Regional Budget Revenues Research Articles

Туристская отрасль Республики Крым: актуальные проблемы и перспективы развития

Tourism sector is one of the specialization branches of the Crimean economy. Its development is of national importance. It determines the regional profile of the Republic of Crimea, and it is closely connected with other important areas of economic activity in the region – trade, catering, transport, agriculture, construction, and etc. Currently, the effectiveness of tourism development in the Crimea is the most important strategic priority of socio-economic development of the region. Tourism sector is one of the main sources of regional budget revenue formation. It promotes the population employment and improves the life quality. The research is devoted to the identification of the current problems and prospects for tourism development in the Republic of Crimea. The article used methods of analyzing the indicators dynamics of tourism industry of the Crimea, methods of generalizing forecast data regarding the development opportunities of tourism industry of the region and integrated approach to the analysis of current problems of tourism sector. As a part of the study, SWOT analysis of the current state and prospects for the development of the tourism industry of the Republic of Crimea was carried out. Based on the analysis of the state program documents, it is concluded that the identified problems of the development of tourism industry in Crimea require implementation of a set of measures, most of which involve active state participation and financial support.

Доходы региональных бюджетов в начале 2022 г.: основные тенденции и факторы риска

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the impact of 2022 external shocks on Russia’s sub-federal budget revenues and to identify the main revenue side risks that should be considered if sanctions pressure increases. The relevance of the study is determined by the time factor: less than six months have passed since the beginning of the crisis. The authors examine the dynamics of regional budget revenues in 2022 as a whole and provide a detailed qualitative analysis of the situation in eleven regions, selected in accordance with the dynamics of their budget revenues in March-June 2022 (soon after the introduction of sanctions). The analysis shows that regional budget revenues have already begun to respond to the sanctions, however, the external shocks manifest themselves in different regions with different speed. It was revealed that the most vulnerable to the crisis is the CIT, while the PIT is relatively stable. The main risk indicators for regional budget revenues are the share of the extractive sector in GRP, the structure of reginal foreign trade (both by commodity and by country) and the state anti-crisis support of SMEs.

Tax Revenues of Regional Budgets Under Sanctions Pressure

The first half of 2022 was marked by a radical change in the geopolitical situation and an increase in sanctions pressure on the domestic economy. The breakdown of the established model of economic relations, the rupture of economic chains had a pronounced effect on the dynamics of industrial production. At the same time, the tax revenues of the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation have increased significantly and have not yet responded to the reduction in industrial production. Of the regions with a significant share of tax revenues from industry in the structure of consolidated budget revenues, only six had a reduction in income tax receipts, and this took place both against the background of a reduction in industrial production indices and against the background of their growth. According to the results of the first half of the year, there is no connection between the dynamics of industrial production and the receipts of corporate income tax and personal income tax to the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation. In a number of regions, wholesale and retail trade plays a significant role in maintaining the receipts of these taxes to the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the pronounced lag in the growth of personal income tax receipts from the rate of inflation, which occurs with an increase in average accrued wages and a drop in real incomes of the population, may indicate the accumulation of hidden employment problems in a number of regions.

The impact of regional economic development on the formation of regional budget revenues and expenditures

The impact of regional economic development on the formation of regional budget revenues and expenditures

Development Trends of Regional Economies in Russia

The expert community is actively working to determine the depth of the consequences for the domestic economy of large-scale sanctions pressure. One of the directions of such an analysis is the assessment of the situation in the social sphere and in the real sector of the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is obvious that the differences in the levels of development of regional economies; varying degrees of depth of their immersion in world economic relations; the volume of regional budget revenues received from the activities of foreign companies located on their territory and other factors will predetermine the amount of damage inflicted on Russian regions. To minimize its magnitude and, most importantly, to develop a viable strategy for overcoming the crisis, it is not enough to fix the scale of losses. An effective strategy requires foresight, and it is impossible without understanding the nature and direction of trends in the development of regional economies, at least in the medium term. This article proposes one of the possible options for the methodology to answer these questions. The authors believe the approach is quite correct, because the trends in the development of the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were studied based on an analysis of the situation that took place during the pandemic. The first version of the methodology was tested in 2021 and presented in issue 4 of the journal Federalism. Below is a refined version of the methodology, the use of which gave more reliable results.

RESULTS OF THE FIRST STAGE OF THE STRATEGY FOR THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC UNTIL 2035

The Chuvash Republic is one of the 14 regions that make up the Volga Federal District. The Republic has great innovative potential and unrealized competitive advantages. In assessing the total investment potential of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the leaders are 5 regions of the district with high rates of socio-economic development (the Republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Perm Territory, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara regions). Taking leading positions in certain industries (electrotechnical cluster, potato and milk production, etc.), in terms of a number of indicators of social and economic development, the republic is ranked 13–14th in the Volga Federal District and 50–60th in Russia. With this in mind, by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Chuvash Republic was included into the list of 10 regions of the country with a low level of socio-economic development. The strategy is to be implemented within a five-year period, the implementation of the strategy is divided into three stages: the first stage – 2020-2021, the second – 2022-2025, the third – 2026–2035. The purpose of the study is to analyze the implementation of the first stage of the Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Chuvash Republic until 2035, and to assess the impact of the results of the first stage on achieving the goals set in the Strategy-2035. The relevance of the study is caused by the fact that the socio-economic situation of the whole country depends on the results of the socio-economic development of the regions. The study found that the average annual growth rate of indicators (production volume, gross regional product, budget revenues, and quality of life indicators), estimated based on the duration of the Strategy, were not met at the 1st stage. Indicators characterizing the state of development of small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of small enterprises, the number of people employed in them, their share in budget revenues) are deteriorating.

Assessment of regional measures of tax support for business in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

The implementation of quarantine measures and the decline in economic activity in 2020 became an impetus for the implementation of a stimulating tax policy not only at the federal, but also at the subnational level. The article examines the experience of countercyclical fiscal policy in the OECD countries, highlights the factors of relatively modest tax support provided to small and medium-sized businesses at the subnational level. The object of the study is stimulating tax expenditures provided in accordance with the legislation of the Russian regions to support economic entities in the conditions of restrictive measures caused by the spread of a new coronavirus infection. The research methodology is based on the methods of formal logic, statistical and econometric analysis. The scientific novelty of this study consists in conducting a comprehensive analysis covering all subjects of the Russian Federation in which stimulating tax expenditures were actually provided, and assessing the regional tax policy implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic through the prism of key budget parameters and indicators of socio-economic development. The regional tax policy was carried out in conditions of large-scale fiscal support from the federal center and deterioration of the state of subnational finances due to the growth of deficit budgets. During the 2020 pandemic, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation provided tax benefits on taxes that account for a small share in the revenues of regional budgets. Since the main purpose of tax incentives was to solve liquidity problems and maintain employment, investment tax incentives for corporate income tax were not introduced in Russian regions. The study of the actual and forecast dynamics of GRP allowed us to conclude that the tax support measures implemented in the Russian subjects stimulated economic activity and helped to smooth out the negative consequences of the coronacrisis.

Potential tourist destinations for priority transportation infrastructure development in East Kalimantan

Abstract Transport and tourism infrastructure are interrelated and have the ability to strengthen regional development and have a major impact on the rate of economic growth. East Kalimantan province has many potential mainstay tourism objects that have not been managed and promoted properly. The weakness of tourism in East Kalimantan lies in the transportation infrastructure. Access to several favorite tourist sites related to travel costs is considered relatively high, and the low accessibility of the road network impacts tourist visits to tourist attractions. This research is the basis for determining potential tourist destinations for the priority development of transportation infrastructure in East Kalimantan Province. Determination of tourist destination areas using the location quotient index approach (LQ > 1), namely the business sector that has the largest potential contribution to regional budget revenues in the transportation and tourism sector and reviewing policy directions contained in the regional regulations of East Kalimantan province regarding spatial plans for designated areas tourism is spread over an area of ± 97,442 ha. The areas that have been designated as transportation infrastructure developments are Kutai Kertanegara Regency, Berau Regency, Balikpapan City, Samarinda City, and North Penajam Paser Regency as the state capital.

BUDGETS OF THE RUSSIAN REGIONS BEFORE AND AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TAX CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

In the conditions of a federal system, division of the budget into federal, regional and local levels is justified. For this reason, taxes are also distributed among the levels of the budget system. Each subject of the Russian Federation has its own budget, budget expenditure powers are regularized to it. For these purposes, the budget must have the financial resources necessary to cover its expenditures, as well as ensure the socio-economic development of the territories at a decent level. The article examines the revenues of regional budgets before and after the introduction of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Since 2005 to the present, the list of regional taxes including the transport tax, the corporate property tax and the gambling tax has been in force. Local taxes are also credited to the consolidated budget of the subjects of the Russian Federation; their list is limited to two taxes: the individual property tax and the land-value tax. Based on official data from Rosstat and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation for a period from 2003 to 2020, it is concluded that the taxes assigned to the regions are ineffective; they cannot ensure the progressive development of territories.

РОЛЬ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСФЕРТОВ В СУБНАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ БЮДЖЕТНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И ЕЕ АЗИАТСКОЙ ЧАСТИ

The main condition for the effective function of regional authorities is their financial independence and sustainability. This problem is especially relevant for the regions of the Asian part of the Russian Federation. The order of budget and tax regulation is currently highly centralized in Russia, the share of inter-budget transfers in the structure of regional revenues is quite high, especially this is typical for the regions of the Asian part of the country. The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate the results of transfer transfers to the budgets of the regions of the Russian Federation in general and the budgets of the subjects of the Federation of the Asian part of Russia in particular with the help of economic and statistical apparatus. For this purpose the structure of regional budgets revenues was assessed, the analysis of indicators of heterogeneity of revenues of the subjects of the Russian Federation before and after the allocation of federal transfers was carried out, the features of distribution of regions by the value of revenues before and after they received gratuitous transfers were revealed, a quantitative assessment of the level of differentiation in revenues of regional budgets was given by calculating the Gini index and the coefficient of funds. It is noted that measures are necessary to prevent direct correlation between actual and projected revenues of regional budgets and the amount of transfers received by them from the federal budget.

Собственные доходы бюджетов в регионах Дальнего Востока: проблемы и возможности

In the emerging new economic conditions, the role of the Russian Far East as a critical element in the implementation of the Eastern vector of the development of the Russian economy is growing. Increased attention to the Far Easter uncovers opportunities for the growth of its investment attractiveness and raises issues of economic and social development of the Far-Eastern territories. An essential element of regional development is the conditions of the budgetary systems of the Far-Eastern regions – their ability to develop their own sources of revenue and increase their self-sufficiency. The article considers the current state and problems of tax and non-tax revenues of budgets in the regions of the Russian Far East. The Far-Eastern regions are significantly differentiated in terms of the size and structure of budgetary revenues, which leads to different reactions to changes in the economic situation and tax regulation. Over the past ten years, the regions of the Russian Far East have demonstrated modest growth in tax revenues, which is a joint result of both economic development trends and the tax policy pursued by the state. An estimate of the size of shortfalls in revenues of regional budgets for corporate income tax as a result of preferential tax regimes is assessed. The dynamic development of the economy’s resource and raw materials sector enabled a significant tax potential in the macro-region that can be used as a source of additional financial support for regional budgets and the formation of “development budgets”. Impacts on the budgets of the Far-Eastern regions in the case of partial decentralization of the federal part of the mineral extraction tax are considered.

Устойчивость бюджетных доходов субъектов РФ и ее источники

Erratum: Malkina, M. (2021). Sustainability of Regional Budget Revenues and Its Sources. Economy of Regions, 17(4), 1376–1389. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-4-23. The article “Sustainability of Regional Budget Revenues and Its Sources” by Marina Malkina, published in the 4th Issue, Vol. 17, 2021 contained a technical mistake in the data about the submission and review dates: 01 Jun 2021 and 14 Jul 2021. Actual date of submission was 1st of June 2020, and the peer-review process was completed on the 14th July 2020. The data was corrected in the electronic version of the article. We apologize to the author and the readers for the inconvenience.

ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL BUDGET REVENUE GENERATION AND WAYS OF ITS GROWTH

The reasons for the constant attention to the problems of developing budgets at various levels are well known and understandable, since the budget is the basis of state, regional and local finance, it is the form of formation and spending of the cash fund intended for the financial provision of tasks and functions of state importance and local self-government. The relevance of the topic of the formation of regional budget revenues consists in the fact that such a budget is the main instrument aimed at regulating and stimulating the regional economy. Regional budget revenues are channeled to ensure economic, social and political development, it is therefore important to increase regional budget revenues. The purpose of the study is to identify the sources of the regional budget revenues. Methods of statistical analysis were used to reveal the research topic. The article analyzes the own incomes of the consolidated budget of the Chuvash Republic. Improving the efficiency of tax administration has a positive effect on the growth of the regional budget's own revenues. The article analyzes the dynamics and structure of regional budget revenues, provides actual data on budget revenues of the Chuvash Republic for several years. At the regional level, the generation of income has a number of problems associated with limited legal nature, as well as with the lack of own income to cover budget expenditures.

Opportunities for Decentralization in a Pandemic Year: What Does Budget Analysis Show?

—In the year of the pandemic, assistance to Russian regional budgets increased by more than 1.5 times, which ensured an increase in budget revenues in the vast majority of regions, but led to a significant increase in dependence on federal assistance. In the structure of aid, the share of targeted transfers (subsidies and subventions) increased, so the possibility of maneuvering budget resources for regions has decreased. Regions are forced to spend additional aid mainly on top-prescribed goals, which has led to a further increase in centralization of management. The transparency of allocation of transfers to regions worsened, and the amount of additional aid did not depend on the reduction of own revenues of regional budgets. Before the pandemic, priority “geopolitical” regions had received special support; for 2020, it is much more difficult to explain the distribution of aid due to the uncoordinated allocation of transfers by different federal ministries for different purposes. In the past, budgetary federalism in Russia had manifested itself only in a certain freedom of choice by the regional authorities in spending priorities, but in 2020, this was even less. Health care and, almost everywhere, social security of the population became an overall priority, since transfers were significantly added for these purposes. Regarding other types of expenditures, the priorities of regions differed, but most of them subsidized fees for housing and communal services and increased spending on the national economy to meet the targets of the presidential decree. Hopes for decentralization of the Russian system of government during the pandemic were not realized; in interbudgetary relations, the degree of regional dependence on the federal authorities increased.

Analysis of Market Retribution Management Systems in Efforts of Increasing Regional Original Income in The Office of Pd. Makassar Raya Market, Makassar City

Retribution is an important source of Regional Budget Revenue (PAD) in the city of Makassar. The budget charged by the Makassar City Government to the PD. Makassar Raya Market.This study aims to evaluate the management system of market levies and the contribution of market levies to increase Makassar City's Regional Original Income (PAD) and to formulate a more appropriate market levy management system to maximize PD revenue. Makassar Raya Market, Makassar City. The data used in this study are secondary in the form of documents and records related to market retribution income, and primary data in the form of daily reports of the recipient's cash-holding assistant as well as collection reports and proof of deposit of the recipient's treasurer into cash through the City Regional Development Bank (BPD). Makassar. The results of the study show that local revenue from market levies is in a very effective category, this is indicated by an average value of 100.28%, and Pasat Levies have a very large influence and contribution to Local Ownership in Makassar City, this can be shown by the average value of the contribution is 102.25%, while the growth rate of market levies explains that the growth rate with an average value is 9.69 which indicates the unsuccessful category The growth rate of market levies explains that the growth rate with an average value is 9.69 which indicates the unsuccessful category.

Regional Budgets in Q1 2021: Own Revenues Are Recovering

In Q1 2021, the revenues of the regions’ consolidated budgets went up compared to Q1 2020. The growth was ensured by the federal budget fiscal transfers and an increase in the own tax and non-tax revenues of regional and local budgets. According to the results of H1 2021, we can expect double-digit growth rates of own tax and non-tax revenues of the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation, and the main trend in the structure of public debt of the regions until the end of this year will be the replacement of commercial loans with budget ones.

KAJIAN HUKUM TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN ASET DAERAH

Regional property (BMD) can be obtained from apbd or other legitimate acquisitions and become regional wealth. State wealth in ministries / institutions / local governments become the authority and responsibility of ministries / institutions / local governments. But in the course of regional asset management sometimes also poses problems. Whereas well-managed regional assets will have a strategic role in supporting regional budget revenues. Bmd utilization applies to BMD located in the user of the goods, as well as who manages the goods. The existence of provisions, ensuring the process of utilization of BMD can run in an orderly, directed, fair, accountable, to realize efficient, effective, and optimal bmd management therefore regional asset management needs to be established and implementation based on the provisions of applicable laws and regulations. There should be a new mindset in the management of state assets so that not only just to record also list its fair value in the government financial report (LKPP), there should also be new thinking on how to optimize the management of state assets to be more optimal. The purpose of this writing is to review from the legal aspects regarding the management of regional assets. The research method used in this writing is done with literature studies. The approach used in this study is the approach of legislation and conceptual approach. The data source in this paper uses secondary legal material in the form of all publications about which are not official documents.

Investment consequences of cadastral valuation of lands in the Russian Federation

The article discusses the issues of the methodology of cadastral valuation, taking into account the alternative cost of land and investment benefits. The lack of completeness of the cadastral registration of land plots leads to an increase in the shortfall in revenues of regional budgets. Cadastral problems lead to large financial losses for the state.

Consolidated Budgets of the Subjects of the Russian Federation in 2020: Opportunities for Fulfilling Obligations in the Context of the Crisis

In the context of the economic crisis of 2020, triggered by the global pandemic, regional budgets faced a pronounced drop in tax revenues. The regions, whose economy is based on the extractive sector and metallurgy were most seriously affected. The drop in corporate income tax receipts in some regions was critical. At the same time, due to the implemented measures to support employment and income of the population, the personal income tax receipts have even increased. The most important element of supporting regional budget revenues was a significant increase in federal transfers. In fact, all categories of intergovernmental transfers (grants, subsidies, subventions, and other transfers) were used to support regional budgets. At the same time, the most financially prosperous subjects of the Russian Federation solved the problems that arose mainly at the expense of their own reserves. The result was the ability of the regions to increase spending in the most important areas (health, social policy). Nevertheless, it was not possible to avoid a pronounced increase in budget deficits of the subjects the Russian Federation and an increase in the volume of state sub-federal debt.

Does Intergovernmental Equalization Create Disincentives for Regional Infrastructural Development?

The subject of the research is the relationship between the amount of fiscal equalization grants and the length of transport routes in the regions. The study aims to test the hypothesis that the current formula for intergovernmental equalization creates disincentives for developing the road network in the regions. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that equalizing interterritorial inequality and regional infrastructural development are the most important goals of regional policy, whose instruments should not contradict. The current formula for distributing fiscal equalization grants contains a negative relationship between the length of transport routes in the regions and the amount of the transfer. That is, with an increase in the length of roads, the amount of grants to regions with initially low transport accessibility decreases. The author used the method of simulation modeling to quantify the reduction in grants to regions with low transport accessibility in the case of an increase in the length of roads in 2020 and to assess the potential impact of this decrease on the policy of regional authorities. As a result , the author revealed that while maintaining the current dynamics of road construction, an increase in the length of transport routes will lead to a decrease in the volume of grants to regions within 1%, which is insignificant regarding incentives. However, with an increase in the road network of hard-to-reach regions by one and a half times or more, this decrease may become critical. The work provides the estimate of the minimum additional fiscal revenue required to compensate for the lost income of the region with an increase in the length of transport routes. A further study may provide more details on the impact of the road industry development on the own revenues of regional budgets.