Region Of Sac Research Articles

А case of combination of dacryocystocele with a nasolacrymal cyst in infant child

INTRODUCTION: Dacryocystocele (hydrops of the lacrimal sac) is a rare variant of a congenital pathology caused by the obstruction of proximal and distal lacrimal ducts, followed by progressive distension of the lacrimal sac [1]. Given the accumulation of abundant contents in the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct, the membrane that closes their outlet under the inferior turbinate can be stretched, and the prominence of such a membrane into the inferior nasal passage is in the form of the so-called nasolacrimal cyst [3].
 Description of the clinical case. A 1.5-month-old girl was hospitalized in the ophthalmology department of the University. Below are the history data. At the 30th week of pregnancy, the fetus had a bilateral space-occupying lesion in the area of the inner canthus of the eye. At birth, the child had a dense swelling in the region of the left lacrimal sac but without discharge. From birth, he had difficulty in nasal breathing.
 RESULTS: According to the results of multislice computed tomography of the lacrimal ducts with contrast (Ultravist), cavity formations were found under the inferior turbinate on both sides with a contrast level. At the age of two months, the child, accompanied by an otolaryngologist, underwent surgery for the removal of nasolacrimal cysts on both sides and reconstruction of the lacrimal ducts and their intubation with a silicone thread on the left. After surgical treatment, the outflow of tears and nasal breathing were restored, and no signs of dacryocystocele were detected. The silicone thread was removed after 1 month, and no tear production was observed.
 DISCUSSION: Treatment of children with dacryocystocele involves the simultaneous reconstruction of lacrimal ducts by an ophthalmologist and excision of the nasolacrimal cyst by an otolaryngologist.
 CONCLUSION: When examining a child with dacryocystocele, the possible presence of a nasolacrimal cyst should be considered. The interaction of an ophthalmologist and an otolaryngologist at all stages of the treatment and diagnostic process enables the prevention of disease complications and unnecessary surgical procedures.

A Review on: Smart Polymers used in Novel Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System

Loss of sight or vision loss are utmost concerned worldwide health problems resulting in significant financial and public loss. Eyesight helps one to capture signals from the surrounding environment and depict clear visual images. Drug delivery to the eyes has been seen as a significant task for the reason that an eye has different defensive boundaries and drug clearance system resulting from an exceptional structural and functional nature of eyes. Formulation administered into the eye in the form of regular ophthalmic formulations leads to less absorption of drug. Therefore, approaches have been carried out to advance a novel, nontoxic and effective ophthalmic drug delivery system to control the difficulties occurring by the regular formulations. Latest innovation in pharmaceutical drug design has produced stimuli responsive in-situ gel system providing continuous release action and increased ocular drug bioavailability. They act by undergoing phase conversion from solution to gel owing to the variation in ocular temperature, ions and pH in the ocular environment. Stimuli transformed gel is formed in the region of cul de sac thus combating the limitations of regular ophthalmic formulations such as less retention time and fast nasolacrimal drainage within the eyes.

Redescription of Ektaphelenchoides compsi Baujard, 1984 (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from Pinus massoniana in Fujian Province, China

Summary Ektaphelenchoides compsi is redescribed morphologically with new molecular characterisation. It was isolated from a dead Pinus massoniana tree in Ningde City, Fujian Province, China. Detailed morphology of the spicule, female gonad, hemizonid position, arrangement of male caudal papillae and female tail terminus shape are documented. It is characterised by a lateral field with three lines (forming two bands), tripartite stylet 17.8 (17.0-19.4) μm long without basal thickenings, metacorpus rectangular with anterior 40% granular and posterior part weakly muscular, metacorpal valve slightly posterior to middle of metacorpus, excretory pore at level of nerve ring, vagina with thickened walls and strongly developed muscular bundles, vulval lips slightly protuberant, vulval flap absent, distal region of post-vulval uterine sac appearing as a weakly developed oogonia, anus and rectum indistinct, female posterior part (‘tail’) dorsally convex, conical, terminal region contracted into a bluntly pointed tip. The spicules are arcuate, 15.6 (14.3-16.3) μm along the chord, lamina smoothly curved to distal end, capitulum slightly concave, condylus well-developed with broadly rounded tip and slightly depressed at dorsal end, rostrum triangular with finely rounded tip, cucullus absent, and with seven caudal papillae present. The near full length 18S and 28S D2-D3 regions of rRNA genes sequences were characterised. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Fujian population of E. compsi grouped with the Zhejiang population of E. compsi, both being morphologically identical.

Macroscopic morphological aspects, ecometry and rebound tonometry of the eye bulb in sloth (Bradypus variegatus)

ABSTRACT: The field related to the visual system of wild animals is deeply scarce. Settling anatomical and physiological parameters for these animals is still a descriptive vision for Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Thus, our research aimed to determine patterns of normal eye for this species. For this purpose, eight eye bulbs were dissected from the carcasses obtained by natural death, and then performed an overview of ocular anatomical. Rebound tonometry (RBT) and ocular B-mode ultrasonography were also applied for eight eyes in four animals from “Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos”, situated in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE), to estimate the intraocular pressure and ocular ecobiometry. The ocular morphology of sloth is similar as described for other species, however, with some peculiarities. They present a third eyelid emerging in the nasal region of the inferior conjunctival sac and retina and also contain little differentiated blood vessels. Medium the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4.25mmHg with no difference for both eyes. Ultrasonography of ocular anatomy is also similar regarding other species. Ecobiometric patterns were evaluated to determine the anterior chamber depth, lens width, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length (AL) of ocular globe and the averaged as shown 0.63±1.11mm, 3.73±0.24mm, 6.15±0.41mm, 3.70±0.27mm, and 8.48±0.22mm, respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eyes. The RBT and ocular B-mode ultrasonography are fast exams and easy for animal testing. This study contributed to the characterization of ocular anatomy as well as settling medium values of IOP and intraocular measures; however, further research on physiology and histology is necessary to better understand the visual function of the species.

Endolymphatic mass in a patient with undiagnosed multiple myeloma

Intracranial lesions located within the region of the endolymphatic sac are typically associated with locally invasive disease rather than metastasis.

Outcomes after Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy in the Pediatric Population

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction in the pediatric population can be from a congenital or acquired cause. Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) from the incomplete canalization of the valve of Hasner occurs in up to 6% of newborns. Acquired obstruction can occur from traumatic events, foreign body impaction or sinusitis. This obstruction predisposes children the pediatric acute dacryocystitis (PAD). Signs and symptoms of PAD include rapid edema and erythema over the medial canthal region of the lacrimal sac, epiphora or mucopurulent discharge, tenderness and fever.

The sperm pump and genital coupling of Panorpodes kuandianensis (Mecoptera: Panorpodidae)

Males of Panorpodidae possess a special sperm pump, through which they directly transfer seminal fluid to the female spermatheca. However, the sperm pump has not been studied in Panorpodes to date. Here, the structure of the sperm pump and the internal coupling of genitalia were investigated in the short-faced scorpionfly Panorpodes kuandianensis Zhong, Zhang, and Hua, 2011 using light and scanning electron microscopy. The sperm pump mainly consists of a piston, a pumping chamber, the anterior region of the aedeagal complex, the posterior region of the ejaculatory sac, and associated muscles. The piston as a propulsion apparatus is controlled by levator and depressor muscles. Its posterior region connects dorsally to the aedeagus via a joint. The pumping chamber is located between the piston and the aedeagus. The dorsal and ventral parameres were attached by retractor muscles. During copulation, the male phallotreme connects to the female copulatory pore to transfer sperm. Male gonostyli and parameres grasp the female to restrict the genitalia movement and impede her medigynium from retreating. The sperm ejaculatory mechanism of Panorpodes and the evolution of sperm transfer mode in insects are briefly discussed based on the structure of the sperm pump and the internal coupling of genitalia.

A Novel Posterior Trench Approach Involving Percutaneous Endoscopic Cervical Discectomy for Central Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation.

This report describes a novel posterior trench approach involving percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy (PECD) for central cervical intervertebral disc herniation (CIVDH) and an evaluation of the feasibility, safety, and short-term clinical effect of this approach. Central CIVDH is considered the contraindication for posterior PECD. A single-center retrospective observational study was performed with 30 patients managed with posterior PECD using the trench approach for symptomatic single-level central CIVDH. Primary outcomes included the measures of bodily pain and physical function based on the SF-36 and modified MacNab criteria. Radiographical follow-up included the static and dynamic cervical plain radiographs, computed tomographic scans, and magnetic resonance images. A positive clinical response for symptom relief was achieved in all patients. The postoperative MRI showed total removal of the herniated disc. As a supplement to the described surgical techniques of PECD, this trench approach provides novel access for the treatment of CIVDH, especially for the central type. The advantages of this technique include the provision of access to decompress the ventral region of the thecal sac and the ability to avoid damage to the facet joint. The steep learning curve might be a major disadvantage, and the sample volume is a limitation of the study; the effectiveness and reliability of the trench approach should be further verified in a comparative cohort study with a large volume of patients.

Primary lacrimal sac diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a child

We report the case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with a 2-month history of left eyelid swelling, ecchymosis, and epiphora. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lobulated lesion in the region of the left lacrimal sac extending to the left nasolacrimal duct. Biopsy revealed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the lacrimal sac. Chemotherapy was initiated, consisting of rituximab, methotrexate, cytarabine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine. The lesion resolved within weeks of treatment, and the patient remained disease free at 1year. Primary orbital lymphoma is rare in children; primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the lacrimal sac in a child has not been reported previously.

Botryomycosis: A surprising revelation in the lacrimal sac

ABSTRACTA middle aged woman presented to us with a localised well defined swelling of 3 months duration. It was located just below the lower eyelid punctum and was constantly discharging whitish granules. We suspected it to be arising from the lacrimal apparatus and posted the patient for Dacryocystectomy. On the operating table we found a swelling in the region of the lacrimal sac which was later excised. Histopathology revealed Botryomycosis and Chronic Dacryocystitis. Botryomycosis is a rare condition and requires a high index of suspicion to diagnose it. It is confirmed by histopathology and culture. Surgical debridement is the treatment of choice in such cases with an assessment of the immune status. Long term antibiotic treatment is required in all conditions as recurrence is common.

POSSIBILITIES OF ULTRASOUND AND TRANSILLYLUMINATION PULSOPTOMETRIC RESEARCH IN OSTEOARTHROSE OF THE KNIFE JOINT

With the use of medical ultrasound and transillumination pulsooptometric monitoring, the amplitude of pulse oscillations and the optical density of the soft tissues of the joint region of the suprapatellar sac, the bag of lateral and medial curvature of 1608 people (1405 people with osteoarthritis, 203 healthy people), aged 19 to 75 years were studied. With the help of new diagnostic methods, taking into account the locality of the process, creates the conditions for early prevention of pathological joint diseases and, as a consequence, reducing the frequency of their complications. In this case, the development of transillumination pulsooptometric and ultrasound monitoring may have applied clinical importance for identifying specific signs of pathology, determining the nature of morphological disorders, surgical tactics under the control of monitoring and developing new methods of treatment.

The Lumbosacral Dural Venous Sinus: A New Discovery with Potential Clinical Applications.

Traditionally, the dural venous sinuses have been described only in the cranium. However, anecdotally, during various neurosurgical intradural procedures in the lumbosacral spine, we noticed an intradural collection of blood. With no prior studies on this in the extant medical literature, the following anatomic investigation seemed warranted. Twenty fresh frozen adult cadavers were used for the study. The dural sac was exposed and removed. A 30-gauge needle was inserted into the dura mater while not traversing the full thickness of the dura mater. Once the needle was positioned halfway into the thickness of the dura mater, injection of black ink was attempted. Cross-sections of the dural sac were performed, and the sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope. Spinal venous sinuses were identified between the L5 and S1 levels in 14 (70%) specimens. Transdural vessels were found through the thickness of the dural sac along its entire circumference, but the spinal venous sinus was only identified in the posterior region of the dural sac in the lumbosacral region (L3 to S1). Our study identified a dural venous sinus located in the dorsal lumbosacral region and near the midline. We suggest this structure be called the lumbosacral venous sinus. Although the function of such a sinus is speculative, knowledge of its presence might benefit those interpreting imaging of this region, especially with regional pathology such as dural arteriovenous fistulas.

To study the Efficacy of Jalaukavacharan and Shadanga Guggulu in Puyalasa w.s.r. to Acute Dacryocystitis

Puyalasa (Acute dacryocystitis) is an acute suppurative inflammation of lacrimal sac characterized by painful swelling in the region of sac associated with epiphora, fever and Malaise. Puyalasa, is one of the Sandhigata Roga which includes swelling in Kaninika sandhi, which later on undergoes suppuration causing thick purulent discharge. The present study was planned to assess the efficacy of Jalaukavacharana and Shadanga Guggulu in Amavastha and Pachyamanavastha of Puyalasa. Total 60 patients of Puyalasa (Amaavastha and Pachyamanavastha) were randomly selected and grouped into Group A, B and C with 20 patients in each group. The patients of Group-A received Jalaukavacharana as a line of treatment, patients of Group-B received Shadanga Guggulu and Patients of Group-C received both Jalaukavacharana and Shadanga Guggula. In all the three groups the Group-C in which both Jalaukavacharana and Shadanga Guggulu were included is very effective after treatment of 15days and statistically significant in reducing Shopha, Savedena, and Sarambha.

Endolymphatic Sac Carcinoma In Situ in a Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko)

Abstract An 11-year-old female tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) was presented for bilateral asymmetric swellings of the cervical region. Baseline hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses demonstrated anemia, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Whole-body radiographs revealed a mass effect and irregular mineralization in the region of the left endolymphatic sac. Fine needle aspiration of this region revealed many elongated calcium-based crystals with pointed ends, histiocytic inflammation, and clusters of epithelial cells, consistent with hyperplasia or neoplasia of the epithelium of the endolymphatic sac. The crystals were shown to be calcium carbonate by infrared crystallography. Given the advanced state of disease and inability to completely excise the mass due to the intimate association between the meninges and endolymphatic sac, the gecko was euthanized. Gross necropsy and histopathologic evaluation revealed carcinoma in situ of the left endolymphatic sac. To our knowledge, this is the...

The sperm pump of the hangingfly Bittacus planus Cheng (Mecoptera: Bittacidae)

The males of antliophoran insects usually use a sperm pump to transfer liquid sperm into the reproductive tract of the female. However, the fine structure of the sperm pump and its ejaculatory mechanism has not been thoroughly clarified in many groups of Mecoptera. In this paper, the structure of the sperm pump was investigated in the hangingfly Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949 using light and scanning electron microscopy. The sperm pump mainly consists of a piston fused with a piston-carrying sclerite, a pumping chamber enclosed by the genital folds, which comprises the posterior region of the ejaculatory sac, an ostial sclerite, a phallobase, and other associated structures and muscles. The piston crown plays a major role in the piston movement. The ostial sclerite serves as a discharge valve and is controlled by two antagonistic muscles. No depressor muscles were found attached to the piston. The sperm pumping activity is mainly controlled by the combination of the levator of the piston and the retractor and protractor of the ostial sclerite. The ejaculatory mechanism and phylogenetic significance are briefly discussed based on the structure of the sperm pump.

Generative reproduction of Antarctic grasses, the native species Deschampsia antarctica Desv. and the alien species Poa annua L.

AbstractThe embryology of two species, Deschampsia antarctica, a native species, and Poa annua, an alien species in the Antarctic we studied. Flowering buds of plants growing in their natural habitats on King George Island and generative tissues of both plant species grown in a greenhouse were analyzed. Adaptations to autogamy and anemogamy were observed in the flower anatomy of both species. The microsporangia of the evaluated grasses produce a small number of three−celled pollen grains. Numerous pollen grains do not leave the microsporangium and germinate in the thecae. Deschampsia antarctica and P. annua plants harvested in Antarctica developed a particularly small number of microspores in pollen chambers. In D. antarctica, male gametophytes were produced at a faster rate: generative cells in pollen did not become detached from the wall of the pollen grain, they were not embedded in the cytoplasm of vegetative cells, and they divided into two sperm cells situated close to the wall. The monosporous Polygonum type of embryo sac development was observed in the studied species. The egg apparatus had typical polarization, and the filiform apparatus did not develop in synergids. Large antipodals with polyploidal nuclei were formed in the embryo sacs of D. antarctica and P. annua. Poa annua was characterized by numerous antipodal cells which formed antipodal tissue in the chalazal region of the embryo sac. Three distinct antipodals with atypical, lateral position in the vicinity of the egg apparatus were observed in D. antarctica. The diaspores of the investigated grass species were characterized by small size, low weight and species-specific primary and secondary sculpture of the testa and caryopsis coat.

Temporal-Spatial Mapping Of Hematopoietic Progenitors In The Embryo Reveals a Differentially Regulated Program Of Endothelial-To-Hematopoietic Transition In The Yolk Sac

It is established that hemogenic endothelium (HE) in major embryonic arteries is the source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), and the Runx1-mediated endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition in these sites depends both on arterial specification and on the establishment of blood flow. However, two waves of hematopoietic progenitors emerge prior to HSC specification in the mammalian embryo, yielding primitive and erythro-myeloid(EMP)-definitive hematopoiesis. Each has distinct lineage potential and temporal regulation, suggesting that each wave has a required, non-redundant function. Indeed, both are required for embryonic survival (Fujiwara et al., PNAS, 1996; Chen et al., Cell Stem Cell, 2011), and can sustain hematopoiesis in the murine embryo until birth in the absence of functional HSC. Commencing with the onset of cardiac function at embryonic day (E)8.25, EMP emerge in a Runx1-dependent manner contemporaneous with vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the yolk sac. Moreover, EMP emergence temporally overlaps both with primitive hematopoietic emergence and HSC specification in the adjacent embryonic arteries (Palis et al., Development, 1999). Given this temporal overlap, we reasoned that identifying the spatial localization and cellular origin of EMP emergence would provide important insight into their regulation and function.We purified the temporally overlapping hematopoietic progenitor populations in the yolk sac, and confirmed their lineage identity by in vitro culture. Although previous studies associated CD41hi cells with emerging EMP in the E8 blood islands (Ferkowicz et al., Development, 2003; Li et al., Stem Cells Dev., 2005), we now demonstrate that CD41hi cells at E9 represent maturing Gp1bβ+ megakaryocytes, while Kithi EMP remain CD41Mid. Furthermore, both CD45 and CD16/32 are co-expressed on primitive macrophages and EMP. These findings suggest kit is the most precise single marker to identify emerging EMP in the yolk sac. Notably, despite the loss of KithiCD41+CD16/32+ EMP in Runx1-/- yolk sacs, specification of single-positive CD41hi and CD16/32+ cells is intact, confirming the developmental origin of the megakaryocyte and macrophage lineages from primitive hematopoietic progenitors.As EMP and primitive hematopoietic emergence temporally overlap but differ in lineage potential, we expected these populations to arise within spatially distinct regions of the yolk sac. Surprisingly, we detect kit+ EMP at E8.25 in the proximal yolk sac, both within and adjacent to the blood islands, where primitive erythroid cells emerge. Many Kit+ cells co-express Runx1 and CD31, have a polygonal, endothelial morphology, and appear integrated into the vascular network, consistent with the hemogenic endothelial origin of EMP. The close association of polygonal and round Kit+ cells further support EMP emergence via an endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Prior to E9.5, clusters of Kit+Runx1+ EMP remain in the proximal yolk sac, despite the broad distribution of primitive erythroid cells throughout the yolk sac vasculature following the onset of circulation. This is consistent with our observation that EMP clusters are associated with the vessel walls and may be unable to freely circulate. Between E9-10, the spatial distribution of HE broadens, as both small and large clusters of EMP form more distally in the yolk sac. However, unlike HSC, EMP emerge in both small and large vessels. To address the influence of arterial specification and blood flow on EMP emergence, we analyzed yolk sacs from Ncx1-/- mouse embryos, and found normal cluster morphology and spatial distribution, as well as numbers of immunophenotypic EMP, despite the lack of circulation and vascular remodeling. We next asked whether emerging EMP are preferentially associated with arterial vessels, which are predetermined to arise in the posterior region of the yolk sac (Wang et al., Cell, 1998). However, no anterior-posterior asymmetry of EMP clusters was evident in wildtype or Ncx1-/- yolk sacs. We conclude that EMP emergence from HE is initially restricted to the proximal region of the yolk sac that also generates primitive hematopoiesis, but subsequently extends throughout the yolk sac in both arterial and venous vasculature. Our results highlight that distinct populations of HE exist in the conceptus, and are subject to diverse regulatory mechanisms, which may control progenitor versus stem cell fate. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Fine structures of the ejaculatory sac and sperm pump of the scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Male adults of Panorpidae possess a special sperm pump, through which the males transfer liquid sperm to the females. However, the structures of the sperm pump and the transfer mechanism have not been satisfactorily elucidated hitherto. In this paper the structures of the ejaculatory sac and sperm pump of the scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The ejaculatory sac is located between the basal end of the paired vasa deferentia and the aedeagus, comprising a small anterior part and a large posterior part. The anterior part is simple and functions only as a channel for sperm transfer. The epithelial cells of the large posterior part likely have secretory functions. The sperm pump is formed by the posterior region of the ejaculatory sac and derivates of the genital field, which enclose the pumping chamber, a piston and the associated muscles. The orifice of the ejaculatory duct lies ventrad of the piston. The piston of the sperm pump is heavily sclerotized and controlled by two antagonistic muscle pairs. A pair of simple tubular accessory glands opens to the pumping chamber. Two well-developed sex pheromone glands are located on the ventral side of the ejaculatory sac, and are composed of two fan-shaped lamellae. The epithelium of the sex pheromone glands is single-layered, and forms densely filamentous processes. The ejaculation mechanism is briefly discussed based on the morphology of ejaculatory sac and sperm pump.

Evaluation of an anal sac adenocarcinoma tumor in a Spitz dog

A 9-year-old emasculated male Spitz with tenesmus and constipation had a subcutaneous mass at the left ventral aspect of the anus with history of polyuria and polydipsia. A complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry panel, and urinalysis (cystocentesis sample) were evaluated. Abnormalities in the serum biochemistry panel included a mildly elevated serum cholesterol concentration (7.28 mmol/L; reference interval, 2.70-5.94 mmol/L), increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity (184 U/L; reference interval, 9-90 U/L), alanine transaminase (122 U/L; reference interval, 5-60 U/L) activity and aspartate aminotransferase (80 U/L; reference interval, 5-55 U/L) activity, severe increased total calcium concentration (16.3 mg/dL; reference interval, 8.2-12.4 mg/dL or 9.3-11.4 mg/dL), and decreased total calcium concentration (3.4 mg/dL, reference interval, 2.5-5.6mg/dL). Furthermore, testing revealed an increased intact parathyroid hormone concentration (38.6 pmol/L; reference interval, 3-17 pmol/L). On cytologic and histopathologic examinations, various types of cells were observed. Most of the cells were oval to polygonal and had elliptical or elongate nuclei and a moderate amount of pale to basophilic cytoplasm. The remaining cells had round to oval nuclei and pale to basophilic cytoplasm. Cells of both types were loosely adhered to each other and were arranged in rosette-like structures. Both neoplastic cell types had fine homogenous chromatin and either a small indistinct nucleolus or no visible nucleolus. Mild anisokaryosis and anisocytosis were observed. Histologically, the mass consists of glandular structures formed by cuboidal cells admixed with bundles of spindle cells. Based on location and histologic features, the final diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the apocrine gland of the anal sac, which should be included as a cytologic differential diagnosis when spindle cells and typical epithelial cells are observed in masses in the region of the anal sac of dogs.

Results of Endoscopic Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy

Nasolacrimal ductus obstruction cause Epifora. Two widely accepted treatment modalities are external and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. Currently available rigid nasal endoscopes are safe for intranasal manipulation of structures of the nasal cavity, including the region of the lacrimal sac. Twenty-eight patients with complete stenosis of the nasolacrimal duct were treated with endoscopically controlled endonasal dacryocystorhinoslomy. Approximately 97% of the patients were symptom free, and 3% of these felt improved postoperatively. This procedure appears to be safe and effective, which should be considered as an alternative to external dacryocystorhinostomy for the surgical treatment of the nasolacrimal duct obstruction.