Regional Government Authorities Research Articles

The Existence of Subak in The Legal Politics of Development Program in Bali

This study aimed to analyze the legal policies of Bali regionaldevelopment planning in providing protection for the existence ofSubak sustainability in development. This study employed anormative legal research method with a statutory approach, andanalytical conceptual approach. The results indicated that theexistence of Subak has been recognized as a model of managementirrigation in Bali that has been inherited by ancestors, which isprotected by the 1945 Constitution. However, the direction ofregional development planning within the framework ofautonomy, places the agricultural sector as the preferredgovernment affair of the regional government authority. Hence, itcauses the agricultural sector does not become the leading sectorin development planning, and beside the priority of theagricultural budget from the portion of planning and regionaleconomic development, which is still below 2% (two percent).There are also a lack and difficulties in synergizing regionaldevelopment in agriculture with efforts to protect Subaks acrossdistricts/cities in the province of Bali.

How Suboptimal Consolidation of Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic Can Teach Us to Do Better.

How Suboptimal Consolidation of Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic Can Teach Us to Do Better.

LEGAL ANALYSIS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY BY REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS

In Article 74 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, it is stated that, Companies that carry out their business activities in the field and / or related to natural resources are required to carry out social and environmental responsibility, these obligations are budgeted and calculated as the company's costs. carried out with due regard to appropriateness and reasonableness and if the obligation is not carried out, then it will be subject to sanctions in accordance with the provisions of the prevailing laws and regulations. Referring to this provision, this authority is the authority of the central government. However, if we refer to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, it also has authority in the social and environmental fields. So that in this paper we will examine the extent of regional authority in terms of corporate social and environmental responsibility in the regions. The research method used is normative juridical legal research. The results of the study show that the authority of local governments regarding corporate social and environmental responsibility is not clearly stated in Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. However, based on the principle of regional autonomy, local governments can exercise powers that are not absolutely the authority of the central government. Therefore, in the future, the regional government authority has a strong legal basis so that the authority regarding corporate social and environmental responsibility is contained in statutory regulations. Keywords: Responsibility, Social, Company, Local Government. In Article 74 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, it is stated that, Companies that carry out their business activities in the field and / or related to natural resources are required to carry out social and environmental responsibility, these obligations are budgeted and calculated as the company's costs. carried out with due regard to appropriateness and reasonableness and if the obligation is not carried out, then it will be subject to sanctions in accordance with the provisions of the prevailing laws and regulations. Referring to this provision, this authority is the authority of the central government. However, if we refer to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, it also has authority in the social and environmental fields. So that in this paper we will examine the extent of regional authority in terms of corporate social and environmental responsibility in the regions. The research method used is normative juridical legal research. The results of the study show that the authority of local governments regarding corporate social and environmental responsibility is not clearly stated in Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. However, based on the principle of regional autonomy, local governments can exercise powers that are not absolutely the authority of the central government. Therefore, in the future, the regional government authority has a strong legal basis so that the authority regarding corporate social and environmental responsibility is contained in statutory regulations. Keywords: Responsibility, Social, Company, Local Government.

Perencanaan Strategis Sistem Informasi Menggunakan Metode Ward and Peppard (Studi Kasus: Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan)

The Timor Tengah Selatan Regency Tourism Office is one of the regional apparatus organizations that has the authority to implement the regional government's authority in the tourism sector. Information Technology Systems are factors that affect the sustainability of organization's activities. The Timor Tengah Selatan Regency Tourism Office still encounters obstacles in the application of information systems that do not support the entire business process and the lack of IS implementation makes performance inefficient. One of the contributing factors is that there are not enough human resources who have the skills in managing information systems and information technology properly. The purpose of this research is to develop a strategic planning of information systems in accordance with the needs of the organization. In the preparation of information systems strategic planning research using the Ward and Peppard approach with various analyzes such as SWOT analysis, Value Chain, and Mc. Farlan Strategic Grid. Based on the results of this study resulted in several recommendations to be carried out including the creation of Contract Making Administration System, and Mobile Tourism Information System and the development of Regency Tourism Website Timor Tengah Selatan regency, SIPD (Local Government Information System), and SIMDA (Regional Management Information System) GOODS.

KEDUDUKAN HUKUM HAK ULAYAT MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN OTONOMI DAERAH (STUDI DI KECAMATAN HARIAN KABUPATEN SAMOSIR)

The position of the customary rights of the customary law community in the Toba Batak community, namely the rights owned by a clan (State land), controlled, managed, utilized, the land and its contents for the needs of the citizens / descendants of the partnership as collective property that can be passed down from generation to generation (geneological) based on customary law. The UUPA recognizes the position of the ulayat rights of the customary law community in a formal juridical manner with discussion if in reality it still exists and does not conflict with the interests of the national, nation and state. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 18-B paragraph (2), Article 28-I paragraph (3) The State recognizes and respects the customary public and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive. The cultural identity of traditional community rights is respected in accordance with the times and civilizations. The position of the customary rights of the Batak Toba community (land marga) in this study is still not as expected, in regulating and protecting laws from the past to the present, regulation and protection are still based on local customary laws. In Law No. 23/2014/9/2015 concerning Regional Government grants the authority of rights and responsibilities to provincial, regency / city governments to regulate and manage their own regions, one of the areas of defense based on the widest possible regional autonomy. The authority, rights and responsibilities of regional governments in regulating and protecting, managing their own ulayat rights (clan land) in certain areas are also in line with Presidential Decree No. 34 regarding policies in the defense sector, one of which is stipulation and is also in line with the government regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 38 Year 20007 concerning the Division of Government Affairs between the government and the Provincial Government of the Regency / City Government as a government affair which becomes the authority of the regional government towards the position of the ulayat rights of the customary law community in certain areas. In this study, in the Daily District of Samosir Regency. The authority, rights and obligations of Regional Government through stipulation in the form of Regional regulations have not been implemented, especially regarding local clan lands (ulayat rights of indigenous peoples). Therefore, this problem needs to be researched to get a true picture of the status of customary community rights in relation to regional autonomy in the Daily District of Samosir Regency. The results of this study, in the Samosir Kewenagan Regency Daily sub-district, the rights and obligations of regional government, it turns out that Tanah Marga (Hak Ulayat) is still regulated by local customary law, in fact the local government has the authority, rights and obligations to regulate and protect Ulayat Rights (Tanah Marga). certain by stipulation in the form of regional regulations, with the aim of providing legal certainty and benefits for the customary law community. Based on the research, it shows that the Land of Marga / Ulayat Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Harian District, generally in Samosir Regency, both horizontally and vertically until this research was conducted, there has been no settlement of certain customary rights of customary communities, in other words conflict resolution is still stagnant. The government needs to immediately establish the customary rights of customary communities in the form of a law. To ensure legal certainty / benefit and justice for all certain Customary law communities. Because ulayat rights are basically still found and still live according to the civilization of the Batak Toba people in the Daily District of Samosir Regency, which does not conflict with the development and interests of the Nation and the State.

KEDUDUKAN HUKUM HAK ULAYAT MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN OTONOMI DAERAH (STUDI DI KECAMATAN HARIAN KABUPATEN SAMOSIR)

The position of the customary rights of the customary law community in the Toba Batak community, namely the rights owned by a clan (State land), controlled, managed, utilized, the land and its contents for the needs of the citizens / descendants of the partnership as collective property that can be passed down from generation to generation (geneological) based on customary law. The UUPA recognizes the position of the ulayat rights of the customary law community in a formal juridical manner with discussion if in reality it still exists and does not conflict with the interests of the national, nation and state. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 18-B paragraph (2), Article 28-I paragraph (3) The State recognizes and respects the customary public and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive. The cultural identity of traditional community rights is respected in accordance with the times and civilizations. The position of the customary rights of the Batak Toba community (land marga) in this study is still not as expected, in regulating and protecting laws from the past to the present, regulation and protection are still based on local customary laws. In Law No. 23/2014/9/2015 concerning Regional Government grants the authority of rights and responsibilities to provincial, regency / city governments to regulate and manage their own regions, one of the areas of defense based on the widest possible regional autonomy. The authority, rights and responsibilities of regional governments in regulating and protecting, managing their own ulayat rights (clan land) in certain areas are also in line with Presidential Decree No. 34 regarding policies in the defense sector, one of which is stipulation and is also in line with the government regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 38 Year 20007 concerning the Division of Government Affairs between the government and the Provincial Government of the Regency / City Government as a government affair which becomes the authority of the regional government towards the position of the ulayat rights of the customary law community in certain areas. In this study, in the Daily District of Samosir Regency. The authority, rights and obligations of Regional Government through stipulation in the form of Regional regulations have not been implemented, especially regarding local clan lands (ulayat rights of indigenous peoples). Therefore, this problem needs to be researched to get a true picture of the status of customary community rights in relation to regional autonomy in the Daily District of Samosir Regency. The results of this study, in the Samosir Kewenagan Regency Daily sub-district, the rights and obligations of regional government, it turns out that Tanah Marga (Hak Ulayat) is still regulated by local customary law, in fact the local government has the authority, rights and obligations to regulate and protect Ulayat Rights (Tanah Marga). certain by stipulation in the form of regional regulations, with the aim of providing legal certainty and benefits for the customary law community. Based on the research, it shows that the Land of Marga / Ulayat Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Harian District, generally in Samosir Regency, both horizontally and vertically until this research was conducted, there has been no settlement of certain customary rights of customary communities, in other words conflict resolution is still stagnant. The government needs to immediately establish the customary rights of customary communities in the form of a law. To ensure legal certainty / benefit and justice for all certain Customary law communities. Because ulayat rights are basically still found and still live according to the civilization of the Batak Toba people in the Daily District of Samosir Regency, which does not conflict with the development and interests of the Nation and the State.

Actor diversity (News Performance)

Field of application/theoretical foundation: Analyses of actor diversity are theoretically linked to news performance and the democratic media function of integration (Imhof, 2010). This construct is related to the normative assumption that news content should represent society as a whole and thus cover a large variety of societal groups (Boydstun et al., 2014). More recent studies also focus on the influence of algorithms on news diversity (Möller et al., 2018). Analyses are often carried out in three steps. First, all actors are (inductively or deductively) identified. Second, actors are coded according to predefined lists. Third, the level of diversity is determined using diversity indices (van Cuilenburg, 2007). Diversity indices are calculated at article level (internal diversity) or at the organizational level (external diversity) to compare diversity between news articles of a single outlet or between different news outlets. References/combination with other methods of data collection: Studies on actor diversity use both manual and automated content analysis to investigate the occurrence of actors and in texts. They use inductive or deductive approaches and/or a combination of both to identify actor categories and extend predefined lists of actors (van Hoof et al., 2014). Example studies: Masini et al. (2018); Humprecht & Esser (2018) Table 1. Summary of studies on actor diversity Author(s) Sample Unit of Analysis Values Reliability Masini et al. (2018) Content type: news about immigration Outlet/ country: 2 news outlets in four countries (BE, DE, IT, UK) Sampling period: January 2013 to April 2014 Sample size: N=2490) Unit of analysis: news article No. of actors coded: max. 10 quoted or paraphrased actors per article Level of analysis: article and news outlet level Diversity measure: Simpson’s diversity index National politics, international politics, public opinion and ordinary people, immigrants, civil society, public agencies/ organizations, judiciary/police/military, religion, business/corporate/finance, journalists/ media celebrities, traffickers/smugglers Krippendorff’s alpha average ?0.78 Humprecht & Esser (2018) Content type: Political routine-period news Outlet/ country: 48 online news outlets from six countries (CH, DE, FR, IT, UK, US) Sampling period: June – July 2012 Sample size: N= 1660 Unit of analysis: Political news items (make reference to a political actor, e.g. politician, party, institution in headline, sub?headline, in first paragraph or in an accompanying visual) News items are all journalistic articles mentioned on the front page (‘first layer’ of the website) that are linked to the actual story (on second layer of website) No. of actors coded: Max. 5 main actors (mentioned twice) per news item measured Level of analysis: news outlet level Diversity measure: relative entropy Executive (head of state and national government), legislative (national parliament and national parties), judicial (national courts and judges), national administration (prosecution, regional government authority, and police or army), foreign politicians (foreign heads of state and other foreign politicians), and international organizations (supranational and international organizations) Cohen’s kappa average ?0.76

Legal Power and Government Authority in the Implementation of Land Acquisition for Public Interest

This study aims to analyze the legal strength and authority of local governments in the implementation of land acquisition for the public interest based on statutory regulations, to explain the constraints and solutions for implementing land acquisition for the public interest in Banyumas Regency. The approach method in this research is juridical empirical. The research specification used is descriptive analytical. Sources of data used in this study consist of primary data and secondary data which can be distinguished into primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. Collecting data in this study using literature study and interviews. The data analysis technique used is that the analyzed data will be presented in the form of qualitative data analysis. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the regulation of regional government authority in terms of land acquisition for the public interest is based on the provisions of Article 47 Paragraph (1) Presidential Regulation Number 148 of 2015 concerning Implementation of Land Acquisition for Development for Public Interest, the Governor with the authority he has can conduct land for public use. The governor in this case can carry out his own authority in the preparation of land acquisition or delegate it to the Regent and in the implementation of the authority of the regional government in land acquisition for public interest in Banyumas Regency, it is in accordance with Act No 2 of 2012 concerning Land Acquisition for Development for Public Interest, namely from the planning stage, the preparation stage, and implementation.

Regional Government Authority in Determining Policies on the Master Plan of Tourism Development

This study intends to examine the authority of local governments to regulate regional policies on tourism development master plan. This paper examines the legal issues related to the basis of the authority from philosophical, sociological, and juridical aspects of the formation of policies regarding tourism development plans. This paper focuses on the target, scope, content, and direction of Regional Regulations concerning tourism development plans to establish legislation and prioritizing aspects of the tourism industry, marketing destinations, and culture of Bali Tourism. It is a legal research that uses statutory, philosophical, theoretical, and conceptual approaches. The research resulted that the basis of authority for delegation of formation arrangements is regulated in the Law concerning Tourism, Government Regulation, and Regional Government Law related to the Master Plan of National Tourism Development. The basis of regional government authority in setting these policies is the enactment of local regulations of Bali Province, Badung Regency, Jembrana Regency, and Denpasar City concerning regional tourism development master plan. However, the mandatory obligations for regional government in determining tourism development master plan have not immediately been taken effect by the other regency governments in Bali Province.

The Analysis of Organizational Capacity Factors in Government Division of Regional Secretariat as A Determinant of Government Performance at Batang Regency

As the leader of the implementation of governmental affairs which become the authority of regional government, based on the mandate of Law Number 23 Year 2014 on Regional Government, the Head of regional government is obliged to prepare Regional Government Administration Report (RGAR) which by the central government will be used as material for evaluation and guidance to implement the administration of regional government. Batang Regency is the only Regency which for the last respective three years (2016, 2017 and 2018) has been in the 5th rank (the lowest five) in Central Java. The results of this evaluation are used as material for the Ministry of Finance in determining the Regional Incentive Fund and for the Ministry of Home Affairs in approving additional income for state civil apparatus. However, Batang Regency has not yet optimized its reporting system and Evaluation of Regional Government Administration Performance. Due to this unoptimal evaluation results on the implementation of regional Government, organizational capacity and the evaluation of the Governmental Division at Batang Regency regional Secretariat as the division who conducted the report preparation activities became the focus of this research. Qualitative descriptive method was used to describe all the symptoms / conditions which exist during the research. Moreover, the analysis was carried out through data reduction, display data and conclusion drawing / verification. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the Organizational Capacity of the Government division of the Regional Secretariat of Batang Regency which involves some resources (human resources, infrastructure, technology and financial resources) and management (leadership, program and process management as well as cooperation and relationships among organizations) needs to be improved, such as conducting job analysis, increasing the quantity and quality of human resources, making more detail activities planning and budgeting as well as defending them during budget discussions, making Terms of Reference and improving effective communication skills.

Regulation of Recovery Region Around Mine Based on Law Number 3 of 2020 Concerning Amendments to Law Number 4 of 2009 Concerning Mineral and Coal Mining

Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, hereinafter referred to as the Minerba Law, is a new legal construct that replaces Law Number 11 of 1967 concerning Basic Provisions of Mining whose replacement is due to Law Number 11 of 1967 concerning Basic Mining Provisions does not explicitly state the prevention and restoration arrangements for the area around the mine. There is no explicit mention of prevention and recovery arrangements for the area around the mine, causing various impacts on communities around the mine and the environment. So that it makes the author interested in researching about "Regional Government Authorities related to Prevention and Recovery Regulations for Areas around Mining based on Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining". Keywords: area around the mine, prevention and recovery, mining and coal. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/104-06 Publication date: December 31 st 2020

SETTLEMENT OF REGION DISPUTES THROUGH THE CONSTITUTIONAL

Regional boundaries have an important meaning as the limits of regional government authority in carrying out regional government functions. Implies the emergence of conflicts between regions regarding the assertion of territorial boundaries because it is related to upholding the existence and sovereignty of each local government. In this research, the purpose of writing is not only to describe the conflict resolution process through the administrative process, but also relates to the settlement process through a review of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia by the Constitutional Court. The method used in this research is normative juridical. Through this research the writer can find research that is contrary to legal principles. Whereas Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 76 of 2012 is the correct regulation that is able to resolve conflicts in border areas. The administrative process regulated in Law Number 23 Year 2014 has not been able to resolve the problem of border area conflict even though the decision is a final decision but also has legal remedies as a review in court.

Penentuan Nilai Pemungutan Pajak Bea Perolehan Peralihan Tanah oleh Pemerintah dalam Penyelenggaraan Otonomi Daerah

One of the authorities possessed by the regional government is in terms of tax collection, one of which is the Land Title Acquisition Fees (BPHTB) carried out by the Regional Revenue Agency. The legal basis is Law Number 28 of 2009. The proceeds of the revenue which constitute state revenue are handed over to the regional government to finance development in the regions and realize regional autonomy. This study aims to identify and describe the basis for local government regulations to determine the value of an object of land rights as a tax object and to regulate the authority to collect BPHTB in relation to local regulations. Researchers used an empirical method, namely an approach with legal aspects from the results of research in the field through data collected through interviews and observations. The results of research which are based on BPHTB which are the final results of BPHTB are the results of the Acquisition of Tax Objects (NPOP). NPOP is stipulated in Article 87 of Law No.28 of 2009 concerning Regional Taxes and Regional Levies. Fees for acquisition of land rights that were not previously imposed in the case of transfer, with the issuance of Law Number 21 of 1997 which was later bound by Law Number 21 of 2000 which gave regional government authority to impose it.

OTORITAS PEMERINTAH DAERAH ATAS AGRARI TERHADAP...HAK...ULAYAT. .MASYARAKAT..HUKUM. ADAT.BERDASARKAN..OTONOMI DAERAH

Regional government authorities have been regulated since the inception of UU..No..22. 1999, in which. This legislation has been amended several times, namely: .UU5. No. 32. Year. 2004, Law no. 23 of 2014,. And Law, No. 9 of 2015 Regarding Regional Government, that is Regional Autonomy in the administration of government in the regions. As regulated in article 1 point 2, article 1 point 6, and article 12 paragraph (2) which in this case relates to the authority of the Regional Government regarding land. Article 3 and article 5 of the UUPA, have recognized the existence of customary rights of the customary law community, but the 2014 legislation has not been implemented. Regarding the recognition and protection of customary law, which is confirmed in article 1 point 1, article 1 point 2, and article 2, and article 3. The Regional Government will carry out the responsibility to place recognition and protection of the rights of customary communities throughout Indonesia, which still have the customary rights of the local customary law communities. However, the fact is that in the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, there are still many community rights of customary law communities that have not been recognized by the authority of the local government by making District or City Regulations.

Desentralisasi Asimetris Kewenangan Provinsi Kepulauan dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam untuk Mewujudkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

The research entitled Asymmetric Decentralization of the Authority of Archipelago Provinces in Natural Resources Management to Realize Community Welfare aims to (1) determine the meaning and urgency of implementing the concept of asymmetric decentralization in regulating the authority of archipelagic provinces; and (2) analyze how the authority of the archipelagic provinces in the management of natural resources can create public welfare. This research is a normative legal research (juridical normative) using approaches including: a statute approach, a conceptual approach, and a historical approach. This research uses the main theory "welfare law state theory" to analyze the achievement of the goal of legal development, namely the welfare of the community. In order to analyze the existing problems, several relevant concepts were also used, including: (1) the concept of asymmetric decentralization and regional autonomy; and (2) the concept of an archipelagic state and archipelagic province that is specifically focused on the formulation of the norms of regional government authority in provinces characterized by islands.Keywords: Asymmetric Decentralization, Islands, Natural Resources

Discretion and Decentralization: Framing Government Policy in Regional Innovation Policies

Discretion under normal circumstances it would be very useful in a wide range of government activity to fill the void the policy. Also, regulations give freedom to State officials to be able to act on their own initiative. However, as it turns out into practice, such legal issues are clearly very dangerous for local governments implementing innovative policies for regional progress. This research focuses on the analysis study of a discretion authority of regional government in making local government innovation policies. The research is a normative-legal research using a statute, case, and conceptual approaches; it is a reform-oriented research. The results show that the essence of discretionary power is free-power that no longer exercised by following the consideration of rules and regulations. Discretionary power holders in acting do not need to underlie the law strictly because it is an exception then discretionary power can only be used casually or contextually. Discretion reflects the idea of the constitutional State, then the action of discretion by State officials in the framework of innovative policy efforts is actually a moral manifestation of State’ responsibility. An ideal model of discretionary policy for innovation programs in local government can be said as a description of the basic system of implementing discretion for policies that are innovative, where the legal actions taken by local governments are based on an ideal principle. This model is not structural or hierarchical in nature, but a unified whole with each basic element having the same strengths and interests, so that all elements are bound together with strengths and positions, both from elements of the constitutional values and integrated collaboration. Keywords: Discretion; Decentralization; Innovation; Local Government; Legal Policy DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/97-05 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Synergy of Government and Regional Government Authority in Providing Health Guarantee for Communities in Indonesia

The main idea of the government was to form a special institution to handle social security for the community in 2004, which was through the Social Security System Act. With the provisions of this law, in 2011, the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 24 of 2011 concerning the Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) and implementing regulations. On another aspect, the social security system is certainly difficult to implement if the system is not integrated between the central government and regional governments. With an integrated system, a social security system in the health sector will be built, this is in line with Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, where one of the concurrent affairs in the health sector. The purpose of this research is to analyze the synergy of the authority of the government and regional governments in implementing social security in the health sector by using qualitative methods and normative juridical approaches.

The Social Work of the Society of Friends in the Seri Community of Desemboque (1948–1957)

The Social Work of the Society of Friends in the Seri Community of Desemboque (1948–1957)* Ana Luz Ramírez Zavala (bio) Introduction The present study examines the role played by the Society of Friends (Quakers) in the development of rural education in the Comcáac (Seri) indigenous community of Desemboque, Sonora, during the 1950s. It highlights the different levels at which state institutions operated and the multiple actors involved in the negotiation of government policies and programs. I argue that the influence of the religious association known as the Society of Friends compelled regional government authorities and other sectors of Sonoran society to address the major issues and struggles affecting the Comcáac in the post–World War II era. The Seri at the Dawn of the 20th Century Until the 20th century, the Seri were considered nomads for their seasonal mobility, following the life cycles of endemic flora and fauna of the desert and the sea.1 Their primary communities, Desemboque and Punta Chueca, are in the municipalities of Pitiquito and Hermosillo, respectively. In 1942, they settled in Desemboque on a more "permanent" basis after creating a fishing co-op to commercially exploit the fisheries in the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of California). However, while their settlement [End Page 543] in Desemboque temporarily alleviated the market competition they faced for fish, the arrival of mestizo (non-indigenous) fishermen in the region was an ongoing challenge. Government-built housing allowed them to settle in Desemboque. The services that local intermediaries and government agencies introduced into the area—including a cold storehouse, a water well, and a public school—also fostered their more permanent settlement. Nevertheless, the Seri continued to move within their territory, albeit in smaller groups and for shorter periods, based on marine resource exploitation.2 Click for larger view View full resolution The Seri ethnic group is currently estimated at near 754 native speakers of Cmiique Iitom (the Seri language) above three years of age. However, in the 1920s its total population was fewer than 200 inhabitants.3 Government agents and others thus began to develop various programs to reverse what appeared to be the ethnic group's extinction.4 In the 1920s, this indigenous community underwent several cultural changes as a result of diverse processes affecting the region, which included the political consolidation of the Mexican state as well as the global demand for marine products during both world wars. Economically, the fisheries in the Gulf of California thrived first by exploiting the totoaba [End Page 544] fish (1935) and, later, by producing shark oil, which, due to its richness in vitamin D, was in high demand during World War II. The Seri people thus began to compete for marine resources with the mestizo population of fishermen that increasingly arrived at the coastal fishing communities around the gulf.5 This economic scenario, however, pushed the Seris' integration into the broader regional economy. Fishing became more than a livelihood for them, and they also began to exchange goods which previously were not generally consumed—alcohol and marijuana use became more common during this time. Forced to increase their yield, the Seri also acquired new equipment and technology including outboard motors and fishing nets.6 The Seri fishing co-op received a special concession from the federal government to commercially exploit certain marine species. Government agents then began to regulate the fishing season, determining the appropriate fishing gear and even defining fishing sites for the co-op. The stated objective of such interventions was to equitably increase fishermen's income, ensure their employment, and facilitate federal financial credit for the acquisition of equipment and infrastructure.7 The co-op, founded in 1939 as Fishers of the Seri Tribe Cooperative Society Ltd. (Pescadores de la Tribu Seri S.C.L.) at Bahía de Kino, later moved its main office to Desemboque to avoid competition with other fisheries. The Seri cooperative society was mostly operated by indigenous people,8 though 10% of its members could be non-Seri. The administrative board was thus composed of 59 Seri and 5 mestizos holding member positions. Although the co-op allowed the Comcáac to improve...

THE AUTHORITY OF THE DISTRICT HEAD IN TO MANAGE REGIONAL OWNED ENTERPRISES

Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government divides Regional-Owned Enterprises into Regional Public Companies and Regional Companies. The Regional Government Law divides government affairs into three classifications, namely absolute government affairs, concurrent government affairs, and general government affairs. Furthermore, government authority is the right and obligation of the government in carrying out government actions or actions as regulated in Article 1 point 6 jo. Article 17 through Article 19 jo. Article 1 point 8 of the Government Administration Law. Regional government authority is the implementation of government affairs as regulated in Article 1 point 5 of the Regional Government Law, which states that government affairs are governmental powers which are the authority of the President whose implementation is carried out by state ministries and administrators of Regional Governments to protect, serve, empower and prosper the community, among others through the establishment of Regional owned enterprises. Regional-owned enterprises are established through regional regulations based on regional needs and business field feasibility. Regional needs are assessed through studies covering aspects of public services and community needs. Meanwhile, the feasibility of the business sector of Regional Owned Enterprises is studied through analysis of economic feasibility, market and marketing analysis, financial feasibility analysis, and analysis of other aspects. Analysis of other aspects contains aspects of laws and regulations, availability of technology, and availability of human resources.

Administration of Post-Reformation Decentralization Government

Decentralization is a policy for regions to maximize the functions of a regional government authority. Proportional and optimal power in mobilizing every resource in the area will make the region have independence in developing the part. The method used is a literature study; besides, the authors also use media such as newspapers, magazines, bulletins, and other sources relating to the discussion as reference material in reviewing the debate, analysis using descriptive-analytic methods. Decentralization implemented in the city of Makassar has made a very positive contribution to the people of Makassar, because, with devolution, the Makassar city government can plan its development independently for the sake of a sustainable city. The implementation of decentralization in the town of Makassar has implications for the progress of regional development; this can see in the physical event in the city and the level of economic growth