Regional Expansion Research Articles

Tunnel Lining Crack Recognition Algorithm Integrating SK Attention and Cascade Neural Network

Cracks are one of the main types of tunnel-lining defects. At present, there are no particularly good methods for identifying tunnel-lining cracks. The methods that are used are associated with problems such as poor robustness, low detection efficiency, and inconsistency in defect identification. Vision-based crack identification algorithms that use images of tunnel-lining cracks are also affected by problems such as weak features, irregular shapes, random development, and small proportions. In light of this, we propose in this paper a neural network that integrates U-net and FPN (feature pyramid network) pyramid structure characteristics. Because of its ability to output deep feature information, an SK (selective kernel) attention mechanism was integrated to increase the weight of effective feature regions and improve the detection accuracy of feature maps. An RPN (region proposal network) regional detection network was used for multi-scale regional screening, and non-maximum suppression was used to eliminate repeated anchor frames between different regions. The continuity of cracks was determined using adaptive regional expansion. The region segmentation network was also combined with multi-scale feature maps. Finally, the segmentation results for regions of fine features could be mapped to the whole image to identify cracks, thereby solving the problem that arises when textural features of cracks are weak and cannot be accurately identified. For testing purposes, photos of tunnel-lining crack defects were used. The algorithm described in this paper was able to combine deep and shallow features to identify more abundant crack features, and the recognition accuracy of the crack classification network reached 98.51%. With respect to crack segmentation, the algorithm’s segmentation accuracy reached 94.55%, and its single processing time reached 60.76 ms, indicating more accurate and efficient segmentation performance, compared with FCNs (fully convolutional networks) and classical U-net networks.

Pemekaran Daerah dan Otonomi Daerah Kerangka Hubungan Pusat Daerah

Regional autonomy as the government's choice in the administration of regional government to assist efficient and effective regional governments in managing governance. The desantralization pattern distributes authority to the regions within territorial limits. The fundamental organization enables the governing policies of a system. A policy itself in the whole system of government. The pattern of power and financial relations between the central government and regional governments is largely determined by the national political configuration at a given time. This article was written using the method of conceptual thinking with critical legal studies as the type of research. The result of this article is that the formation of new regions must be aimed at improving public services, accelerating the realization of community welfare, and also channeling political education at the local level. There is also a need for an evaluation of regional expansion with indicators of the objectives of the expansion. The urgency of evaluation is so that the desire and rapid division of regions does not make local governments paradoxical with goals. it is necessary to implement it as a corrective action so that the positive implications of corrective action can be felt more properly, it must have a legal basis by the provider of regional autonomy, namely the central government.

Green gospel effect of regional financial expansion: evidence from urban commercial banks in China.

The regional financial expansion represented by the development of regional small and medium-sized banks, such as urban commercial banks, is an essential factor affecting the environmental behavior of enterprises. We found that both the marginal expansion and the scale expansion of regional finance help reduce the sulfur dioxide emission intensity and improve the environmental performance of enterprises, indicating a green gospel effect of regional financial expansion. In terms of the impact path, regional financial expansion cannot only reduce the sulfur dioxide generation intensity and improve the front environmental performance of enterprises, but also increase the sulfur dioxide removal intensity as well as improve the terminal environmental performance. However, in the context of high fiscal pressure on local governments, regional financial expansion exacerbates sulfur dioxide emission and generation intensity of enterprises, worsening environmental performance and creating a green curse effect. Further study finds that the cross-regional expansion of urban commercial banks can strengthen the green gospel effect; the improvement of enterprises' environmental performance by regional financial expansion is mainly found in polluting industries and non-SOEs.

복합적인 의사소통 요구를 가진 장애인을 위한 의사소통 지원센터 설립의 필요성 및 지역 확산을 위한 시사점

Background and Objectives: This study was conducted to understand the necessities, difficulties, and demands of the operation of the center. It aimed to draw future implications of regional expansion for the people involved and members related to the establishment of the ‘Communication Rights Promotion Support Center in S city’. Method: The participants were 4 members of the ‘Communication Rights Promotion Support Center’ in S city, and 1 member of the ‘Korea Brain Disease Human Rights Association’ who was involved in the establishment of the ‘Communication Rights Promotion Support Center’. Qualitative analysis was performed through video interviews(ZOOM) and written surveys. Results: The results of the study could be reconstructed into a total of 3 major themes and 10 central themes, and the specific details are as follows. First, it was necessary to expand the ‘Communication Rights Promotion Support Center’ to other cities and provinces so that the individuals with complex communication needs can receive communication-related services anywhere. Second, it showed that there were difficulties in establishing and operating the center due to an insufficient support system for communication with the disabled. There were also problems like lack of awareness of the right of the disabled to communicate, scarcity of competence of experts, or failure of cooperation between the disabled and related experts. Third, a fact-finding survey of the region must be entirely conducted for the successful operation of the center in the future, and an effective support system must be prepared by cooperating with the disabled rather than experts in the process. Conclusion: It needs to establish and operate a center that can play roles of improving awareness of the disabled, building a surrounding environment, and fostering experts to have an effective system for better communication rights for the disabled. The results of this study can serve as basic data for this.

Reinstating the Riparian Corridors for boosting the Urban Economics:A Case of Moradabad (U.P.)

The case for reinstalling the riparian corridors in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, as a method of bolstering the regional urban economy. Riparian corridors are strips of land along the banks of rivers or streams that are essential for maintaining ecological balance, preserving biodiversity, and sustaining economic activity. This brief outlines the potential advantages of repairing these corridors in Moradabad and includes implementation recommendations for such actions. Moradabad, a fast expanding metropolitan area, is confronted with a number of environmental difficulties, such as the degeneration of riparian corridors. Due to unplanned development, industrial pollution, and inefficient waste management procedures, these corridors have been encroached upon and deteriorated. By restoring these corridors, the region will be able to protect and increase biodiversity, which can have significant ecological and economic effects. Restoring riparian corridors can generate job possibilities through activities such as ecological restoration and the creation of nature-based companies. These economic activity can contribute to the regional expansion and prosperity

Dimensi Politik Dalam Formulasi Kebijakan: Studi Pemekaran Kecamatan Kandang Makmur Wilayah Kota Lhokseumawe

At this time the position of the Qanun on the Expansion of the Kandang Makmur District is in the province and awaiting a register number that requires a letter of recommendation from the Minister of Home Affairs. In the discussion process to analyze the problem using political system theory in the formulation of public policy according to David Easton which consists of input, withinput, and output. Researchers chose to use a qualitative approach because a qualitative approach is believed to be able to assist researchers in interpreting and describing the phenomena that occur. The process of expansion of the Kandang Makmur sub-district is full of political elements. The political element is the efforts of Mayor Suaidi Yahya and the Aceh Party to control the legislature of the expansion agenda of the Kandang Makmur sub-district. This is in accordance with the concept that in the policy making process there is the use of interests and power in order to form a policy. So in the formulation process there is a conflict of interest between the executive and the legislature. The Lhokseumawe DPRK as the legislature rationalized the expansion policy of the Kandang Makmur District by providing an alternative policy to the executive as the party proposing the expansion policy of the Kandang Makmur District. So that the next researcher can continue the discussion regarding the implementation of the Qanun for regional expansion in Kandang Makmur District.

Wagering with an incomplete deck—refining conservation plans for the New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus luteus luteus)

Abstract Limited sampling for imperiled taxa inhibits effective management by obscuring windows into ecological and evolutionary processes and ultimately thwarting thoughtful conservation efforts. We report eight new locations for the endangered New Mexico Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus luteus luteus) detected across three states that expand their known distribution. When combined with existing curated museum records, we develop an ensemble species distribution model to evaluate persistence of populations over the next 50 years. Predicted distributions indicate complex future changes, including regional expansion and the likelihood that half of the designated critical habitat areas will be unsuitable by 2070. Three of the newly discovered populations occur where predicted climate conditions suggest extirpation is likely. Importantly, indices of historical sampling efforts show that recognized and potential distributions are mismatched, highlighting vast areas that have been insufficiently surveyed. Ongoing habitat degradation and climate disruption are projected to synergistically erode genetic diversity across four of the five divergent phylogroups. Considering these combined results, a holistic sampling strategy is needed to more completely document the distribution of jumping mice and facilitate genomic analyses aimed at establishing a roadmap for improving our understanding of geographic variation and adaptive potential. Current management efforts are not only costly, but they are lacking key biological insights, essentially wagering actions with an incomplete deck of cards.

Eski ve Modern İpek Yolunun Jeopolitik Boyutu

The old Silk Road, that connected the West and East, was a center of cultural and trade interaction in the Asian continent from China to the Mediterranean Sea, but in 2013 it was referred by the Chinese president Xi Jinping as “One Belt, One Road” (OBOR), which announced that China would fund a New Silk Road Economic Belt across Eurasia to connect China with Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Different from the old Silk Road, current Silk Road includes the flow of financial services, information, technology as well as the Chinese initiative to strengthen connectivity in Central Asia and beyond. Comparing the modern Silk Road with the old Silk Road, in this paper we focus on China’s regional and international expansion, and the relevance of new Silk Road as one of the current largest programmes of economic diplomacy. Thereby, by using the qualitative descriptive methodology and interdisciplinary approach, this paper demonstrates that the new Silk Road comprises a new global order; therefore, it must be seen as the link between the past, present, and future. That is why its concept must be analyzed with reference to the old Silk Road, but also in wider geopolitical context.

Subsurface Structural Characterization as Deduced from High-Resolution Aeromagnetic Data over The Confluence Zones in Central, Nigeria

This study aimed to delineate the intrusion body that controls the structural setting and formation around the river Niger-Benue confluence zone with particular attention to its solid mineral potentials, this is achieved in mapping subsurface structural features through the analysis of recent high-resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data-sets with the purpose of examining their effects on geological structures that characterize the confluence zones from the study area. To obtain the necessary reduction in geomagnetic variation, measurements of regional gradients and time variation were used. After applying the reduction to the magnetic equator (RTE) to the corrected magnetic data that was obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency, NGSA, it was possible to determine the regional expansions of subsurface structural units for both qualitative and quantitative interpretations. In addition, the edge detection method is used to depict the structures and buried subsurface anomalies. Different handling processes were applied to the (HRAM) data, such as local wavenumber (SPI), power spectrum analysis, and Euler and Werner deconvolution analysis. The RTE magnetic anomaly caused by local structures and anomalous body delineated six sub-basins with low amplitude response, which agrees with the total gradient anomaly (analytic signal) and tilt of angle derivative that clearly outlined and characterize edges of lithostratigraphic of Niger-Benue river confluence zones. The sub-basin delineated are the southern Bida basin and northern Anambra basin. The source parameter imagings as well as the Euler and Werner deconvolution were used to delineate major subsurface structures and determine their source depth. Results showed that the area was affected by different lineament trending NE-SW, E-W, and S-E trends. Directional analysis indicates that the dominant trend agrees with the regional fault orientations. The estimated depth to the top of the lineaments on average varies from 0.3 km to 4.6 km and it is relatively deeper in the basins compared to the surrounding areas giving clues to the amount of sediment infill. A 2D forward model showed a sedimentary thickness ranging from 1 to 7 km, and this estimated depth is consistent with the average of 3.5 km proposed by previous researchers.

Measuring land-use mixing across the Republic of Ireland: source data comparisons

ABSTRACT Historical patterns of land-use development across many countries in the Global North have generally been characterised by land-use segregation, low-density settlements, and limited transport accessibility. This can lead to inefficient regional developmental patterns and can increase the environmental degradation attributable to regional expansion. Numerous metrics and datasets have been employed to infer the sustainability and efficiency of these developments. Here, we quantify and visualise the relative entropy of land-use configurations across the Republic of Ireland using a novel dataset. Specifically, we combine the discipline-standard CORINE Land Cover 2018 dataset and OpenStreetMap data, which provides more thorough land-use classifications in urban areas. Spatial differences in relative entropy are visualised using a spatial typology distinguishing between areas exhibiting low and high levels of relative entropy. Our Main Map visualises the coverage of both CORINE and OpenStreetMap datasets, compares relative entropy estimates for both datasets, and illustrates the disparities in cross-dataset estimates.

Indonesia’s Plan for Concurrent Regional Expansion

The development of ties between the center and the regions came to light after Indonesia underwent reformation in 1998. A new paradigm in the management of local government in Indonesia has emerged as a result of the passing of Law No. 22 of 1999. One effect of the passage of Law No. 22 of 1999 was the enlargement of the region to create a number of new autonomous regions. The pattern of creating new autonomous areas based on the will of the people causes certain regional expansions to be successful while others result in conflicts due to the interests of local elites (bottom-up). Therefore, the creation of new autonomous zones and the birth of a new paradigm require a new formulation. As a result, the creation of new autonomous regions requires a new formulation, and Law No. 23 of 2014’s regional structuring idea represents the development of a new paradigm. How to formulate the development of a new autonomous region through concurrent regional expansion is the study’s formulation of the problem. According to the study’s findings, regional growth is required in order to meet the needs of the envisioned increase in the number of Provinces, Regencies, and Cities.

111 Regional Expansion of a TL1 Program to Serve the 5 State Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana and Idaho Region

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The ITHS TL1 program is designed to grow trainees’ competence and knowledge in translational research. Our objective is to expand the program to the 5-state Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho (WWAMI) region by establishing a TL1 cohort at Montana State University (MSU). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Interdisciplinary training at the predoctoral level is ideal for preparing the future translational workforce. At this stage in their training, they have developed disciplinary expertise but have not yet narrowed their specializations. By expanding the TL1 program to include both University of Washington (UW) and MSU we are amplifying the robust academic research networks of both institutions, particularly programs in rural health equity, rural and tribal populations, and emerging infectious diseases. Using a collaborative, online educational model we will bring together trainees in a multi directional, joint training effort utilizing existing and emerging collaborations. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The anticipated outcome is to create a single program by bringing together a cohort of scholars from various disciplines spanning the translational science spectrum, with diverse types of research experience which enables them to learn from each other in a diverse setting. This will allow the program to more effectively grow trainee’s competencies and knowledge in multidisciplinary translational research methodology, as well as build skills in team science and cross-disciplinary communication. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: If successful, the ITHS TL1 program will prepare translational scientists with an awareness of diverse perspectives and contemporary research challenges. This would benefit the 5 state WWAMI region, which covers 27% of the total land mass of the US.

The Impact of the Formation of Three New Provinces on Papua’s Economic Performance

Currently, there have been three new autonomous regions established as a result of regional expansion in Papua Island, namely South Papua Province, Central Papua Province, and Papua Mountain Province. The formation of new provinces is expected to become a prime mover for accelerating equitable economic development in the Papua region. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study to analyze the impact of the formation of the province on the economic performance of Papua Island. The method used is the Final Demand Impact analysis of the Input-Output (I-O) Table. The results of this study indicate that the formation of the province has an impact on increasing the economic output of Papua Island by 37.7 percent and 69.5 percent for an increase in added value and contributing to an increase in employment of 71.1 percent or as many as 1.5 million people. The improvement in the economic performance of Papua Island, in turn, will indirectly have a positive effect on improving people's welfare and strengthening regional competitiveness and the contribution of the regional economy to the national economy. In addition, it also reduces the level of inequality in economic development nationally, which is still dominated by Java Island.

THE FEATURES OF MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET: GLOBAL AND NATIONAL ASPECTS

The article examines the peculiarities and specified characteristics of the pharmaceutical market in the concept of monopolistic competition, the design of which allows for the wide use of marketing tools of competition, innovation, research, branding, and others. The specific characteristics that allow identifying the predominant type of competition in the pharmaceutical market as monopolistic competition are summarized. It was noted that certain segments of the pharmaceutical market function within the framework of different market structures: monopoly (manufacturers who own patents for unique medicinal products, individual and collective monopolies in regional markets), oligopoly (manufacturers of certain types of medicinal products, the distribution segment, pharmacy networks of centralized and holding type with a monopoly in the retail sale of medicinal products), monopolistic competition (production and sale of medicinal products). Taking into account the dependence of the national pharmaceutical market on the import of drugs, the state (2018-2022), the competitive situation and generalized forecasts for the growth of the global pharmaceutical market until 2027 were studied. The analysis proved the presence of different factors of market development in each of the studied periods. The high activity of Indian and Chinese companies in developing the global pharmaceutical market was noted. Attention is drawn to the fact that activity in the market of monopolistic competition, especially such an institutionalized one as the pharmaceutical market, requires from participants the competent application of strategic approaches, adaptation of business models, significant investments in R&D and constant production of innovations, establishment of long-term cooperation with partners, optimization of the supply chain, formation systems of constant monitoring and forecasting of the external environment, professional marketing and systemic promotional activities related to traditional and digital elements of the communication mix, network expansion due to permissible regional expansion. It was concluded that the further development of the modern world pharmaceutical market as a structure of monopolistic competition is connected with: acceleration of consumption of medicines in developing countries; expiration of patent protection for a significant number of brand-name drugs; reduction of the market share and profits of branded pharmaceutical companies; legal restrictions on market monopolization; active use of marketing tools to implement non-price competition. The priority factor in increasing the competitiveness of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine is an effective combination of state and market regulation mechanisms, the successful synthesis of which will contribute to the elimination of disparities between the export and import of medicinal products, reduce the dependence of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market on foreign supplies of raw materials and finished products, and strengthen the position of domestic manufacturers in foreign markets.

Dual genetic tracing reveals a unique fibroblast subpopulation modulating cardiac fibrosis.

After severe heart injury, fibroblasts are activated and proliferate excessively to form scarring, leading to decreased cardiac function and eventually heart failure. It is unknown, however, whether cardiac fibroblasts are heterogeneous with respect to their degree of activation, proliferation and function during cardiac fibrosis. Here, using dual recombinase-mediated genetic lineage tracing, we find that endocardium-derived fibroblasts preferentially proliferate and expand in response to pressure overload. Fibroblast-specific proliferation tracing revealed highly regional expansion of activated fibroblasts after injury, whose pattern mirrors that of endocardium-derived fibroblast distribution in the heart. Specific ablation of endocardium-derived fibroblasts alleviates cardiac fibrosis and reduces the decline of heart function after pressure overload injury. Mechanistically, Wnt signaling promotes activation and expansion of endocardium-derived fibroblasts during cardiac remodeling. Our study identifies endocardium-derived fibroblasts as a key fibroblast subpopulation accounting for severe cardiac fibrosis after pressure overload injury and as a potential therapeutic target against cardiac fibrosis.

Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of pCO2 and CO2 evasion in karst rivers under the influence of urbanization.

Surface rivers play an essential role in carbon cycle processes in karst regions. However, the CO2 diffusion flux from karst rivers under the influence of urbanization has been scarcely examined in the literature. Along these lines, in this work, the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and its degassing in a typical karst river (Nanming River and its tributaries) were thoroughly investigated, which are significantly affected by urbanization in Southwest China. From the acquired results, it was demonstrated that the average values of pCO2 in the main stream of the Nanming River in the wet season, dry season, and flat season were 1975.77 ± 714.45 μatm, 1116.08 ± 454.24 μatm, and 976.89 ± 746.37 μatm, respectively. On the other hand, the tributary showed mean pCO2 values of 1770.46 ± 1120.79 μatm, 1638.13 ± 1121.82 μatm, and 1107.74 ± 824.03 μatm in the three different hydrographic periods. Overall, the pCO2 of the Nanming River basin decreased in the following order: wet season > dry season > flat season, while the mainstream of the Nanming River was slightly higher than that of the tributaries in the wet season. However, it was lower than that of the tributaries in the dry and flat seasons. Additionally, more than 90% of the samples displayed a supersaturated state of CO2, which acted as an important source of CO2 in the atmosphere. From a spatial point of view, pCO2 tended to be higher in the western region than in the eastern region, higher in the middle than in the immediate vicinity, and higher in the south during the three seasons. The higher urban areas showed also relatively higher pCO2 than the lower urban areas. The urban land along with the Nanming River's mainstream exhibited a weaker correlation with pCO2 than the urban land along with the main tributaries due to the mainstream's regular management in recent years. Moreover, the pCO2 was mainly influenced by the carbonate rocks dissolution, aquatic organism metabolic processes, and human activities. In the Nanming River basin, the average CO2 diffusion fluxes in the wet season, dry season, and flat season were 147.02 ± 100.3mmol·m-2·d-1, 76.02 ± 67.45mmol·m-2·d-1, and 119.28 ± 168.22mmol·m-2·d-1, respectively, which indicates high potential CO2 emissions. In addition, it was found that urban construction could increase the pCO2 of karst rivers and cause an increase in the CO2 release flux during the regional urban expansion. In view of the increasing intensive and extensive urbanization in karst regions, our findings are helpful to elucidate the characteristics of carbon dioxide emissions from karst rivers under the disturbance of human activities and further deepen the understanding of the carbon balance in karst river basins.

Research on Ecological Land Expansion: A Case Study of Haixing County of China

As China’s natural resource governance has turned to high-quality management, establishing reasonable and ecological land-use patterns is an effective means of promoting natural resource utilization and improving the quality of the ecological environment. Therefore, this study used ecological land as the expansion source to construct an ecological land-use pattern with the minimum cumulative resistance model in Haixing County, China, based on regional food security, ecological security, and construction land expansion patterns. This work also involved designing ecological corridors, radiation channels, strategic nodes, and other ecological components. The results demonstrate that (1) the ecological land source is 7976.93 hm2, accounting for 9.19% of the total area. It is mainly distributed in the southeast of the county, mainly in the river system and woodland; (2) the food security situation of Haixing County can be divided into four zones, most of which are agricultural adjustment areas, indicating that the ecological security of cultivated land in this area needs to be improved; (3) the ecological security level of Haixing County is divided into four areas, and the ideal safety zone accounts for the smallest area, indicating that the regional ecological situation is very unstable; (4) construction land expansion zone is divided into four parts. A suitable construction zone occupies the largest area and is mainly distributed around the current construction land; (5) the expansion of the ecological land-use pattern of Haixing County includes four zones, 15 ecological corridors, 12 radiation channels, and 35 strategic nodes, which is conducive to optimal land allocation from an ecological security perspective. This paper puts forward some suggestions for ecological protection and intensive urban development.

Mutual Inductance Calculation of Circular Coils for an Arbitrary Position With a Finite Magnetic Core in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Mutual inductance can be increased, and magnetic leakage can be reduced by adding finite magnetic core materials to the coil structure. However, the problem of the calculation of the mutual inductance between two arbitrarily positioned circular coils with a finite magnetic core has not been resolved. In this article, an analytical formula for calculating the mutual inductance between two circular coaxial coils on a finite magnetic core is obtained based on regional hierarchical expansion analysis (RHEA), the Maxwell equation, the Bessel function, and the boundary conditions for electromagnetic fields. The mutual inductance between two arbitrarily positioned coils is obtained by using the analytical geometry method. A series of experiments are carried out to verify the analytic calculations. The experimental results for each misalignment case are compared with the calculated results and simulated results. The theoretical results and simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental data, which verifies the validity of the proposed method.

The Effect of Hair Salon Reservation System and Service Quality on Customer Trust and salon Choice Characteristics after COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of the hair salon reservation system and service quality on customer trust after COVID- 19, and to provide basic data necessary for the development and supplementation of the reservation system in the beauty market in the future. The effect of the reservation system on customer trust was high in reliability when convenience was received, and the higher the response, type, and reliability, the higher the reliability. The beauty service reservation system through contact with customers has become an essential means of anxiety about infection after COVID-19. In future studies, if research on satisfaction and dissatisfaction at the time of reservation by gender and age is continuously conducted and supplemented by regional expansion for generalization of research, it is thought to be a basic data for further development of the beauty industry by building customer trust.

Pakistan's Trade Opportunities and Challenges with CARs:

Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan are struggling from lack of trade diversification and post COVID-19 economic woes. These issues can be addressed via regional cooperation and expansion into each other's markets. Pakistan’s new geo-economics ambition and efforts to reach out to Central Asian Republics (CARs) is gaining momentum, with Gwadar port being touted as the go to port for CARs. Pakistan has a lot to offer these countries in terms of being a reliable source of imports, as well as being the closest outlet for their ocean trade. Presently, issue of access via unstable Afghanistan remains a major challenge, which has been a regular point of academic discussion. However, there hasn't been much discourse on the challenges and opportunities that await Pakistan, once stability in Afghanistan is regained and physical access issues between CARs and Pakistan are resolved. This work employs limited quantitative analysis to examine trade potential and proposes practical solutions to barriers to trade that must be addressed if these countries wish to be more than pawns in the New Great Game.