Regional Resources Research Articles

Assessing groundwater quality in semi-arid conditions: a geographic information systems-integrated approach using water quality index

Meeting freshwater demands in water-scarce regions is imperative, given challenges like hydric stress, urbanization, aridity, and population growth. This study focuses on the Tebessa aquifer system, a critical water source facing escalating demands. A primary objective is to identify actionable management strategies to improve groundwater quality dynamics in semi-arid regions. The methodology involves a comprehensive assessment of groundwater health using the Water Quality Index (WQI) approach. This method integrates diverse parameters influenced by intensive agricultural and industrial activities. Additionally, spatial relationship analysis, facilitated by Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, is employed to gain insights into complex hydrogeological processes. The multi-parameter strategy implemented results in water quality maps that highlight various ions, revealing spatial disparities and assigning quality priority classes from 'Good' to 'Poor' across the groundwater. The research, conducted in the semi-arid Tebessa-Morsott Plain, encompasses field and laboratory investigations to delineate hydrochemical traits, including alkalinity, salinity, and heightened ion concentrations. The results of the study contribute to scientific understanding by uncovering interrelationships and spatial intricacies, offering valuable insights for water resource governance. The effectiveness of the methodology, incorporating WQI and GIS, is demonstrated in the comprehensive evaluation of groundwater quality. Ultimately, this research provides a foundation for informed decision-making and sustainable management of groundwater resources in semi-arid regions.

Research on the innovation efficiency evaluation of Unicorn Enterprises in Anhui Province based on the three-stage DEA model

Unicorns, as unlisted start-ups valued at more than $1 billion, have a significant impact on economic development and industry innovation. However, they also face problems such as unclear innovation paths and rigid business models, which can lead to lower user satisfaction and lower market value. The article begins with determining the importance of unicorns in the global economy, and points out that the efficiency of technological innovation transformation is the key to measuring their success. Then, the innovation efficiency of unicorn enterprises is evaluated through the three-stage DEA model, and 11 A-share unicorn concept listed companies in Anhui province are empiranalyzed. The research results show that different enterprises differ in the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation, and some enterprises such as COWA ROBOT and INNOTRON MEMORY performing well in pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Other companies need to further improve in technology application and scale management. In addition, the research also put forward countermeasures and suggestions such as promoting regional linkage and innovation resource sharing, optimizing government support policies and building an efficient scientific and technological innovation service system, so as to improve the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological innovation achievements of unicorn enterprises.

Information and methodological provision of statistical analysis of the intensity of subsoil use in Ukraine in accordance with the goals of sustainable development in the pre-war and war period

It has been established that the information base for the statistical analysis of the intensity of subsoil use is aggregated statistical information based on individual statistical data contained in the Tax Declaration on rent payments with its annexes. An analysis of the structure of tax revenues of rent payments to local budgets by region of Ukraine for 2021 was carried out. It was found that Dnipropetrovsk region has the largest share of rent payments as tax revenue of local budgets, and Odesa region has the lowest. Regions were grouped according to the components of the rent in terms of natural resources. Zhytomyr region is the leader in terms of tax revenue from rent for the use of forest resources, Zaporizhia region for water resources, Poltava region for national importance, and Kyiv region for subsoil of local importance. The distribution of regions according to the amount of rent for the use of subsoil of national and local importance is given. It was found that the vast majority of local budgets have a predominance of the amount of rent received for the use of subsoil of national importance over local ones, except for Kyiv, Ternopil and Chernivtsi regions. The regions of Ukraine were grouped by specialization in subsoil use based on the local budgets of each region for 2021. Ten regions specialize in the use of subsoil of national significance. Nine regions have the highest share of tax revenues from rent for the use of forest resources. Four regions have specialization in the use of water resources. Subsoil of local importance is a priority natural resource for the Ternopil region. An assessment of the profitability of mining enterprises among all enterprises of the extractive industry and the development of quarries by region during the period of martial law was carried out. It was found that in most regions of Ukraine in 2022, more than half of the mining enterprises were unprofitable.

Employing post classification comparison to detect land use cover change patterns and quantify conversions in Abakaliki LGA Nigeria from 2000 to 2022

Rapid urbanization is restructuring landscapes across sub-Saharan Africa. This study employed post-classification comparison of multi-temporal Landsat imagery to characterize land cover changes in Abakaliki Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria between 2000 and 2022, addressing the need for empirical baselines to guide sustainable planning. Four classes were considered and images classified with overall accuracy of 95% for the year 2000 and 97% for the year 2022. Notably, 21,000 hectares of vegetation were lost, while built-up and bare land increased by 7500 and 13,700 hectares respectively. Spatial patterns revealed built-up encroachment from vegetation and bare land; this establishes the first standardized quantification of Abakaliki LGA’s shifting landscape, with results supporting compact development models while conserving ecological services under ongoing transformations. The study makes a significant contribution by establishing an empirical baseline characterizing Nigeria's urbanization trajectory essential for evidence-based stewardship of regional resources and livelihoods in a period of accelerating change.

Demarcation of groundwater potential zones in Ponnai sub-basin, Southern India using remote sensing, GIS and fuzzy-AHP approaches

ABSTRACT Groundwater is an essential source for household, irrigation and industry needs. The amount of groundwater and its quality are rapidly declining because of urbanization and industrialization. Groundwater resources in hard rock regions should be handled properly to maximize their utilization. This work aims to demarcate the Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZ) in a part of the Palar River Basin (Ponnai sub-basin) by combining Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). The factors which influence the groundwater like geology, land use/land cover (LULC), geomorphology, slope, soil, rainfall, lineament density (LD), drainage density (DD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), topographic wetness index (TWI) and topographic position index (TPI) are considered for mapping of GWPZ. The weightage is allocated to these parameters on the basis of the FAHP technique and the obtained groundwater potential map was classified as, very poor (13.5%), poor (21.76%), moderate (31.5%), good (20.66%) and very good (8.54%). The GWPZ map was validated with the actual well yield of the Ponnai sub-basin. The research work will serve as a guideline for the effective use of groundwater and long-term sustainable management of the aquifer in the Ponnai sub-basin.

Sustainable development on the basis of the WEF nexus in arid coastal areas for climate change mitigation: Case study of Rabia community in Matrouh, Egypt

The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is an interdisciplinary approach to address the transdisciplinary issues of developing a specific area with limited resources. We studied the potential of implementing the WEF model in the Rabia region located at Matrouh Governorate in Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea, to introduce sustainable management solutions for the limited resources in this area. The Rabia community lacks any source of water services and is not connected to the electric grid. It depends on existing wells that harvest rainwater for potable and non-potable purposes. The introduced WEF nexus scheme is based on the available resources in Rabia region to produce the required water for drinking, cultivation, and other purposes in addition to maximizing the productivity of water. It also provided renewable energy resources and food security in the area. The proposal also empowers women and provides job opportunities for the community, in addition to reducing carbon emissions to contribute to the efforts fighting climate change. This work will benefit policymakers, investors, and the local community to take tangible actions toward sustainable development in the region and other similar communities in arid coastal regions. The proposed scheme will save about 52 % of the required electricity and 54 % of the carbon emissions, through the use of renewable energy sources. It produces 2,096 t/yr of crops. It supports the achievement of many sustainable development goals and will promote the achievement of Egypt's National Vision 2030.

Excellent Case of Building A "School-land" Co-construction and Sharing Pattern Network of School Aesthetic Education and Regional Culture

With the development of computer science, some of the excellence artworks of Henan Provence are very popular through network dissemination. To achieve the transformation of Henan cultural brand from "parts" to "whole" and from "internet celebrity" to "long-lasting", it is necessary to establish an active inheritance mechanism network for Henan regional cultural resources and enhance the endogenous and innovative capabilities of traditional regional culture. The modern school aesthetic education system that runs through all stages has a natural advantage in incubating regional cultural communities. However, in reality, the aesthetic and spiritual attributes shared by school aesthetic education and regional culture have not been sufficiently valued, and the connection between the two lacks active policy design and mechanism innovation. Through Literature, field research and interviewing professors, artists and persons in charge of regional culture, the Department of Public Art Education at Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics has recognized the value of integrating school aesthetic education with regional culture in terms of cultivating students and building a rich cultural life. Leveraging their connections with social artist groups and individuals online and offline, who have conducted research on the ecological conditions of Zhengzhou's art districts, intangible cultural heritage, and the current status and issues of various school aesthetic education programs in the province through various ways. The working mechanisms and platforms have been establishment online and offline. The establishment of a pattern of co-construction and sharing of art education and regional culture network in the school is essentially a practical and methodological issue. Some plans have been made for the future. Research has found that for school aesthetic education, curriculum, teaching staff, and internal and external collaborative mechanisms are key points for the reform and development of aesthetic education. Schools aesthetic education curriculum system should integrate regional culture from multiple dimensions with network. A collaborative art education framework should be formed which integrates social and cultural resources at the regional level.

Determining climate classifications and producing climate border maps with GIS of Muğla province on the southern Aegean Sea coast of Türkiye

Climate is defined by the average of meteorological events observed over an extended period in a region, expressing the weather conditions of that area. Numerous scientists have developed various climate classifications. The fundamental purpose of these classifications is to distinguish different types of climates and thereby reveal similarities between regions. Such classifications can be based on factors like temperature and precipitation patterns. Understanding climate characteristics enables us to determine the boundaries of different climate types. This, in turn, is crucial for ensuring the sustainable use of regional resources and shaping land use plans. This study evaluates the process of creating climate boundary maps for Muğla province. Various climate classification methods, including Thornthwaite, Trewartha, Erinç, De Martonne, Köppen─Geiger, and Köppen, are comprehensively examined and compared. Our findings indicate that each method offers different approaches to defining Muğla’s climate, each with its unique advantages and limitations. For instance, while the Thornthwaite method provides detailed data, the Köppen─Geiger method offers a more generalized approach. The results suggest that combining various climate classification methods helps in more accurately and comprehensively mapping the climate boundaries of Muğla province. This study underscores the importance of integrating these diverse methods to contribute to the determination of climate boundaries and regional planning processes.

Исследование культурного и туристического потенциала провинции Цзянсу для россиян

Annually, a large number of Russian tourists come to China to get acquainted with its traditional culture. Jiangsu Province has significant tourism potential in this regard, but it is mainly visited by representatives of Japan, South Korea, the United States, Germany and other countries. There is a problem of increasing the attractiveness of the cultural heritage of Jiangsu Province for Russian tourists. In this article, the authors describe the current situation with the development of inbound tourism from Russia in Jiangsu Province and put forward proposals for its development, among them: branding of the region, development of popular national tourism destinations within a particular province, taking into account the needs and mentality of Russian travelers, the formation of integrated routes. It is emphasized that the predominant orientation of visitors from Russia to major cities requires intensification of work to inform potential travelers about the tourist resources of the Chinese regions using mass media and Internet platforms. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the potential of Jiangsu Province in terms of tourism industry development is a promising topic for study.

How much evaporation occurs in Brazilian reservoirs? A multi-model perspective

Estimating evaporative losses from reservoirs is essential for water resource management. While remote sensing provides great opportunities for better constrain this process, there are still large uncertainties related to the behavior of evaporative losses across large domains. Here, we present a multi-model approach combined with remote sensing data to estimate evaporation losses at a national scale for dozens of reservoirs in Brazil. Open water evaporation (Ew) rates were obtained using two surface energy balance (SEB) models (the Google Earth Engine implementation of the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (geeSEBAL) and the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop)). Due to the lack of in situ evaporation data, the estimations were cross-validated with results from the validated product Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Water Reservoir Monthly Level 3 Global (MOD28C3) and the widely used open water evaporation equation described by Penman. Ew estimates were obtained for 74 large reservoirs, representing almost 70% of the area occupied by artificial water bodies in Brazil. Monthly estimates of Ew showed satisfactory agreement among the models, especially for geeSEBAL, SSEBop, and MOD28C3. Reservoirs with higher Ew were located in the semi-arid Caatinga Biome. The total annual evaporation and net evaporation (difference between lake Ew and surrounding evapotranspiration) for the assessed reservoirs were 46.6 ± 1.0 km³ and 16.4 ± 0.5 km³, respectively, for the period 2003–2021, based on an average of geeSEBAL and SSEBop. We also found that net evaporation is very high in dry climate zones and lower in tropical and humid subtropical climate zones. Our results show the advantage of integrating remote sensing datasets and evaporation models with cloud computing to obtain evaporation estimates in a tropical region and over a large domain. These multi-model evaporation estimates can improve our understanding of water resources in ungauged regions at a large spatial scale.

Results of economic usage of the pacific salmon resources in the Sakhalin-Kuril region in 2023

Results of economic usage of the pacific salmon resources in the Sakhalin-Kuril region in 2023

Geochemical Assessment of the Evolution of Groundwater under the Impact of Seawater Intrusion in the Mannar District of Sri Lanka

Groundwater is an important drinking water resource in the coastal regions of island countries and has suffered from heavy seawater intrusion. However, the areas specifically affected by seawater intrusion and their groundwater hydrogeochemical compositions and evolution processes remain unclear. This study analyzed the hydrogeochemical compositions, water quality, and evolution processes of groundwater in the Mannar district, Sri Lanka, during the dry season. A total of 56 samples were collected from shallow wells and tube wells across the region, and about 64.28% of groundwater samples had good quality (WQI < 100). Geochemical compositions and water quality parameters had a high level in the north and south mainland regions, where they severely suffered from seawater intrusion with a high content of Cl− and Na+. The geochemical compositions of groundwater in the Mannar district were predominantly affected by rock weathering and/or evaporation processes. Cl-Na and HCO3-Ca facies were the main hydrochemical types, and the corresponding ions were mainly from silicate and halite dissolution. The reverse cation exchange process mainly occurred in seawater intrusion areas. The study highlights the impacts of seawater intrusion on the hydrogeochemical compositions and evolution processes in Mannar region groundwater, which will enhance the understanding of the local water quality and seawater intrusion situation and aid in protecting drinking water safety by routinely monitoring the groundwater quality and implementing targeted desalination techniques in the key areas.

The spatio-temporal pattern and its influencing factors of production efficiency of health resources in China.

There is always a contradiction between the limited health resources and the unlimited demand of the population for health services, and only by improving the productivity of health resources can the health level of the population be improved as much as possible. Using prefecture-level administrative regions as spatial units, the paper analyzes the spatial pattern and changes of health productivity of health resources in China from 2000 to 2010, and uses a spatial panel Tobit model to examine the effects of factors such as technical level of health institutions, health service accessibility, public health policies and ecological environment quality on health productivity of health resources. The results show that with the Hu Huanyong line as the dividing line, the spatial heterogeneity of "high in the southeast and low in the northwest" in the health productivity of China's health resources is clear; as the regional differences narrow, the spatial correlation increases, and the spatial pattern of "overall dispersion and partial agglomeration" becomes more obvious. The fitting results of the spatial Durbin model reveal the direction and degree of influence of local and adjacent factors on the production efficiency of health resources. The positive influence of technical level of local health institutions and the accessibility of health services, the literacy level and the ability to pay for health services of residents in adjacent areas, the degree of urbanization of regional health resource allocation, climate suitability and the quality of the atmospheric environment are significant. And the negative influence of local residents' literacy and ability to pay for health services, the technical level of health institutions in adjacent areas and the degree of medicalization of health resource allocation are also significant. The influence of the degree of medicalization of local health resource allocation and the accessibility of health services in adjacent areas are significantly spatial-heterogeneous.

Stratum affects the distribution of soil selenium bioavailability by modulating the soil physicochemical properties: A case study in a Se-enriched area, China

The soil selenium (Se) content and bioavailability are important for human health. In this regard, knowing the factors driving the concentration of total Se and bioavailable Se in soils is essential to map Se, enhance foodstuffs' Se content, and improve the Se nutritional status of humans. In this study, total Se and Se bioavailability (i.e., phosphate extracted Se) in surface soils (0–20 cm) developed on different strata were analyzed in a Se-enriched region of Southwest China. Furthermore, the interaction between the stratum and soil properties was assessed and how did the stratum effect on the concentration and spatial distribution of Se bioavailability in soils was investigated. Results showed that the median concentration of total Se in soils was 0.308 mg/kg, which is higher than China's soil background. The mean proportion of phosphate extracted Se in total Se was 12.2 %. The values of total Se, phosphate extracted Se, and soil organic matter (SOM) in soils increased with the increasing stratum age. In contrast, the coefficient of weathering and eluviation (BA) values decreased. The analysis of statistics and Geodetector revealed that the SOM, stratum, and BA were the dominant controlling factors for the contents and distributions of soil total Se and phosphate extracted Se. This study provided strong evidence that the soil properties that affected the total Se and Se bioavailability were modulated by the local geological background, and had important practical implications for addressing Se malnutrition and developing the Se-rich resource in the study region and similar geological settings in different parts of the globe.

What influences the performance of carbon emissions in China?-Research on the inter-provincial carbon emissions' conditional configuration impacts.

The severe global warming issue currently threatens humans' existence and development. Countries and international organizations have effectively implemented policies to reduce carbon emissions and investigate low-carbon growth strategies. Reducing carbon emissions is a hot topic that academics and government policy-making departments are concerned about.Through necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA), this paper investigates local governments' configuration linkage effect and path choice to improve carbon emission performance from six dimensions: energy consumption, industrial structure, technological innovation, government support, economic development, and demographic factors. The research findings include the following: (1) Individual condition does not represent necessary conditions for the government's carbon performance. Among the two sets of second-order equivalence configurations(S and Q) (five high-level carbon performance configurations), those dominated by economic development or low energy consumption can produce high-level carbon performance. Therefore, the six antecedent conditions dimensions work together to explain how the government can create high levels of carbon performance. (2)According to the regional comparison, China's eastern, central, and western regions exhibit similarities and differences in the driving forces behind high carbon emission performance. All three regions can demonstrate carbon emission performance when all the factors are combined. However, when constrained by the conditions of each region's resource endowment, the eastern region emphasizes the advantage of economic and technological innovation, the central region favors government support and demographic factors, and the western region prefers upgrading industrial structure based on a specific level of economic development.

Assessing the influence of seasonal precipitation patterns on groundwater quality in the coal rich environment of Enugu, Nigeria

As the impacts of climate change continue to be felt around the world, understanding the effects on groundwater quality and quantity has become an important area of investigation. As a global source of water that contributes to preserving the environment, a better understanding of the effect of precipitation seasonal pattern on these systems is crucial; though studies connected to groundwater quality in this era of environmental crisis are at infancy. This study aims to evaluate the effect of precipitation seasonal pattern on groundwater quality in a coal enriched environment of developing city of west African sub-region with particular reference to Enugu, a coal city in Nigeria. Three residential areas (Abakpa, Achara, and Independence Layout) were randomly selected from high, medium, and low neighbourhood densities in the metropolis. Within the period spanning from April 2018 to March 2019, a physiochemical analysis was conducted on twelve deep wells utilizing weighted arithmetic index method. This technique was implemented in order to facilitate the assessment of the degree of water quality by translating a number of variables to just one metric value. The results of the investigation showed that the groundwater resources in the study region are mildly acidic, presumably as a result of the presence of pyrite, which is a byproduct of coal weathering, and chloride-ion-charged rains. Additionally, noticeable distinctions in the properties of water samples were observed between the dry and rainy seasons. Specifically, just 1% of the sampled water had excellent ratings, while 58.3% were considered good, 29.1% were deemed poor, and 8.3% of samples were categorized as very poor. The study concluded that coupled with climate crisis, seasonal precipitation patterns affect groundwater resources by reducing recharge, discharge, and the overall quality of water. These results have important implications for the management of groundwater resources in the region and highlight the need for continued monitoring and assessment of water quality in the face of ongoing environmental changes.

How can green finance promote the transformation of China's economic growth momentum? A perspective from internal structures of green total-factor productivity

Green financing is a crucial tool for promoting China's economic growth and helping to achieve carbon neutrality, but its implications on the internal dynamics of green economy remain uncertain. This study examines the impacts of green finance on China’s Green Total Factor Productivity (GTFP) and its internal factors, including technical innovation, industrial structure, balanced regional growth, scale, and resource allocation efficiency, by using a three-hierarchy meta-frontier Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and provincial panel data from 2008 to 2020. The findings show that: (1) regional green finance development may greatly boost the growth of GTFP, and the findings remain reliable after applying a series of robustness tests; (2) further research finds that green finance enhances GTFP by promoting technological innovation, facilitating the optimization of industrial structure, and improving resource allocation efficiency; and (3) there are significant spatial heterogeneities in this effect. The effect of green finance on GTFP is more pronounced in developed and market-oriented regions. This study helps to understand the pathways of green finance affecting the transformation of green economic growth and formulate differentiated regional policies in light of local conditions.

Coconut Waste: Discovering Sustainable Approaches to Advance a Circular Economy

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) stands as a pivotal resource in tropical regions, playing a crucial role in both subsistence and economic activities across Asia, the Pacific Islands, and South America. While the harvesting of coconut fruit is essential for producing globally utilized edible products, such as coconut oil, by small owners and large producers around the world in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, concerns have arisen due to the substantial amount of agro-industrial residue generated in this process, posing environmental risks if they are not properly managed. Recognizing the environmental challenges, this paper emphasizes the transformative potential inherent in coconut waste, characterized by its lignocellulosic composition rich in lignin and multifunctional groups. By delving into the historical context of coconut economic exploration and its chemical composition, this review explores the diverse applications of coconut products, focusing on the utilization and processing of residues to generate sustainable products and byproducts. Ultimately, this comprehensive review underscores the significance of repurposing coconut waste, not only to mitigate the environmental impact but also as a valuable contributor to a circular economy, promoting the use of the lignocellulosic biomass in research and bolstering its role as a raw material in the chemical and energy sectors.

Environmental impacts of geothermal fields on water resources in the Central Anatolia region, Turkey

Hot and mineral waters in thermal areas may interact with other water resources in the region. When such a situation occurs, it is possible for hot water to negatively affect the chemical structure and quality of cold-water resources. This limits the use of drinking and/or irrigation water in water resources. In the scope of this study, geothermal fields in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey were examined in detail and the quality and usability characteristics of the water resources in these fields were examined. Thus, the environmental effects of geothermal in terms of water resources were tried to be revealed. The geological, hydrogeological and hydro geochemical properties of 18 different geothermal fields located in 5 different regions were examined and their similarities and differences with each other were revealed. In addition, the quality and usability characteristics of hot and cold-water resources in each field were examined and the possible negative effects of these geothermal fields on water resources were investigated. According to the results obtained, thermal energy causes pollution of both freshwater resources and soil, especially due to their high ion content. In addition, considering the major ion and heavy metal contents of thermal waters, it is seen that health problems may occur if the water is used as drinking water for a long time.

Mathematical modelling for groundwater management for multilayers aquifers (Erbil basin)

This study addresses the pressing issues of groundwater depletion and drought problems in the Erbil basin, a vital resource region in the Middle East. Focused on an area of strategic importance due to its large size and critical water resources, the study employs the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) software to create a detailed 3D hydrogeological model based on extensive borehole data. With over 240 boreholes analyzed, the study strategically selects 70 accurate wells drilled by the Groundwater Directorate. The construction of the 3D stratigraphic models for the Erbil basin relies on three main historical data including boreholes, geological formations and a comprehensive approach, incorporating deep well logging data and the definition of distinct geological layers. By discerning the presence of previous and impervious layers, the model effectively categorizes the aquifer types within the Erbil basin. The aquifer system is delineated based on stratigraphic units, designating materials with high conductivity (silt, sand, and gravel) as aquifers and clay (or claystone) as aquitards. A 3D steady-state groundwater flow model is successfully executed, employing PEST pilot point for automated parameter estimation. The model, validated with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9998, reveals hydraulic conductivity values ranging from 0.000980705 to 100 m/day and a recharge value of 0.000976443 m/day. The study classifies Erbil's aquifer types as unconfined, confined, and semi-confined, providing a valuable foundation for groundwater management. The primary objective of this study is to construct a calibrated numerical groundwater model for the multi-aquifer system in the Erbil basin. The model aims to serve as a robust tool for analyzing the sustainability of diverse groundwater infrastructure development strategies within the region. The Erbil basin poses unique challenges for groundwater modeling, marked by a scarcity of critical data such as monitoring well information, pumping rates, recharge rates, and flow budgets. In response to these limitations, the study adopts an innovative approach by integrating in situ data with earth observation data. The integration of these datasets seeks to overcome data constraints and enhance the accuracy of the groundwater model. By achieving calibration and validation of the numerical model, this research strives to provide a valuable resource for decision-makers, planners, and stakeholders involved in groundwater management in the Erbil basin. Ultimately, the study aims to contribute to the development of sustainable and effective strategies for the utilization and preservation of groundwater resources in this vital region and also to enhance practical management strategies for the Erbil groundwater basin, ensuring sustainable utilization of the crucial sub-surface water resources, an objective successfully achieved through this research.