРЕССИЙ КАСПИЯ

Along with the malacofaunistic method, which is the main one for studying the paleo events of the Pleistocene, on which the system for diagnosing transgressions and their correlation on different coasts of the Caspian Sea is based, geomorphological and allometric methods were used in the work. Small rivers are very sensitive to small and short-term changes in sea level, which makes it possible to apply the geomorphological method for paleoreconstruction. An integrated approach makes it possible to diagnose a number of paleogeographic changes: fluctuations in sea level, passage of cold or warm currents, straits, changes in sea water temperature. According to the studied fossil complex, it is possible to obtain information about the parameters of the habitat of didacn, when comparing it with previous and subsequent ones, it is possible to judge the direction of paleogeographic events. The alternation of different complexes of bivalves, the use of morphometric characteristics of mollusk shells as an indicator of the ecological situation in the Quaternary period help to stratify the deposits in detail. The change in temperature and salinity of Paleocaspian waters is evidenced by the occurrence in Pleistocene sediments of representatives of didacnas of one of three groups (catillus, crassa, trigonoides). We have correlated the sections of the Khazar deposits of the Dagestan region.

Brucellosis: Trends in the Development of Situation in the World and Forecast for 2022 in the Russian Federation

An analysis of trends in the development of situation on brucellosis in the world over past decade and the data on the main risk factors for the occurrence of epidemiological complications regarding this infection in various regions of the world are provided in the paper. An expert assessment of the current epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis, the coverage of population and animals with immunization in the Russian Federation is given. Over 9 months of 2021, 210 potentially hazardous as regards brucellosis in cattle areas and 24 sites – as regards brucellosis in small ruminants – were registered in Russia. Compared to the same period in 2020, there was a decrease in the number of newly identified hazardous sites for bovine brucellosis by 35.8 % (117 areas). However, long-term upward trend in epizootiological adversity for bovine brucellosis in Russia persists. The epidemiological situation on brucellosis in the country for the period of 2012–2021 is characterized as unfavorable. Decrease in the number of newly detected human brucellosis cases (by 25.1 % of long-term average values) is observed against the background of persistent unfavorable epizootic conditions for brucellosis among epidemiologically significant species of small ruminants and cattle in regions with developed animal husbandry. In 2021, clusters of human cases were registered in the Republic of Dagestan and Penza Region. In the Republic of Dagestan, against the background of aggravation of epizootiological and epidemiological situation on brucellosis, there was also an alarming trend towards prevalence of a relatively high incidence among minors. The proportion of cases of brucellosis among children under the age of 17 in the Republic amounted to 60.3 % of the total number of minors with newly diagnosed brucellosis in Russia over the past 10 years. Taking into account current epizootic, epidemic situations and the long-term dynamics of the development of situation on brucellosis in the Russian Federation, the incidence of brucellosis among the population is predicted to be 10–15 % lower than the average long-term values – 0.18–0.20 per 100000 of the population – in 2022. The number of human cases of brucellosis can range from 250 to 300.

Ecological‐faunistic and zoogeographic characteristics of weevils of the tribe Baridini Schoencherr, 1836 of Dagestan

Aim . To carry out an ecological and faunistic review of weevils of the tribe Baridini Schoencherr, 1836 of Dagestan; study of the ecology and chorology of the most harmful species, the green rutabaga baride ( Aulacobaris coerulescens Scop.). Material and Methods . The work was based on observations and materials obtained in 1996‐2020 in various regions of Dagestan, using classical methods of field study of invertebrates. Collection materials and data from different authors for the period from 1872 to 2010 were also used. Stationary studies of the ecology of Aulacobaris coerulescens Scopoli, 1763 were conducted on the basis of agricultural cooperatives and peasant farms of Buynaksky, Levashinsky, Akushinsky and Gergebilsky districts of Dagestan. Results . Studies have shown that the fauna of the tribe Baridini in Dagestan is represented by 26 species from 8 genera. In zoogeographic terms, it is composed of 7 complexes with the main core being formed by steppe species. In the altitudinal range, the fauna of lowland Dagestan is the richest, where 20 species live. Trophic specialization is dominated by broad oligophages; the main food base is the Brassicaceae family. The most important agricultural species and dangerous pest of cabbage in Dagestan is the green rutabaga baride ( Aulacobaris coerulescens Scopoli, 1763). The features of its ecology and distribution were studied and a phenological table and a map of the range were compiled. Conclusion . The fauna of the Baridini tribe of Dagestan is rich and varied. It is represented by various zoogeographical and ecological complexes in all altitudinal zones of Dagestan. Phenological data and a distribution map of rutabaga baride can be used to optimize control measures and minimize impacts on ecosystems.

DAGESTAN REGION IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND POLITICAL CULTURE OF DAGESTANIANS

The article is devoted to the study of such a social phenomenon as the "political culture" of the Dagestanis during the existence of the Dagestan region. The use of systemic, historical-comparative, and historical-typological, anthropological methods contributes to a more adequate reflection of historical processes and phenomena, allows us to understand the mechanism of social changes.The phenomenon of political culture is due to its dual nature, on the one hand, it belongs to the sphere of politics, and its "life cycle" is tied to the period of existence of the political system, on the other, to the sphere of culture as a value-normative system that goes beyond its limits. The type of political culture is formed in the process of developing the socio-economic and general cultural context of each particular country. In this regard, we set ourselves the task of showing how the traditions and dynamics of the development of Dagestan society have reflected on the political culture of the Dagestanis, understood as a value-normative system, which includes basic beliefs, attitudes, orientations, symbols directed to the political system.The authors analyzed the historical and social experience underlying the political orientations and political behavior of ethnic communities united after the end of the Caucasian War within the framework of the Dagestan region of the Russian Empire. We came to the conclusion that if at the time of the creation of the region the political systems and political culture of the peoples of Dagestan were heterogeneous, and the differentiation was of a territorial nature, then by the time the autocracy fell, we can speak of a single socio-political community - the Dagestanis and the aggregation of political values ​​and attitudes took place no longer geographically, but ideologically. And the October Revolution led to the need to choose one of the alternatives.

Конхилиофауна хазарских комплексов дагестанского побережья Каспия

The study of the biocomplexes of the Khazar horizons of the Dagestan coast of the Caspian Sea and the identification of faunal criteria for recreating the habitat conditions of paleobassins, which allows for more reliable reconstructions of individual stages of the Late Eopleistocene. Biostratigraphic and morphometric research methods were used to study the Khazar sediments and the mollusks contained in them. Various didacn complexes allow us to stratify the sediments containing them in detail. Changes in the composition of fauna in the section of marine sediments are mainly associated with environmental conditions and the nature of sedimentation, which allows us to indirectly use the change of different facies complexes as a periodization of sediments. The biostratigraphy of the Caspian Late Eopleistocene is based on evolutionary changes and patterns of ecological change in the communities of mollusks of the genus Didacna Eichwald in space and time. The study of the conchylofauna of the Khazar horizons of the Dagestan region of the Caspian Sea showed that two groups of crassa and trigonoides mollusks are mainly represented in the complexes, and the leading and characteristic species are identified. The analysis of the distribution of the main groups of didacnas by section, the stability of their composition and intergroup differences indicates a high reliability of the division of the Caspian sediments on this basis.

Formation clusters of nature using in Agrarian regions of Dagestan: Theory and practice

The principles and methods of strategic analysis of processes of using natural resources of Dagestan are justified. The purpose of the study is determined by the tasks of forming territorial clusters capable of ensuring the growth of the competitiveness of the regional economy and the intensification of the mechanisms of public-private partnership. The term “cluster of natural resource management”, underlying the basis of the work, on content corresponds to the notion of a territorial cluster that is at the initial stages of its development. The formation of territorial clusters in rural areas of Dagestan is aimed, in particular, to overcome the dominant trend of monopolized for many decades, it means the indifferent in solving the problems of low level and quality of life of the rural population, resource use.

ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE EASTERN CAUCASUS (THE CASE OF DAGESTAN)

The article is devoted to the administrative policy of the Russian Empire in the Eastern Caucasus, namely in the Dagestan region in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th century. The issues of studying the relationship between the center and the regions of Russia on the basis of the historical past are becoming relevant today. They help to identify negative and positive aspects in the history of the relationship between the Russian state and the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus, allow an objective look at the past, learn lessons and experience at the present stage. The purpose of the research is to consider the process of Russia's administrative policy in Dagestan after the Caucasian War, to characterize the positive and negative aspects of the policy pursued. During the research, the methods of comparative historical analysis, synthesis and generalization have been used, as well as the problem-chronological method, the principle of objectivity and historicism, which has made it possible to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view. The active inclusion of the territories of the Eastern Caucasus into the Russian Empire dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when the first administrative systems of governance were created. In the 60-70s of 19th century they developed into a "military-people's" system of government. The introduction of various management systems, the transition from one to another show the ability of the tsarist administration to adapt to local conditions, which led to a compromise between the interests of the tsarist government and the management of the mountain peoples.

ФАУНА ИКСОДОВЫХ КЛЕЩЕЙ – ПЕРЕНОСЧИКОВ ПИРОПЛАЗМИДОЗОВ И ЗОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИХ ЭКОЛОГИИ

The North-Caucasian region, in terms of natural and climatic characteristics is the most favorable for the development of ixodid ticks - carriers of pathogens of blood-parasitic diseases of farm animals. In the conditions of various natural-geographical zones of Dagestan 22 species of ixodid ticks belonging to 8 genera and two families were identified on domestic animals. When ticks, parasitizing onwild animals are counted, their number increases to 32 species included in 9 genera, which is about 50% of all species, of tick fauna in our republic. Areas of ixodid activation and sites of animal infection coincide with the optimal landscape-geographical distribution zones with a high abundance and infection of the genus Hyalomma. Within the boundaries of the foci of ixodids, three typological belts are distinguished: - plain, foothill and mountainous regions of Dagestan, in which populations of the main carriers of pyroplasmidosis, H. scupense live (Schulze, 1918); I. ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758); B. annulatus (Say, 1821); H. p. plumbeum (Panz, 1795); H. a. anatolicum (Koch, 1944). The ixodid species begins to show activity at an average monthly temperature +10.5 ° C, an average monthly precipitation 47 mm, with a day length of 12 hours. The peak of parasitizing on hosts is observed at an average monthly air temperature +12.2 °C, an average monthly precipitation 60 mm, at the length of the day 14 hours. Autumn activation is recorded at an ambient temperature +15 °C, an average monthly precipitation 62 mm, with a day length 13 hours.