Regional Spatial Planning Research Articles

Implementing RIS3 (Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialization) to unlock Iran’s regional potential

Centralized and top-down policymaking, resource allocation, and infrastructure concentration have long shaped Iran's industrial landscape. Rooted in its historical governance model and resource-based economic structure, this approach has inadvertently marginalized regions with untapped potential. A regional approach to industrial development is essential to address the disparities among Iranian provinces. While Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialization (RIS3) has gained prominence for promoting specialization within regions and fostering inter-regional synergy, its adoption remains limited in large developing countries with diverse innovation portfolios. This article proposes a mathematical model for RIS3 that extends beyond high-tech industries to encompass medium – and low-tech sectors, acknowledging the full spectrum of innovation capabilities. The output of model's implementation for Iran’s provinces aligns relatively well with regional spatial planning documents, underscoring its reliability. The model's flexibility also allows adaptation to other contexts, making it a valuable tool for policymakers and practitioners seeking tailored strategies.

KAJIAN RENCANA TATA RUANG WILAYAH BERDASARKAN RISIKO BENCANA GEMPA BUMI DI KOTA JAYAPURA

A study has been conducted on the typology of earthquake disaster-prone areas in the city of Jayapura and the suitability of Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) for land use capacity in the city of Jayapura. The study onearthquake disaster-prone area typology aims to determine the distribution of stability levels of the area againstthe risk of earthquakes. This study employs a weighting matrix method for area stability based on the Minister ofPublic Works Regulation No. 21 of 2007 concerning Guidelines for Spatial Planning of Volcanic Eruption andEarthquake-Prone Areas (Department of Public Works, 2007). The research results indicate that the final score forthe city of Jayapura is between 30 - 45, which falls into all stability categories: stable and less stable. Thepercentage of area for each category is 97.81% for Stable Type A, 1.91% for Stable Type B, and 0.28% for LessStable Type C. The typology of earthquake disaster-prone areas in Jayapura based on stability scores falls intocategories A, B, and C. The study on the suitability of the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) for 2013-2033 with the land usecapacity in Jayapura was assessed by scoring data on land capacity and land use, followed by an overlay analysis.This resulted in a land capacity suitable for development of 57,039.39 hectares, or about 60.48% of the study area,while approximately 37,272.96 hectares, or around 39.52%, were deemed unsuitable.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Urban Gas Station Site Selection Under Territorial Spatial Planning Constraints

The traditional process for selecting urban gas station sites often emphasizes economic benefits and return on investment, frequently overlooking mandatory and guiding constraints established by territorial spatial planning regulations. This neglect can compromise the effective layout and future growth of cities, potentially affecting their long-term development. To address this issue, this study develops a systematic framework for urban gas station site selection that integrates both mandatory and guiding constraints. By conducting detailed analyses of feasible construction areas and fuel demand, the framework quantifies relevant indicators and establishes a comprehensive index system for site selection. A multi-objective optimization model employing genetic algorithms was utilized to maximize fuel demand coverage, minimize inter-station redundancy, and achieve optimal site coverage. This framework was applied to the central urban area of Lishui City, China, as a case study. The site selection schemes achieved a coverage rate exceeding 90%, an inter-station redundancy rate around 30%, and a demand coverage rate surpassing 90%, optimizing the key objectives. Compared to traditional methods that often ignore territorial spatial planning constraints, this framework effectively avoids conflicts with urban planning and regulatory requirements. It enhances infrastructure coordination, supports environmental sustainability, and exhibits strong adaptability to diverse urban contexts, thus offering valuable support for practical decision-making.

Responsibility of Land Deed Officials: Implications of Legal Convergence on the Harmonization and Integration of Collateral Law and Telematics Law

The dynamics of the convergence of telematics law within the national legal system, notably in the area of land, are represented by the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning's Regulation Number 5 of 2020, which also serves as the head of the National Land Agency. One of the effects of land digitization is the Ministerial Regulation, which has changed the mortgage rights registration process from a traditional system to an electronic or digital one. Despite being virtual, the digitalization of Mortgage Rights registration involves actual legal actions with clear legal ramifications. The Land Deed Official is directly involved in the electronic execution of Mortgage Rights, which is governed by the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency number 5 of 2020. The objective of this study is to investigate the consequences of the convergence of the Law on Mortgage Rights and the Telecommunication Law. This convergence results in the creation of digital-based Mortgage Rights via an integrated Electronic Mortgage Registration system, which is also known as the Electronic Mortgage System. The role and obligations of the Land Deed Official are also affected by this. This study employs a prescriptive, normative-juridical methodology. Based on the research findings, it is known that the conversion of the collateral registration system from a traditional system to a digital system is affected by the convergence of telematics legislation and the law of collateral guarantees. Because of the discord and breakdown of the Mortgage Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Regulations of the Land Deed Official, this also affects the status and legal obligations of the Land Deed Official, who fails to maintain the principle of justice..

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Territorial Spaces and Its Effect on Carbon Emissions in Qingdao City, China

Land use change has always been a significant factor affecting global carbon emissions. Dissecting the characteristics of territorial space evolution and its impact on carbon emissions is crucial for developing low-carbon-oriented territorial space optimization and governance strategies. This paper calculates the carbon emissions associated with territorial spaces in Qingdao from 2000 to 2020, utilizing land use data alongside various statistical data. Based on the accounting results, the evolution characteristics of territorial spaces and their corresponding carbon emissions, as well as the carbon transition dynamics resulting from space transfer, are analyzed. A carbon transition decomposition formula is then proposed to quantify the differential and spatially heterogeneous impacts of changes in space types and socio-economic development on emissions. The results indicate that: (1) the evolution of territorial spaces in Qingdao during 2000–2020 is characterized by an expansion of living space and a contraction of production and ecological spaces; (2) net carbon emissions rose from 313.98 × 104 tons to 1068.58 × 104 tons, with urban production space contributing the most (69.96% in 2020) due to its significantly high emission density. The spatial distribution of carbon emissions exhibited a stable “northwest–southeast” pattern, with increased dispersion and weakened directionality; (3) the transformation of territorial spaces promoted carbon emissions in Qingdao, with the conversion of urban production space to other uses yielding the most favorable carbon transitions, while the expropriation of agricultural production spaces for urban production and residents’ living has resulted in the most detrimental carbon transitions; (4) socio-economic development shapes the overarching pattern of regional emission density changes, whereas space transfers account for local variations. This paper also identifies priorities for spatial optimization and key sectors for emission reduction. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the carbon emission consequences of territorial space transformation in Qingdao, thereby providing valuable insights for regional spatial planning and optimization aimed at promoting low-carbon development.

Forgotten Ecological Corridors: A GIS Analysis of the Ditches and Hedges in the Roman Centuriation Northeast of Padua

Studying historical rural landscapes beyond their archaeological and cultural significance, as has typically been addressed in previous research, is important in the context of current environmental challenges. Some historical rural landscapes, such as Roman land divisions, have persisted for more than 2000 years and may still contribute to sustainability goals. To assess this topic, the hydraulic and vegetation network of the centuriation northeast of Padua were studied, emphasising their multiple benefits. Their length, distribution, and evolution over time (2008–2022) were vectorised and measured using available digital terrain models and orthophotographs in a geographic information system (GIS). The results revealed a significant decline in the length of water ditches and hedgerows across almost all examined areas, despite their preservation being highlighted in regional and local spatial planning documents. These findings indicate the need for a better understanding of the local dynamics driving such trends and highlight the importance of adopting a more tailored approach to their planning. This study discusses the GIS metrics utilised and, in this way, contributes to landscape monitoring and restoration actions. Finally, a multifunctional approach to the sustainable planning of this area is proposed here—one that integrates the cultural archaeological heritage in question with environmental preservation and contemporary climate adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Coastal vulnerability index for the indented coastline of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia

The study explores the general vulnerability of the coastline, with a focus on assessing vulnerability using the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) along the highly indented coastline of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County (PGC), Croatia. Vulnerability was assessed every 25 m of the 1235 km long coastline by calculating the CVI based on five representative variables: geological setting, coastal slope in relation to terrain instabilities (rockfalls and landslides), significant wave height, coastal flooding, and beaches, which were also integrated into a single overall CVI. The length of the coastline, characterised by different relief forms, and the scale of available data required an adaptation of the commonly used methodology. The results show a low overall vulnerability, mainly due to the prevalence of relatively resistant carbonate sedimentary rocks along the coasts. However, almost a quarter of the investigated coastline is highly or very highly vulnerable to coastal flooding. Of particular concern is the fact that many of the most vulnerable areas are inhabited. Analyses at this scale are suitable for regional spatial planning. The results of the conducted research are available publicly online, which enables their practical application for planning and management of coastal areas. Adaptation to the impacts of climate change is highly dependent on the location itself, but overall, this assessment provides indications of the most vulnerable locations in the PGC, where it is necessary to limit interventions in the coastal area.

PENGARUH PENERAPAN COURTYARD PADA KAFE KINERUKU TERHADAP KENYAMANAN PENGUNJUNG

Green Open Space (RTH) is an open area that allows plant growth both naturally and through deliberate planting. The existence of green open space is now an important thing to have in a public interior facility, one of which is the application of a courtyard. Therefore, it is necessary to increase public awareness and understanding regarding the importance of utilizing green open spaces, especially in public facilities. This research aims to investigate the effect of courtyard implementation on the comfort level of visitors at a cafe located in Bandung, Indonesia. This research will apply the use of descriptive qualitative methods with a phenomenological approach and spatial atmosphere theory. This research will use field observation techniques, physical documentation and interviews with visitors. The results of the research will show conclusions about the comfort of Kineruku cafe visitors regarding the implementation of courtyards in cafes. The results of this research are information regarding the comfort level and preferences of visitors regarding the application of courtyards in cafe interiors in the city of Bandung. It is hoped that this research can provide a valuable insight that align with the Bandung City Government's commitment to maintaining green open spaces (RTH), namely the Draft Regional Regulations on Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) for the City of Bandung 2022-2042.

Spatial Analysis of Regional Planning Related to Moratorium Right to Cultivate (Plantation) in Indonesia

Indonesia is a country that is blessed by Allah Swt with a very large expanse of space and territory and is located on the equator surrounded by the sea. This is a natural resource that is very rarely owned by other countries, where the sun shines every year with high humidity. These resources are controlled by the state and used as much as possible for the welfare of the community. One of the related natural resources is plants that can grow well in the area. Oil palm is a plant originating from West Africa that is very suitable for growing in the equatorial area. Currently, Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world. The greatest utilization of this blessing are for the welfare of the community and based on sustainable Regional Spatial Planning. On its implementation the Regional Spatial Planning has been divided according to its function and sustainability. This condition is contrary to the current government policy, where the government has implemented a moratorium policy on new business use rights for the Plantation sector. The regulation was Presidential Instruction (Inpres) Number 8 of 2018. The purpose of the Moratorium is to control the deforestation of Primary Forests and also improve the Governance of Oil Palm Plantations. In its implementation, there are indeed successes and weaknesses. Successes are mainly in holding back the rate of deforestation or forest encroachment. The weakness is that in terms of Regional Spatial Planning, there should still be many areas that can be used for developing plantation land, especially unproductive and non-forest areas. So that the ideals of improving the welfare of the community can be truly realized.

Analisis Dampak Perubahan Tata Guna Lahan terhadap Debit Limpasan di Kecamatan Selaparang dan Mataram

Selaparang and Mataram Districts are two of the six districts in the Mataram City area that experience changes in land use every year. This change can affect the absorption capacity of groundwater in the area to decrease so that if there is rain with a fairly high intensity, it can cause water to overflow to the surface and inundate the area. This study was conducted to determine the runoff discharge that occurred due to changes in land use that occurred in 2013, 2018, and 2023, and to compare the runoff discharge in 2023 with the runoff discharge based on the Regional Spatial Plan of Selaparang and Mataram Districts in 2011-2031. The initial stage in this study was to collect several secondary data such as rainfall data, land use based on the regional spatial plan, and others that can be obtained from related agencies. After that, the next stage is the delineation of the catchment area and land use analysis with the help of ArcGis and Google Earth software, as well as runoff discharge analysis. The results of the analysis show that the percentage increase in runoff discharge that occurred in Selaparang District in 2013-2018, 2018-2023, and 2013-2023 was 2.21%, 1.40%, and 3.64%, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage increase in runoff discharge in Mataram District in 2013-2018, 2018-2023, and 2013-2023 was 2.43%, 0.73%, and 3.18%, respectively. Based on this, it can be concluded that the reduction in green land area and the increase in built-up land area each year will cause an increase in the runoff coefficient value, so that the runoff discharge that occurs in Selaparang and Mataram Districts also increases every year.

POSSIBILITIES OF CREATING TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL COMPLEXES BASED ON THE LANDSCAPE CONDITIONS OF THE MOUNTAINOUS DISTRICTS OF THE ALMATY REGION, KAZAKHSTAN

The Almaty region, which is rich in natural landscapes, was established again in 2022. In this regard, the importance of regional spatial planning is taking on new forms. Considering the unique landscape potential, this project aims to create a framework for developing tourist and recreational complexes in the Uygur, Kegen, and Raiymbek regions. Creating a landscape diversity database to classify recreational resources; developing a typology for tourist and recreational complexes, considering the landscape's features and the tourism specializations. The research methods used in this study include field observations and landscape descriptions provided by the authors. A classification method has been developed to divide recreational resources into groups and sub-groups, determining their locations. The process of the developed typology is based on examples of specific types of tourist and recreational activities, as well as existing and potential tourist areas in the Almaty region and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The theoretical and methodological basis for the proposed classification and typology is based on the work of various authors and materials from the National Science Foundation of Kazakhstan. Issues of the possibilities of agricultural enterprises to provide tourists with local, natural food products have been analy zed. Based on these factors, recommendations were formulated for further developing promising tourist and recreational complexes in these areas. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Rapid evaluation of habitat connectivity change to safeguard multispecies persistence in human-transformed landscapes

Following the adoption of the Post-2020 Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) there is a clear science-policy need to protect habitat connectivity and track its change over time to safeguard biodiversity and inform conservation planning. In response to this need we describe an analytical, multi-indicator and multispecies approach for the rapid assessment of habitat connectivity at fine spatial grain and at the extent of an entire ecoregion. Out of 68 connectivity indicators we found through a literature review, we identified a key-set of six indicators that align with the Essential Biodiversity Variables framework and are suitable to guide rapid action for connectivity and conservation targets in the KM-GBF. Using these selected indicators, we mapped and evaluated connectivity change from 2011 to 2021 across the ecoregion of the St-Lawrence Lowlands in Quebec (~ 30,000 km2) for seven ecoprofile species representing regional forest habitat needs. For most of these species, trends over the last decade indicate a decline in effective connected area and metapopulation carrying capacity, via a division of large contiguous habitat into smaller fragments, whereas on average, habitat area slightly increased. These results highlight that temporal changes in habitat area and connectivity are not necessarily correlated and the urgent need to conserve and restore connectivity to meet targets under the KM-GBF. We provide an R-tool to support our general approach, which enables a comprehensive evaluation of connectivity for regional spatial planning for biodiversity in regions with moderate to high human disturbance.

An automatically recursive feature elimination method based on threshold decision in random forest classification

ABSTRACT The rich feature information contained in the diverse remote sensing data has also exhibited growing potential in the field of image classification. However, the processing of multi-feature data still grapples with the challenges posed by the “curse of dimensionality” and the high computational costs. This paper proposes a remote sensing feature parameter selection method. This method is based on the Gini index of a Random Forest (RF) classifier and employs a 10% threshold decision to identify the optimal combination of remote sensing feature parameters. First, spectral features, texture features, temperature features, elevation features, and principal component features are selected to create a stack of remote sensing images. Second, multiple sets of decision trees are established to cross-validate the contributions of various feature parameters. The feature rankings are determined based on the normalized mean of feature importance. Subsequently, a threshold isset to filter out remote sensing feature parameters that meet the criteria. Finally, an iterative parameter optimization process is carried out to obtain the optimal combination of remote sensing feature parameters. The Landsat 8 image covering Hangzhou Bay in eastern China and the Sentinel-2 remote sensing image of Yancheng Nature Reserve in Jiangsu, China were selected for experiments. The results show that the feature parameters of the remote sensing image screened by the method in this paper are representative, and the proposed method demonstrates strong adaptability and generalization performance in complex environments. The study has important guiding significance for regional spatial planning and sustainable development.

Management Strategy for Public Green Open Spaces in Medan City Using SWOT Analysis

Medan City, the third-largest city in Indonesia, faces significant challenges in managing its public green open spaces (RTH) due to high population density, rapid urbanization, and insufficient green space, which falls far short of the 30% mandated by law. This research assesses the management of public green spaces in Medan through a SWOT analysis, revealing internal strengths such as a Regional Spatial Plan and government commitment, alongside weaknesses like suboptimal management, lack of coordination between agencies, and inadequate regulations. External factors, including opportunities from NGO funding and potential land acquisition, contrast with threats like rapid population growth and misuse of green spaces. Through data collection methods, including focus group discussions, questionnaires, and interviews with key stakeholders, the research identified key areas for improvement in green space management. Strategic recommendations include strengthening policies, increasing public awareness, optimizing cross-sector collaboration, and promoting sustainable urban planning. Additionally, leveraging green spaces for economic growth through multifunctional uses can enhance their value to the community. This study concludes that public green open spaces in Medan City can contribute significantly to sustainable urban development and environmental balance if managed more effectively, with better coordination, stronger regulations, and resource allocation. The findings aim to provide valuable insights for urban planners and policy makers in achieving urban sustainability goals.

The Relationship Between Health Workers' Knowledge And Flood Emergency Response Preparedness

Data from the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) reveals that the most common type of disaster is flooding. Based on the 2010-2030 Regional Spatial Plan (RT/RW) document of Padang City, as stipulated in Perda No. 03 of 2019, Article 58 B, there are 10 sub-districts in Padang City that are classified as flood-prone. These sub-districts include Koto Tangah, Kuranji, Pauh, West Padang, East Padang, South Padang, Lubuk Begalung, Nanggalo, Lubuk Kilangan, and Bungus Teluk Kabung. In this context, the preparedness of health workers in facing disasters is very important. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the level of knowledge of health workers and their preparedness in facing floods at Puskesmas Pauh, Padang City. The study was conducted in March 2024 involving 74 respondents as samples. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a 95% confidence level. Based on the characteristics of the respondents, the majority were between 37 to 47 years old (42 people or 56.8%), had a DIII education (47 people or 63.5%), were female (67 people or 90.5%), and worked as midwifery health workers (38 people or 51.4%). Most of the respondents had good knowledge related to flood disaster preparedness (52.7%) and had a mature emergency response plan (89.2%). The results of this study indicate a significant relationship between the level of knowledge of health workers and flood emergency response preparedness at Puskesmas Pauh, Padang City, with a p-value of 0.006.

Prediction of Land Cover Changes in Evaluation of Regional Spatial Planning in the Keduang Sub-Watershed, Wonogiri Regency

River watersheds have an important function for water absorption for human life. The Pemudang sub-watershed is a national priority because its condition is increasingly critical due to land degradation. This research aims to carry out spatial modeling of land cover changes in 2031 in the Uangng Sub-watershed which will be compared with the 2011-2031 Regional Spatial Plan scenario. The method used uses the Cellular Automata-Markov Chain method. Based on predictions of land cover in 2031, agricultural areas dominate in the Uangng Sub-watershed covering an area of 14,783.4 ha (37.5%). Agricultural area according to the model in 2031 is estimated to increase by 97.5 ha. The difference between the 2031 model area and the region spatial plan is 5,168.9 ha, which means that the region spatial plan settlements are not expected to be able to accommodate future settlements. The forest area in the 2031 model is 12,351.6 ha, while in the region spatial plan it is 12,300.3 ha with an area difference of 51.2 ha. This shows that controlling the use of space in forests is not in accordance with the policies in the region spatial plan.

High-resolution carbon emission mapping and spatial-temporal analysis based on multi-source geographic data: A case study in Xi'an City, China

Cities, contributing over 70% of global emissions, are key areas for climate change mitigation. Heterogeneity within cities determines the need for spatialized urban emissions reduction policies. However, few studies have attempted to characterize the spatial distribution of carbon emissions at the urban scale. To address this issue, a novel mapping method was proposed, using Xi'an as an example to explore the spatial distribution of carbon emissions at the city scale. Firstly, multiple geospatial open-source data, such as point of interest (POI), road networks, and land use, were utilized to identify the locations of emission sources. High-resolution carbon emission distributions were then mapped by allocating emissions based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. The study employed Global Moran's I to analyze the changes in spatial heterogeneity at different resolutions. Additionally, the Local Indicators of Spatial Association index (LISA) and Standard Deviation Ellipses (SDE) were adopted to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon emissions in Xi'an. The results show that carbon emissions at Xi'an City rises from 45.112 million tons to 72.701 million tons between 2010 and 2021. The construction of multi-scale carbon emissions spatial distributions, with a resolution of up to 30 m, allowed for a more detailed characterization of carbon emissions, especially in urban fringe areas. In addition, the results indicate that urban carbon emissions exhibit the strongest spatial autocorrelation at a resolution of 350 m. The study can provide a reference for the development of regional carbon emission reduction policies and spatial planning. In addition, the proposed spatialized method of city carbon emissions depends on open-source data, which allows it to have the potential for application in other cities.

Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Changes: A Comparison between Sardinia, Italy and Valencia, Spain

Climate change is a major concern and many regions, such as the European Union, are promoting the development of adaptation to climate change (ACC) strategies. This study examines the legislative contexts of Spain and Italy to guide the integration of climate adaptation measures into regional spatial planning. It specifically evaluates ACC strategies in Valencia (Spain) and Sardinia (Italy), focusing on adapting transportation infrastructure to flood risks. Through comparative analysis, the study identifies strengths, gaps, and opportunities in regional planning, emphasizing the importance of policy coherence and cross-sectoral collaboration to align strategies with global sustainability goals. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative assessment approach to analyze planning documents systematically, revealing complex relationships between sectors. We report that Valencia’s landscape strategy and Sardinia’s ACC strategy demonstrate coordinated planning efforts. Valencia sets clear policy objectives and actions, enhancing implementation effectiveness, while Sardinia’s approach shows ambiguities that could compromise policy outcomes. The proposed methodology is applicable to other regions with developed ACC strategies, offering a way to evaluate how well objectives and actions are integrated across relevant sectors. It aims to assist planners in assessing coordination among various planning sectors effectively.

Quantifying Regulating Ecosystem Services of Urban Trees: A Case Study of a Green Space at Chungnam National University Using i-Tree Eco

Urban green spaces (UGSs) provide numerous ecosystem services (ESs) that are essential to the well-being of the residents. However, these services are often neglected in regional urban development and spatial planning. This study quantified the ESs of a 10.25 ha UGS at Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, comprising 27 species with 287 tree individuals, using i-Tree Eco. Key regulating ESs investigated included air pollution removal, carbon storage and sequestration, oxygen production, energy use reduction, avoidance of surface runoff, and replacement and functional values. Results revealed significant annual environmental benefits: 131 kg air pollutants removed (USD 3739.01 or ₩5.16 M), 1.76 Mg carbon sequestered, which is equivalent to 0.18 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1 (USD 289.85 or ₩0.40 M), 2.42 Mg oxygen produced, energy savings (including carbon offset) valued at USD 391.29 (₩0.54 M), and 203 m3 reduction in surface runoff (USD 413.09 or ₩0.57 M). The annual total benefits of these urban trees amounted to USD 4833.86 (₩6.67 M), USD 16.83/tree, or USD 0.089/capita. Additionally, these trees had replacement and functional values estimated at USD 311,115.17 (₩429.3 M). The study underscores that species selection and abundance of urban trees are fundamental for maximizing the ES delivery in urban areas, highlighting the role of UGSs in ecological and economical sustainability in cities. These insights are valuable for urban planners and policymakers to optimize benefits of UGSs in cities.

Study of Area Spatial Planning of Defense Efforts Protected Field Land

This research aims to describe policy implementation and explain the factors that influence the implementation of spatial planning policies to maintain protected rice fields based on regional regulation Number 6 of 2022 concerning Malang City's regional spatial planning plans for 2022-2042. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with an inductive approach. The theory used in the policy implementation theory put forward by George C. Edwards III with indicators of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques are used through data collection, data condensation, data presentation, drawing conclusions, and verification. The research results show that based on the implementation of spatial planning policies to maintain protected rice fields in Malang City, spatial planning activities were carried out without community participation. Spatial planning regulations to maintain protected rice fields are outside the vision and mission of Malang City. Space utilization is carried out through provisions on the suitability of space utilization activities, indications of leading programs, and synchronized implementation of space utilization programs. Meanwhile, control of space utilization is carried out through supervision, monitoring and administration of administrative sanctions. Supporting factors consist of clarity of regulations, adequate resources, a positive attitude of implementers, and clarity of division of authority. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include socialization not progressing, regulatory inconsistencies, clarity of budget allocation, implementing incentives and non-existent SOPs. Apart from that, there are external inhibiting factors, namely the high selling price of land and other livelihoods. In the future, the Regional Government of Malang City needs to make special regulations that regulate the details of protected ...