Regional Administrative Structures Research Articles

State Policy of Labor Migration Regulation in the Volga-Caspian Fishing Region in the Second Half of the 18th to the First Half of the 19th Century

The article analyzes the state policy of regulating labor migration during the second half of the 18th to the first half of the 19th centuries. Changes in the settlement and development strategy of the Volga-Caspian fishing region are demonstrated through examples of population groups such as noble landowners, peasants, merchant-fishermen, and industrial workers. The achievements and shortcomings of state-regulated labor migration during the examined period are identified. The article also assesses the normative framework that governed the processes of labor migration in the region, outlines the historical stages of settlement and development in the area, and documents the outcomes and consequences of this process for the future socio-economic development of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. Labor migration is viewed as a tool for the settlement and development of the peripheral territories of the Russian state.
 Furthermore, various forms of migration were employed by the government during the study period, including noble, monastic, peasant, Cossack, and voluntary migrations. Based on an examination of the collected material, the authors conclude that migration types successfully implemented in other (agricultural) regions of the country, such as noble, peasant, and monastic migrations, were not as productive in the context of the Volga-Caspian fishing region, where the primary economic activity revolved around fishing. The most effective workers for the fishing industry were supplied by the so-called “voluntary migration.”
 Given that the subject of the study is the state policy of regulating labor migration, the primary sources encompass legislative and normative documents from the second half of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries, as well as materials from central and regional administrative structures preserved in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. A portion of these materials is being introduced into academic discourse for the first time.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF IMERETI

The Covid pandemic and hostilities developed in the post-Soviet space had a heavy impact on the world economy, sharply slowing economic growth and increasing socio-economic problems. The impact of current events has become a significant topic in terms of regional economies. The rather rich experience accumulated in the world has shown us that the management and development of the region should be based on the economic potential of a particular country, the historical past of economic and political life, cultural and natural-resource characteristics, which are the result of historical preconditions. From this point of view, Georgia is quite diverse and interesting country. This diversity and the rules and traditions of economic life formed on the basis of sharply different natural-economic conditions create the inequality of the state and trends of the development and competitiveness of the territorial-administrative units (parties) of the country. Our attention was drawn to the fact that the Imereti region is distinguished by low incomes of the population, high rates of migration processes and aging and, accordingly, high dependence on social assistance. Imereti region is located in the central part of Georgia, it is one of the most beautiful places. It occupies 9.4% of the territory of Georgia and unites 12 municipalities. Rather important positive factors of the region are: proximity to seaports and international airports, location on energy and automobile corridors, a high level of urbanization, a variety of minerals, favorable environmental conditions for the development of crops, various types of tourist and recreational resources. The real result is that today the actual weakness of Imereti region is the high level of unemployment and poverty. Less developed municipal services, commercial and business infrastructure, low level of professional development and qualification of the workforce, absence of effective natural disaster management system, limited rights of regional and local administrative structures, meager income and property resources. It is a fact that the region cannot effectively use the existing resources for the purpose of development. In order to strengthen agriculture and increase labor productivity, first of all small-land farms should be enlarged, which will contribute to the technical rearmament of the sector and the intensification of production. It is a sad reality that Imereti is considered a region significantly dependent on social assistance. Not only the unemployed, but also the majority of employed people are socially vulnerable, because the payment is quite low. A similar situation is a problem not only in Imereti, but in the entire country. The post-pandemic period is characterized by price increases and unstable inflationary processes, the influence of both internal and external factors is great. Revealing the low standard of living and poverty should not become the main goal. There is constant talk about identifying the problem, revealing it, its percentage increase or decrease. Nominal indicators without deep analysis are quite far from the real situation. The main and important thing is not only to determine the causes, but also to fight against them and eliminate them in time. Enumeration and statistics workers and their economic-statistical studies should make a significant contribution to the assessment of the existing situation in the region and its further improvement. The real socio-economic situation of the region should be reflected (and not in numbers artificially beautified to please ourselves), only by revealing the reality and seeing the existing weak points correctly, we will be able to improve the economy of both the region and the country and achieve the desired results. It is on the basis of real data that the further development strategy of the region, new projects and programs should be developed. Recently, they often mention the "decent salary", which probably a significant part of the employed people in Georgia will not have in the near future. In this regard, the minimum wage and the size of the consumer basket need to be reconsidered once again. In order to provide normal wages to the employees, the government should adopt a law on minimum wages. When it comes to European integration, among many other issues, the most important and necessary issue is the review of the population's incomes and living standards, and bringing them closer to the European countries should be the main goal.

ETHNIC POLITICS AND HEGEMONY: A HISTORICAL APPRAISAL OF COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL NIGERIA

Nigeria cannot be described as one homogeneous country for its differing peoples and ethnic groups. This fact raises the issues of ethnicity in Nigeria politics from 1960 up till date. With the heterogeneous nature of the country, the tendency of the various nationals is towards parochial consciousness at the expense of national consciousness. The three “hegemonic” ethnic groups constitute 57.8% of the country’s population. All other ethnicities constitute different degrees of minority status. The dominance of the national population by the three majority groups was further enacted by the tripod regional administrative structure of the 1950’s which gave each majority ethnic group a region which forms the foremost context for ethnic mobilization and contestation. As a guide to answering the question on issues of ethnicity in Nigeria, this study documents the origin of ethnicity in Nigeria, ethnic politics in Nigeria before independence and ethnic hegemony in post-independence Nigeria as this played a major role in Nigeria politics over the years. This study employs secondary sources as well as thorough descriptive and analytic methods of report writing.

The Olevsk Borderline as the Creation of the Polish-Soviet War

The Peace of Riga 1921 has caused substantial changes that are still commonly discussing in historical science and has become an important aspect of numerous researches due to the theme of the Polish-Soviet War’s end. It has been identified that the regional administrative structure and the whole structure of daily life of the Olevsk Borderline inhabitants have undergone a big change. This article represents the study of the consequences of the Polish-Soviet War in 1919–1920 which took its strong influence on the regional phenomenon of the Olevsk Borderline and its inhabitants in part of this. The main themes which were described in the research are the regional administrative and legal system changes in this time in the territories of Volyn’ and Polissia. We mainly focuse on the changes which led to a nascency of the Olevsk Borderline. In late 1919 and early 1920s, the Bolsheviks occupation system was established on the lands of Ukraine by a new government. That process was accompanied by great violence which meant both political internal battles in Volyn’s province during the persistence of large-scale military action. As the result of the war, this territory became a frontier area and was divided into two parts due to the diplomatic contract. Some villages and towns were integrated by Poland and others became the part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aggressive substance of the Soviet power had a negative impact on the population of that region. The use of complex analysis of the historical sources and the historiography revealed the consequences of the Riga Peace 1921 for the Olevsk Borderline in the early 1920s years. In particular, we show what changes occurred in both parts of the frontier after that administrative-territorial reforming processes in Soviet Ukraine and Poland. The paper includes recent results obtained by the usage of general scientific and special historical methods.

Administrative division of Poland - 25 years of experience during the systemic transformation

This article seeks to present the chief features of Poland's territorial division and assess it at its three levels: voivodeships, poviats and communes. The reference point is the territorial divisions of other EU states, especially those that, like Poland, have a three-tier structure. The basic thesis is that the territorial organisation of public administration should change so as to keep up with political, economic, social and spatial processes, the last being especially important for it. The article closes with recommendations for ways of changing local and regional administrative structures, like establishing a new voivodeship and metropolitan poviats, combining urban and rural poviats, and fusions of communes.

Sytuacja finansowa samorządów w Polsce a nowe zasady limitowania zadłużenia – spojrzenia makroekonomiczne

Sytuacja finansowa samorządów w Polsce a nowe zasady limitowania zadłużenia – spojrzenia makroekonomiczne

The Development of an Effective Management Model of Professional Education as a Factor of Increasing the Regional Economy Competitiveness

Major factors of competitiveness of national and regional economies increased on the basis of ensuring close interrelation of economy and system of professional education in Russia are considered in the article. One of the direction of the analysis is studying of features of various foreign models of professional education management, detection of their features, merits and demerits. The main directions of modernization of the Russian social economic process, on the basis of introduction of bioadequate model in a control system of professional education in Russia are offered in the article. According to authors, elements of management that will allow to create optimum model which will accurately distribute and coordinate functions and powers, competences and responsibility of various subjects and objects of management of system of professional education, first of all professional educational institutions and local governments, and also regional and federal administrative structures have to be allocated. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s3p291

Bilan de 10 ans de consultations mémoire en Franche-Comté : description et analyse de la base de données RAPID

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact, on a regional scale (Franche-Comté), of 3 National Alzheimer care plans, particularly concerning the development of the offer of care management by clinicians as well as the panel of diagnoses concerned. Data on sociodemographic, neuropsychological and diagnostic characteristics were retrieved from the RAPID regional database between 1st January 2003 and 31st December 2012. These analyses focused exclusively on patients who had an initial consultation (n=12,017) during the same period. The existence of a previously established health network capable of carrying out governmental health plans has produced an effective interface between regional administrative structures responsible for the implementation of these plans and health professionals responsible for carrying out them out. This network study, the use of a battery of tests and a common software database have enabled the development of patient care management throughout the Franche-Comté region. It also showed the diversification of diagnoses mentioned over the past years as well as changes in clinical practices on how to address the issue of cognitive impairment.

Proposals for Regional Administrative Structure and Planning in Turkey

On a global scale, the region which not only defines economic but also social unity has been brought once again to the agenda in a manner unlike those of the past, both as a result of globalization and localization tendencies, and with arguments towards formulating a more democratic administrative structure. Conversely, although regional planning and administrative pursuits and debates have ensued in Turkey since its foundation, regional plans have never been effectively administered, a regional administrative structure requiring continuity has not been established and problems requiring solutions at the regional level have increasingly continued their presence. In this study, proposals have been developed for regional planning and regional administration in Turkey, taking into consideration not only global tendencies but also the country's related experiences along with the current circumstances, and spatial unities that would form a basis for these have been defined.

The gene pool of the Belgorod oblast population: Changes in population genetic relationships during the past 50 years

The model of the Belgorod oblast population has been used to demonstrate different effects of administrative reforms on microevolution in human populations. For the populations that formerly belonged to Kursk oblast, changes in the regional administrative structure (after which some of them remained in Kursk oblast and others were included into Belgorod oblast) have lead to an increase in the genetic distances between them. However, other populations (formerly belonging to Voronezh oblast) have become genetically closer to one another, although these populations now belong to different administrative regions (Belgorod and Voronezh oblasts).

The gene pool of the Belgorod oblast population: Malecot’s isolation-by-distance parameters

The mean distance between birthplaces of spouses (sigma, sigma'), the proportion of medium migrations (k), and the effective migration pressure (M(e)) have considerably increased, and the linear systematic pressure coefficient (b) has decreased in the human population of the Central Chernozem region during the past 50 years. However, the local inbreeding level (a), which is determined by both an increase in the migration intensity and a decrease in the effective population size (N(e)), has remained practically unchanged. A change in the regional administrative structure has affected the genetic structure of populations. In the 1950s, raions (administrative districts) of Kursk and Voronezh oblasts (regions) were similar with respect differentiation parameters, whereas the oblasts considerably differed from each other. At present, some Malecot's isolation-by-distance parameters for the populations of the districts that were included to Belgorod oblast in 1954 are lower and similar to those for the districts that remain in Kursk and Voronezh oblasts.

Regional Policy and Decentralization in the Czech Republic

EU accession has had an ambiguous impact on regionalization in the Czech Republic. While EU membership necessitated the creation of regional administrative structures to manage the Structural Funds, the role of new regional authorities was often undermined by the centralized nature of the accession process itself. Developments since accession have created a new dynamic in the debate over regional policy and regionalization in the Czech Republic, however. Most significant are the increased political importance of the new regions and changes in partisan attitudes about regionalization. The impact of these developments is evident in the debate over regional policy planning for 2007–2103. Thus, despite its limited initial impact, EU accession has created the structural potential for increased regionalization in the Czech Republic which has been actualized by the changing constellation of political forces and altered preferences of key political actors in the country.

Social Assistance and Territorial Justice: The Example of Single Payments

ABSTRACTSocial assistance in many countries is administered locally. Centralised, uniform schemes, such as those which operate in Britain are often assumed to guarantee, or at least to enhance, territorial equity, that is the equal treatment of individuals with identical needs irrespective of where they live. This assumption is examined with respect to the system of single payments—lump sum payments to meet exceptional needs—which existed prior to the 1988 social security reforms. Although much of the geographic variation in the volume of awards which used to exist is explicable in terms of variations in the level of need, territorial inequity is demonstrated to have occurred in what was a nationally administered and closely regulated scheme. The reasons for the inequity seem in part to have been due to variations in office work flow and working practices, welfare rights activity and unidentified processes linked in some way to the regional administrative structure of DHSS.

ORGANISATIONAL THEORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE CHANGE: THE CASE OF REGIONALISATION IN YOUTH AND COMMUNITY SERVICES

Abstract: Conventional accounts of administrative change have relied on an instrumental view of organisations. Based on the notion that administrative arrangements are designed to meet predefined goals, such accounts have been unable to deal adequately with the production of organisational arrangements or to analyse the entanglements of theory in those arrangements. A number of revisions to this orthodox view have been suggested which are based on viewing administrative structures as political arenas within which conflicts organised within wider society come to the fore. The adoption of a regional administrative structure by the New South Wales Department of Youth and Community Services highlights the dependence that administrative arrangements have upon the interests and ideas of key administrative actors and coalitions, and their contingent power to produce and maintain changes in those arrangements. The regional structure was based on ideas of community participation and had the avowed aim of allowing the public to have greater access to departmental affairs. Subsequently, ideas of ministerial accountability and organisational efficiency were used to define strictly the legitimate boundaries of that public participation. Such ideas provided covering fire for different groups in and around the department to obtain and consolidate positions of advantage.

General practice in Canada.

Medical practice in Canada is in a stage of rapid change. All provinces now have government insurance schemes which pay for hospital care and physician services. Health care is being reorganized in several provinces. The pattern evolving is a three–tier system, with health centers for primary care, district hospitals for inpatient care, and regional hospitals—usually teaching hospitals—for highly specialized services. A regional administrative structure is being developed. Although many variations exist the general practitioner (family physician) is still the major source of primary care. Current trends indicate that in the future the family physician will continue to be the usual source of primary and continuing health care. General practitioners in Canada normally have hospital admission privileges. Although the role of the general practitioner in hospital is changing, there is no indication that the general practitioner will cease to play a part in hospital care. Nurses are beginning to play a more important role in primary health care. Most Canadian medical schools now have departments or divisions of family medicine. The College of Family Physicians has played a major part in establishing postgraduate training for family practice.

Regional Interests and Policy in a Federal Structure

Almost overnight, regionalism in Canada has become the current fashion and a subject for much intellectual speculation as well as administrative experimentation. This symposium' is but one of many testimonials to the growing interest in the subject. In 1964, the Committee on Statistics of the Political Science Association considered the problem. Early in 1965, Queen's University sponsored a conference on areas of economic stress that was the forerunner to a much larger conference on regionalism convened by the Province of Ontario. The Institute of Public Administration of Canada selected regionalism as the theme for its autumn conference. Recent reports of a royal commission in New Brunswick and of a legislative committee in Ontario are implicitly concerned with regionalism in so far as they propose basic remodelling of the local government services in their respective provinces. The Resources Ministers Council is grappling with the concept, as are also the federal departments of Industry and of Agriculture. On the international plane, the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Columbia River development have projected more grandiose conceptions of regionalism. In short, regionalism, with concomitant regional administrative structures, is being advanced as an answer to the new problems of interdependence that cut across traditional political boundary lines, whether they be municipal, provincial, or national. The title chosen for this symposium suggests that regional interests are, indeed, a reality within the federal structure and that policy must accommodate itself not only to the familiar strains of dominion-provincial tensions but to the newer cross-currents of regionalism. The detailed implications of regionalism cannot be considered here, but resort to the analytical tools of the new school of systems analysts may help to develop certain general conclusions. In essence, the systems analyst would picture the political as a box surrounded by the environment. Inputs from the environment are typically divided into demands and supports. Within the box marked Canadian political system the demand inputs are subjected to a conversion process that produces which lead back to the environment; presumably the outputs must satisfy the demands or create new ones if they are to generate support for the system.)

Regional Interests and Policy in a Federal Structure

Almost overnight, regionalism in Canada has become the current fashion and a subject for much intellectual speculation as well as administrative experimentation. This symposium is but one of many testimonials to the growing interest in the subject. In 1964, the Committee on Statistics of the Canadian Political Science Association considered the problem. Early in 1965, Queen's University sponsored a conference on areas of economic stress that was the forerunner to a much larger conference on regionalism convened by the Province of Ontario. The Institute of Public Administration of Canada selected regionalism as the theme for its autumn conference. Recent reports of a royal commission in New Brunswick and of a legislative committee in Ontario are implicitly concerned with regionalism in so far as they propose basic remodelling of the local government services in their respective provinces. The Resources Ministers Council is grappling with the concept, as are also the federal departments of Industry and of Agriculture. On the international plane, the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Columbia River development have projected more grandiose conceptions of regionalism. In short, regionalism, with concomitant regional administrative structures, is being advanced as an answer to the new problems of interdependence that cut across traditional political boundary lines, whether they be municipal, provincial, or national.The title chosen for this symposium suggests that regional interests are, indeed, a reality within the Canadian federal structure and that policy must accommodate itself not only to the familiar strains of dominion-provincial tensions but to the newer cross-currents of regionalism. The detailed implications of regionalism cannot be considered here, but resort to the analytical tools of the new school of systems analysts may help to develop certain general conclusions.