Regional Settlement Research Articles

HPDS133-bus: A benchmark test system for distribution systems with high penetration of distributed generations

The benchmark test system of distribution systems is a necessary benchmark and important tool for system analyzing researches and result data checking. In order to meet the development demand of the distribution systems which integrates with high penetration of distributed generations (DGs), a benchmark test system for the distribution systems is proposed which adapts to the current and future development trend. Based on the concentric zone theory and the typical regional settlement model in China, three typical distribution system scenarios corresponding to different system circle structure and regional development characteristic are designed in this paper. In order to adapt to the trend that the distribution systems will present the mixed state of AC and DC in the future, the typical improvement scheme of distribution systems in urban scenario is given. The benchmark test system of low-voltage distribution systems in rural scenario is also designed because of the high penetration of DGs. Moreover, the system structure, load parameters, integrated capacity and output characteristics of varies kinds of DGs in different scenarios are described in detail. Finally, the simulation results such as the time series power flow, reliability evaluation and hosting capacity of DGs are given. The benchmark test system proposed in this paper will lay a foundation for the future researches on distribution systems with high proportion of DGs and support the distribution systems planning, design, operation and dispatch effectively.

Supporting EAL students in regional education contexts: “It creates a huge workload and often times disappointment”

There has been increasing attention on mainstream teacher beliefs on English as an Additional Language (EAL) students in their classrooms, particularly in regards to how these beliefs impact on teacher expectations and actions. With many teachers holding deficit beliefs towards EAL students, many have argued that professional development is one way to counter these beliefs. However, with a push for the regional settlement of migrants in Australia, there is limited understanding of mainstream teachers’ beliefs about EAL students in regional contexts. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and field, this study investigates the beliefs of teachers and principals in two regional secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. The findings suggest that while many teachers hold common misconceptions regarding EAL students, their views regarding the inclusion of these students are generally positive and both the teachers and principals are open to additional training and support. However, the prevailing issue regarding supporting EAL students is time and/or timing—a commodity that both teachers and students do not have. This paper argues that EAL support in a regional context needs to be further interrogated, identifying a variety of approaches, such as professional development for mainstream teachers, additional EAL specialist support, and after-school programs, to better meet the needs of EAL students in regional areas.

Discovering Potential Settlement Areas around Archaeological Tells Using the Integration between Historic Topographic Maps, Optical, and Radar Data in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt

The primary objective of this study is to leverage the integration of surface mapping data derived from optical, radar, and historic topographical studies with archaeological sampling to identify ancient settlement areas in the Northern Nile Delta, Egypt. This study employed the following methods: digitization of topographic maps, band indices techniques on optical data, the creation of a 3D model from SRTM data, and Sentinel-1 interferometric wide swath (IW) analysis. This type of study is particularly relevant to the search for evidence of otherwise hidden ancient settlements. Due to its geographical situation and the fertility of the Nile, Egypt witnessed the autochthonous development of predynastic and dynastic civilizations, as well as an extensive history of external influences due to Greek, Roman, Coptic, Islamic, and Colonial-era interventions. Excavation work at Buto (Tell el-Fara’in) in 2017–18, carried out by the Kafrelsheikh University (KFS) in cooperation with the Ministry of Antiquities, demonstrated that remote sensing data offers considerable promise as a tool for developing regional settlement studies and excavation strategies. This study integrates the mission work in Buto with the satellite imagery in and around the area of the excavation. The results of the initial Buto area research serve as a methodological model to expand the study area to the North Delta with the goal of detecting the extent of the ancient kingdoms of Buto and Sakha. The results of this research include the creation of a composite historical database using ancient references and early topographical maps (1722, 1941, 1950, and 1997), Optical Corona (1965), Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner System) (1973, 1978, and 1988), TM (Thematic Mapper) (2005) data, and Radar SRTM (2014) and Sentinel1 (2018 and 2019) data. The data in this study have been analyzed using the ArcMap, Envi, and SNAP software. The results from the current investigation highlight the rapid changes in the land use/land cover in the last century in which many ancient sites were lost due to agriculture and urban development. Three potential settlement areas have been identified with the Sentinel1 Radar data, and have been integrated with the early maps. These discoveries will help develop excavation strategies aimed at elucidating the ancient settlement dynamics and history of the region during the next phase of research.

Beyond the magic wand: methodological developments and results from integrated Lidar survey at the ancient Maya Center El Pilar

ABSTRACT Large-scale Lidar surveys have revitalized interest in regional settlement studies in the Maya Lowlands. Remotely identified features in Lidar imagery must be verified on the ground, with results of ground-truthing studies forming the basis of reliable, comparative databases for understanding ancient Maya land use and modification. The El Pilar Project integrates data generated by established survey methods with Lidar imagery to construct more complete pictures of settlement distribution, landscape modification, and human-environment interactions. This paper describes the results of Lidar-guided survey at El Pilar along with the protocol our project developed to systematize data collection and increase the efficiency of survey. The methods we describe have proven effective for investigating Maya settlement patterns at the site scale and locating features difficult to discern in Lidar imagery.

Recent methodological approaches to regional settlement pattern survey in the Eurasian steppes

The Eurasian steppes present the following challenges for conducting regional settlement pattern surveys: low artifact densities, poor surface visibility, the need to cover unusually large territories. There are indicators that the survey methods traditionally employed in the steppes - surface collection, aerial photography, and excavation of 1 × 1 m test pits - are inefficient when it comes to dealing with such challenges. This paper describes an alternative adaptive systematic shovel testing methodology developed in the context of a 40 sq. km settlement pattern study conducted in the Southern Urals region of Russia. My study has utilized all of the aforementioned survey techniques simultaneously over the same areas and found that systematic shovel testing was more effective than the other three methods in determining how Bronze Age (2050–1400 BCE) populations distributed their residences across a regional-scale landscape. In particular, the new technique was more effective in detecting occupation areas and generating paleodemographic proxies.

Transforming Legacy Spatial Data into Testable Hypotheses about Socioeconomic Organization

ABSTRACTAs archaeologists expand the accessibility of legacy data, they have an opportunity to use these datasets to design future research. We argue that legacy data can be a critical resource to help predict characteristics of sites and socioeconomic systems. In this article, we present a combined geographic information system (GIS) and network analysis methodology that turns site location data into testable hypotheses about site characteristics and the organization of regional settlement systems. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with a case study: Bronze Age (2700–1100 BC) settlement patterns in the mining region of Hunedoara in southwest Transylvania, Romania. We leverage unsystematically collected site location information in legacy datasets to develop testable predictions about sites, regional networks, and socioeconomic systems that can be evaluated through future systematic surveys and large-scale excavations. Such testable hypotheses can inform archaeological research design by providing a quantitative basis for determining where to focus research efforts and can also help secure funding and fieldwork permits. The method developed here can be applied in diverse archaeological contexts to reinvigorate legacy data as part of future archaeological research design.

Shaping a Peace Process for the Gulf: An Indian Initiative to Realise the Ideas of Westphalia

This paper discusses how the ideas thrown up by the Peace of Westphalia could be implemented through a peace process shaped and led by India at the head of a modern-day ‘Third Party’ of like-minded nations – China, Japan and South Korea – which have an abiding interest in West Asian peace and stability. There is little doubt that the Peace of Westphalia offers a number of ‘instruments, methods and ideas’ to address the ongoing conflicts in West Asia by reconciling the interests of the principal Islamic states in competition – Saudi Arabia and Iran. As has been shown, with diplomatic effort exerted by the quartette – India, China, Japan and South Korea – it is possible to promote confidence-building measures between them and even to satisfactorily address the ongoing conflicts in Syria and Yemen. As at Westphalia, the presence of several regional players did complicate the negotiations, but they were accommodated in the regional settlement, even though some of them had different approaches to the peace process.

Settlement network topology as a factor of rural population dynamics (a case study of Tyumen oblast)

After a brief counter-urbanization of the early 1990s, rural out-migration resumed in Russia. Population concentrates in large settlements, while small and medium-sized towns and villages lose people. The farther rural settlements from regional center the greater the outflow of people. Centripetal tendencies can be mitigated or amplified at local level, where specific conditions of the area come to fore. The authors suggest settlement network pattern as one of such contextual factors, whose effects on population dynamics are still poorly understood. The paper poses two questions: what the effects of settlement network topology on the rate of population concentration are, and how population dynamics in individual settlements depends on their position in settlement network. Based on a case study of Tyumen oblast of Russia the authors investigated population dynamics in 2002–2010 with methods of network, cluster and regression analysis. The authors did not find relationship between density and centralization of settlement network and rate of population concentration. However, the study revealed a significant role, played by the network position in determining individual settlements population increase/decrease. Together with initial population size, the network position explained 23–24% of the variance in population dynamics among the towns and villages of Tyumen oblast. Outside the Tyumen metropolitan area settlements with highest inter-district network centrality grew. It is noteworthy that configuration of the regional settlement network at inter-district level emerged during the period of colonization of Western Siberia in 17–19 centuries. The configuration largely stems from the river network. Thus, even if the factors, which determined settlement network pattern, have lost their force, the settlement pattern itself continues to affect social space.

Economical and geographical analysis of the demographic situation in the Baikal region

The Baikal region is an integral regional settlement system. Modern social and economic transformations have had a significant negative impact on the demographic situation in the region. Low level of social and economic development, raw material orientation of the economy, vulnerable cross-border situation, depopulation, aging and outflow of population, all of this endanger the sustainable development of the region. The paper considers the spatial and temporal dynamics of demographic processes, reveals the trends of decrease in the population of the territory due to unfavorable demographic and migration situation.

Changes in the spatial distribution and anatomy of a range shift for the Atlantic surfclam Spisula solidissima in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and on Georges Bank

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 620:77-97 (2019) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12964 Changes in the spatial distribution and anatomy of a range shift for the Atlantic surfclam Spisula solidissima in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and on Georges Bank Jeremy R. Timbs1,*, Eric N. Powell1, Roger Mann2 1Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA 2Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, The College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA *Corresponding author: jeremy.timbs@dmr.ms.gov ABSTRACT: The Atlantic surfclam Spisula solidissima supports one of the largest fisheries on the US northeast coast. Using ~30 yr of data from surfclam stock surveys, variance-to-mean ratios (VtMRs) were calculated both temporally and spatially for a range of surfclam size classes to determine the degree of patchiness. The VtMR declined from the 1980s to present in all regions (offshore Delmarva, New Jersey, Long Island, Southern New England, Georges Bank); however, VtMR rose with increasing clam size. Taylor’s power law (TPL) analysis corroborated the VtMR; the surfclam is highly patchy across its range. The surfclam’s proclivity for a patchy distribution varied regionally. Regions supporting the bulk of the stock were characterized by significantly higher degrees of patchiness and exhibited a higher exponent for the TPL. A species distribution function model corroborated findings of declining patchiness over time, supporting the hypothesis that warming of Mid-Atlantic continental shelf bottom waters is both driving the surfclam into new habitat and extirpating it from nearshore and southern areas. Size-dependent and temporal trends in VtMRs and temporal relative stability in TPL suggest that range expansion is conduced by regional settlement of larvae, followed by biased mortality in suboptimal habitats. This biased mortality ultimately re-establishes the increased patchiness characteristic of larger animals but also predisposes the species to a rapid range shift. Declining VtMRs over time may be a symptom of range expansion along the leading range boundary that has increased the proportion of newly occupied habitat without mature patch characteristics while, at the same time, range recession has removed the older mature patches along the range’s trailing edge. KEY WORDS: Patchy distribution · Larval transport · Ocean warming · Larval connectivity · Range shift Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Timbs JR, Powell EN, Mann R (2019) Changes in the spatial distribution and anatomy of a range shift for the Atlantic surfclam Spisula solidissima in the Mid-Atlantic Bight and on Georges Bank. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 620:77-97. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12964 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 620. Online publication date: June 18, 2019 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2019 Inter-Research.

Tree rings as a proxy for seasonal precipitation variability and Early Neolithic settlement dynamics in Bavaria, Germany.

Studying the dynamic of Neolithic settlement on a local scale and its connection to climate variability is often difficult due to missing on-site climate reconstructions from natural archives. Here we bring together archaeological settlement data and a regional climate reconstruction from precipitation-sensitive trees. Both archives hold information about regional settlement dynamics and hydroclimate variability spanning the time of the first farming communities, the so called Linearbandkeramik (LBK) in Bavaria, Germany. Precipitation-sensitive tree-ring series from subfossil oak are used to develop a spring-summer precipitation reconstruction (5700–4800 B.C.E.) representative for southern Germany. Early Neolithic settlement data from Bavaria, mainly for the duration of the LBK settlement activities, are critically evaluated and compared to this unique regional hydroclimate reconstruction as well as to reconstructions of Greenland temperature, summer sea surface temperature, delta 18O and global solar irradiance to investigate the potential impact of climate on Neolithic settlers and their settlement dynamic during the LBK. Our hydroclimate reconstruction demonstrates an extraordinarily high frequency of severe dry and wet spring-summer seasons during the entire LBK, with particularly high year-to-year variability from 5400 to 5101 B.C.E. and with lower fluctuations until 4801 B.C.E. A significant influence of regional climate on the dynamic of the LBK is possible (e.g. around 4960 B.C.E.), but should be interpreted very carefully due to asynchronous trends in settlement dynamics. Thus, we conclude that even when a climate proxy such as tree rings that has excellent spatio-temporal resolution is available, it remains difficult to establish potential connections between the settlement dynamic of the LBK and climate variability.

Territories -in- between

Territories -in- between

Запоріжжя як центр регіональної системи розселення

Administrative regional centers are always the centers of the regional settlement system. Because Zaporizhzhia is located in the north-west of the region, this, in turn, leads to problems in the management and transport-geographical accessibility of remote settlements in the region. The purpose of the study is to identify Zaporizhzhia as the center of the regional settlement system and its influence on the territory of the region. In the article, with the help of mathematical formulas and data of the Main Directorate of Statistics, the field of demographic influence of Zaporizhzhia, the population concentration index and the potential of the settlement area of the region are calculated, the actual center of resettlement of the Zaporizhzhia regional settlement system is determined. Zaporizhzhia, as a large industrial city and an administrative center of the region, concentrates a large part of its population in suburban areas around it, therefore the study also substantiates and determines the formation of the Zaporizhzhia agglomeration. Consequently, as a result of the study, it was determined that the center of settlement of the Zaporizhzhia regional settlement system is near Stepnohirsk, and tends more to a geographical center than an administrative one. However, 43.2% of the region’s population is concentrated in Zaporizhzhia. It is characterized by the largest field of demographic impact and the potential of the settlement area in the Zaporizhzhia regional settlement system, which in turn shows the unevenness of the population of the region and the concentration of population in the regional center and its surroundings. Zaporizhzhia together with surrounding settlements forms Zaporizhzhia monocentric agglomeration. It consists of: 4 cities (Vilnyansk, Orikhiv, Vasylivka, Dniproprudne), 6 urban-type settlements (Balabyne, Kushuhum, Malokaterynivka, Stepnohirsk, Komyshuvakha, Kamiane) and more than 10 rural settlements. This agglomeration can be considered as developed. Thus, we can conclude that Zaporizhzhia is the center of a regional settlement system. However, its remoteness from the geographical center causes certain inconveniences and disproportion in the resettlement of the region.

Методика выявления и разрешения градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития на уровне муниципального района

В исследовании предлагается к развитию конфликтологический подход для достижения целей устойчивого развития, повышения эффективности территориального планирования и управления территорией региональной системы расселения в условиях рыночных отношений. Разработана методика выявления и разрешения градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития на уровне муниципального района. Она включает четыре этапа: 1) периодизацию пространственного освоения территории в исторической ретроспективе как результат возникающих и эволюционирующих конфликтов, повлёкших градостроительные противоречия развития на территории; 2) качественную и количественную оценку ресурсного потенциала территории; 3) выявление и классификацию градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития территории; 4) применение существующих и разработку новых методов разрешения конфликтов интересов и ценностей с целью моделирования различных вариантов землепользования.
 Разработанная методика апробирована на примере муниципальных районов Белгородской области. Изучены особенности административно-территориального деления Белгородского края, которые характеризуют устойчивые во времени территориальные единицы с различными видами народнохозяйственной деятельности. Осуществлена индикативная интегральная оценка ресурсного потенциала территории и топологический анализ муниципальных районов Белгородской области и выявлены исторические, пространственные и функциональные закономерности, а также градостроительные конфликты и противоречия, возникающие в процессе освоения территории в XXI веке. Проведена интегральная оценка ресурсного потенциала территории муниципальных районов Белгородской области и выявлены градостроительные противоречия развития территории в XXI веке. Для разрешения градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития на уровне муниципального района предложены усовершенствованные методы: метод разрешения социальноинфраструктурных противоречий развития территории;метод формирования восстановительного рельефа нарушенных территорий; метод формирования природного ядра на основе овражно-балочных ландшафтов, - и апробированы на территориях Белгородского, Шебекинского и Яковлевского муниципальных районах. Разработан и апробирован метод гармонизации интересов и ценностей путём поиска компромисса между участниками градостроительной деятельности для территорий с различной функциональной нагрузкой на примере разработки концепции градостроительного развития межмуниципального природного парка на территории Белгородского и Шебекинского районов[1]
 
 [1] Работа подготовлена в рамках Программы развития опорного университета на базе БГТУ им. В.Г. Шухова.

Urban Conflicts of the Belgorod Regional Settlement System and its Elements**The article was prepared through the program of the development of a basic university on the basis of the BSTU named after. V.G. Shukhov.

The relevance of the research. The relevance of this study is due to the growth of urbanized areas, which has caused numerous social, technical and environmental problems. The concentration of material, energy, human resources, as well as waste in the limited territories in combination with the problems of the organization of the environment of life activity causes environmental and urban conflicts. Research in this direction has already begun, but the classification of urban conflicts has not yet been formed. A methodological description of the application of the conflictological approach in town planning studies with a view to spatial interpretation of urban conflicts is needed. The purpose of this article is to develop a classification of urban conflicts.Methods of research: a leading approach to the study of the problem is conflictological, using the method of graphical analysis of the territory and its description. The research is based on a systematic analysis of the interrelations and interactions between the elements of a regional settlement system. Areas of urban conflicts of different types can be interpreted as a kind of planning restrictions of the territory, which must be taken into account in the territorial planning in order to harmonize the interaction of society, the urbanization of the territory and the environment.The results of the research: The conflictological approach in town-planning is considered. Urban conflict is one of the conditions of the urban development situation, namely, the state of imbalance, in which it cannot perform its basic function. There are several groups of participants in the urban conflict: authorities and residents of populated areas, investors, spatial environment (territory). It is revealed that at present there is no formulated classification of urban conflicts. The authors propose a classification of urban conflicts by groups: on interacting elements, on the level of territorial planning, on the types of spaces and their role in the conflict, on the resolution strategy, by the type of localization. Based on the example of Belgorod region, urban conflicts of regional and local levels were identified, for example, Yakovlevsky district and Stroitel town, in areas with different types of land use and development among themselves and in relation to valuable landscapes.

Ciertos espacios de ocupación. La relación agroindustria-protestantismo en la formación de una región fronteriza entre México y Estados Unidos

En este documento se propone analizar la interrelación de dos dinámicas de ocupación territorial basada en el expansionismo estadounidense en una región agroindustrial del noroeste de México. Por medio de una perspectiva longitudinal este documento plantea cómo han actuado los procesos de colonización a través del desarrollo económico y la instauración de un modelo religioso de tipo protestante en el modelo productivo y en el poblamiento regional de una de las zonas agroexportadoras más importantes del noroeste del país. A pesar de limitaciones en el método, el trabajo sobresale al vincular dinámicas complejas de la globalización que usualmente son analizadas por separado. El trabajo muestra el desarrollo de un sentido colonial en la dinámica de ocupación territorial de empresas vinculadas a la agroindustria y al desarrollo de un campo religioso protestante en este territorio fronterizo; al mismo tiempo se identifica la disputa por la tenencia de una identidad regional que no ha estado exenta de conflictos entre los pobladores.

Human use of landforms on the Deccan Volcanic Plateau: Formation of a geocultural region

This paper takes its inspiration from Karl W. Butzer's course on the Human Use of Landforms at the University of Chicago. It builds upon that concept through an exploration of regional settlement patterns and landforms in the Deccan volcanic province of west-central India. The first section develops a conceptual framework for analyzing human adjustment to landforms on regional, settlement, and site scales. The second section employs that framework to analyze four major landform-settlement configurations in the Deccan from antiquity to the end of the eighteenth century. The Satavahana kingdom (ca. 100 BCE to 200 CE) had a strong southeast to northwest alignment along the Godavari River. Their capital city of Paithan was located at a navigable sacred ford across the river (tirtha), which was linked with upstream confluences (sangams), tanks (kunds), mountain passes (ghats), and port cities on the Arabian Sea. Subsequent Hindu dynasties (ca. 850–1300 CE) shifted from fluvial landforms to a north-south alignment along steep mesa escarpments and buttes in the central Deccan that provided defensive fortress and cave temple sites. Sultanate and Mughal forces expanded the urban footprint on nearby plateau lands at sites protected by surrounding mesas (ca. 1330–1700 CE). These cities were supported by local watershed runoff and long distance water channels. The final precolonial phase of Deccan settlement entailed a shift from the semiarid central plateaus to humid headwaters of the Western Ghats, whose buttes and scarps provided sites for scores of forts controlled by the founder of the Maratha empire Chhatrapati Shivaji in the seventeenth century. Maratha success led to development downstream at the capital city of Pune (1627–1803 CE), located at a river confluence flanked by mesas, which combined the strategies of previous periods. Over two millennia these four distinct, yet intersecting, patterns of human-landform relations have shaped an evolving geocultural region on the Deccan plateau that deserves comparison with other flood basalt regions.

Evaluating the adequacy of medical care systems in Hokkaido, Japan

PurposeThis study aims to calculate and visualize regional activity levels that consider the industries and the medical care activity level of municipalities in Hokkaido located in northern Japan. MethodsThe subjects were 179 Hokkaido municipalities. A total of 44 indices were adopted for the following five categories: regional settlement, economic activities, agricultural production, fishery production, and the medical care system. For each municipality, a comprehensive regional activity level was calculated from a five-step procedure. The agricultural activity level and fishery activity level were integrated to calculate a primary industry activity level. The industry activity level was derived by integrating the economic activity level with the primary industry activity level. The industry activity level and the settlement activity level were integrated to calculate a final regional activity level. ResultsRegional activity levels are high in certain metropolitan areas. Settlement activity levels were higher in metropolitan regions and certain municipalities. Since the weight of economic activity levels is great, regions with high industry activity levels corresponded to those with high economic activity levels. Regions with high economic activity levels included not only metropolitan areas with high populations but also regions with high activity levels. There were many regions with higher than average medical care activity levels, regardless of their size. ConclusionsA comparison of regional activity levels with medical care activity levels implied that there are regions where there is an imbalance between the available supply of the medical care provisional system and the demands for medical services.

Трансформация и сценарии развития расселения Сирии

The work is devoted to the comparison of geographical regions, planning regions and zones (territories) with different conditions of settlement of Syria. During the war years (since 2011), there have been dramatic changes in the structure of the national and regional settlement of Syria: the main axis and the zone of settlement instead of the Central became Coastal (Mediterranean). The options for further development of resettlement can be different: the restoration of the pre-war structure in the return migration of the population or the continuation of the concentration of the population in the cities of the coastal zone. The problem of restoring border areas of settlement is a problem. Territories affected by military operations require the development of special reconstruction projects. Very contrasting settlement conditions, an equal ratio of highly urbanized and rural areas, require the organization of a dense network of support centers for peripheral rural settlement. In Syria, service agencies work only in urban settlements (cities and towns). The geography of the rural population in Syria has not been developed yet, all attention is focused on the largest cities. The author tries to initiate research into the rural settlement of Syria and develop them in combination with the traditional geography of cities. In designing settlement has always used the fundamental status of the population geography. This, in view of the challenges of rebuilding Syria's resettlement, reinforces the relevance and practical significance of geographical research.

Historical-Genetic Interconnections of the Pskov-Novgorod Settlement System

The article analyzes the historicalandgeneticinterconnections of the oldest cities of Novgorod and Pskov, the most important in the basic network of state resettlement their geopolitical and administrative role in the consolidation of the Russian state; provides ancient factual data confirming the unity of the Pskov-Novgorod regional settlement system; highlights the features in the distribution of administrative functions between them-the degree of influence on the development of the planning structure, the socio-economic links between the main centers and surrounding settlements. The close relationship between Pskov and Novgorod was notlimited to the commonality of state and geopolitical interests. The historical facts that testify to the political and administrative dominance of Novgorod can be traced its steadyleadership in the trade and economic influence on the entire northwestern region of the Russian state, that created a complementarity of functions between neighboring cities: the predominance of administrative or economic in one center, for example, Novgorod and the predominance of defense in the other - Pskov; the analysis of the historical settlement system confirms the priority role of Novgorod which consolidated its interests in trade with the Pskov suburbs such as Toropets, Velikiye Luki, Kholm- which were in the zone of influence of both Pskov and Novgorod. The phenomenon of the transfer of central functions (administrative, commercial and economic) from one historical center to another is observed as happened at the end of theXVIIth - beginning of theXVIIIth centuries, when the stay of foreign merchant ships was stopped in Kholmogory, the trade in timber and bread and the role of the capital of the Russian North passed to Arkhangelsk. Recommendations are given on the account of ancient historical and geneticlinks in the supporting framework of the resettlement of Russia, which strengthens and strengthens the historicaland cultural integrity atthestatelevel.