Region Of Sac Research Articles

The site of ultrafiltration in the kidney sac of the pulmonate gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata

Ultrastructural observation of the renopericardial region in B. glabrata revealed the presence of a site for ultrafiltration located in the proximal region of the kidney sac, in the vicinity of the pericardium. This region comprises podocyte-like cells covering large hemal spaces supplied by a renal artery. Extracellular material observed in spaces between podocyte foot processes resembled small septate junctions rather than diaphragms such as observed in various kidneys. The effective ultrafiltration barrier may be the thick basal lamina of the podocytes. The hemal spaces have a connective tissue frame rich in fixed phagocytes and migrating hemocytes which may play a role in the internal defence system of the snail.

Directional cell movement during early development of the teleost Blennius pholis: I. Formation of epithelial cell clusters and their pattern and mechanism of movement.

Embryos of the teleost Blennius pholis provide exceptional material for observation of the formation and movement of cell clusters in vivo because the clusters are packed with melanosomes and migrate beneath the transparent enveloping layer. These clusters arise from two pigmented cell masses (PCM) which appear precociously on either side of the embryonic axis at 3/5 epiboly, at the future level of somites 1 and 2. As development proceeds, each PCM enlarges and spreads on its lateral margins to form an epithelial sheet. As spreading continues, the sheet fragments, forming small cell clusters that move in a distad direction in the yolk sac. The highly motile lateral marginal cells of the spreading PCM, as well as those of the marginal cells of each moving cluster, invariably protrude highly flattened lamellipodia, which terminate in long, fine, often branched filopodia. As cell clusters leave the PCM, they form long, taut retraction fibers. The rate of spreading of both the lateral edge of the PCM and the initial phase of cluster movement, is higher (1.0 micron/min or greater) than the later rate of cluster movement, apparently because at this phase, motile activity is confined to the distal borders of each. This directional migration ceases in 24 h at 16 degrees - 18 degrees C, when the farthest clusters have reached the ventral region of the yolk sac. By then, all clusters are spaced more or less evenly, apparently due to cessation of all cluster movement at about the same time. Once movement ceases, the clusters remain immobile for 2-4 days, depending on the temperature.

The cyphonautes larva of the marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. II. Internal sac, musculature, and pyriform organ

The internal sac, muscles, and pyriform organ of the cyphonautes larva of Membranipora membranacea (phylum Bryozoa, order Cheilostomata) were examined by light and electron microscopy. The internal sac is an ovoid, tripartite organ that lies near the larval gut. The posterior and lateral parts of the sac are composed of nonglandular epithelial cells and are referred to as the roof and wall regions, respectively. The neck region occurring at the anterior end of the sac is packed with large secretory granules and is folded posteriorly into the lumen surrounded by the roof and wall regions. A previously undescribed network of ciliated cells, which may constitute part of an excretory organ, occurs between the internal sac and the gut. Four major sets of muscles are present in the larva: (i) a single adductor muscle that attaches to the two valves of the larval shell and contains non-striated myofibers with conspicuous dense bodies, (ii) a pair of nonstriated sac muscles that extend between the shell and the roof region of the internal sac, (iii) two sets of striated lateral muscles which originate near the center of the shell and ramify along the sides of the larva, and (iv) a median band of striated myofibers located along both the anterior and posterior margins of the larva. The pyriform organ is a large neuroglandular complex located at the anterior end of the larva. The organ consists of (i) a median ciliated groove with an anteriorly positioned tuft of long cilia, (ii) numerous glandular cells surrounding the ciliated groove, and (iii) several discrete tracts of nerves with accompanying muscles. The cytological features of the internal sac, larval muscles, and pyriform organ are compared with those described for other bryozoan larvae.

Dacryocystitis: Late Complication of Orbital Floor Fracture Repair with Implant

Fifteen years after orbital floor fracture repair with a silicone implant, dacryocystitis unresponsive to medical management developed in a 66-year-old woman. On examination, the edge of the implant was palpable at the most medial aspect of the inferior orbital rim in the anatomic area of the nasolacrimal sac. Orbital computed tomography (CT) scan and intraoperative probing and irrigation of the nasolacrimal system confirmed that the implant obstructed the nasolacrimal sac at the floor of the orbit. Removal of the implant combined with dacryocystorhinostomy has led to resolution of the dacryocystitis. To the authors' knowledge, dacryocystitis as a late complication of orbital floor fracture repair with an orbital floor implant has not been previously reported. This case demonstrates that orbital floor implants should not be placed too anteriorly or too medially in the anatomic region of the lacrimal sac and that they should be fixed to prevent implant migration.

Ca++ activity in the endolymphatic space

We measured Ca++ activity in the different parts of the endolymphatic space by using a double-barrelled electrode with calcium liquid ionic exchanger. In the region of the endolymphatic sac, Ca++ activity (4.7 X 10(-4) M) was much higher than in the cochlear duct (2.7 X 10(-5) M) and semicircular canal (2.6 X 10(-4) M). These findings suggest that Ca++ may also have a significant role in abnormal states.

Qualitativer Nachweis von Immunglobulinen im menschlichen Saccus endolymphaticus

Healthy human temporal bones and samples of the endolymphatic sac taken during surgery or from fresh cadavers were studied with regard to the presence of immunoglobulins. For demonstration of IgG, IgM, IgA and SIgA immunofluorescent methods and the immunoperoxidase-antiperoxidase method were used. Immunoglobulins are exclusively present within the endolymphatic sac whereas other structures of the healthy human inner ear do not show any positive reaction to the methods used for the demonstration of immunoglobulins.SIgA is clearly shown in epithelial cells of the rugosal part, whereas IgG predominantly is located in the flat endothelium--like cells of the extratemporal part. IgA and IgG further are detected within glycoproteins of the sac lumen and in plasma cells beneath the epithelium. Finally all subepithelial lymphatic spaces contain rich amounts of IgG. In one single temporal bone with tympanogenic labyrinthitis IgG and IgM wee present not only in all three layers of the round-window-membrane but also within the perilymphatic exudate. In this case IgM was found in the perisaccular tissue. The presence of free and local bound immunoglobulins exclusively in the region of the endolymphatic sac postulates and immunologic defense mechanism of this organ for the inner ear.

Histochemistry and ultrastructure of suspensor cells in Alyssum maritimum.

In Alyssum maritimum the zygote divides to form two cells namely the terminal cell and the basal cell. The basal cell, of the two-celled proembryo, stains less for proteins and RNA than the terminal cell. The derivatives of the basal cell form the suspensor cells of the proembryo and differ histochemically from the organogenetic part of the embryo derived from the terminal cell. The uppermost cell of the suspenson, towards the micropylar end, has been designated as `vesicular cell'. Electron microscopic investigations reveal the presence of wall ingrowths in the vesicular cell which acts as a transfer cell. All the suspensor cells of the embryo are interconnected through plasmodesmata. It is envisaged that the uppermost suspensor cell-vesicular cell-is responsible for the absorption and translocation of the metabolites in micropylar region of the embryo sac. The cell's position in the embryo sac and the peculiar morphology as revealed by EM studies are important adjuncts which enable this cell to mobilise the solutes towards the developing embryo.

Mechanisms of rapid morphogenetic movements in the metamorphosis of the bryozoan Bugula neritina (cheilostomata, cellularioidea). I. Attachment to the substratum.

The larval morphology, settlement behavior, and the rapid morphogenetic movements that occur during the first 60 sec of metamorphosis of the cellularioid cheilostome bryozoan Bugula neritina have been examined and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. The larva attaches to the substratum at the onset of metamorphosis by the eversion of the internal sac. At the same time, the coronal cilia reverse their direction of beat, spreading an adhesive secreted by the neck region of the everting sac over the metamorphosing larva. During attachment, the larva goes through several configurations that coincide with the sequential contraction and relaxation of certain larval muscles. Histological and ultrastructural evidence indicates that the neck and wall regions of the internal sac are everted by the contraction of the muscles in the equatorial plane of the larva at the same time that the roof region in pulled toward the larval equator by the contraction of the axial muscles. The subsequent relaxation of the axial muscles allows the roof region to be everted by the antagonistic force generated by the sustained contraction of the equatorial musculature. After the roof region attaches to the substratum, the apical disc is temporarily retracted by a second contraction of the axial muscles. The apical disc subsequently reextends as the axial muscles relax just before coronal involution. A comparison of the ontogenetic sequence of rapid morphogenetic movements in the metamorphoses of cheilostome and ctenostome bryozoans indicates that cellularioid cheilostomes have undergone peramorphosis in the aspect of development.

CT of acute pancreatitis: interim assessment.

a retrospective review of 102 ptients with the clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis undergoing computed tomographic (CT) evaluation during a 9 month period revealed 32 patients with abnormal CT scans. All 32 had enlargement of the pancreas. The extent of inflammatory process on these patients was examined. Twenty patients exhibited a phlegmonous mass extending into the region of the lesser sac. There was involvement of the left anterior pararenal space in 13 (the right in three and both in four). Eight patients demonstrated involvement of the posterior pararenal space, and in seven of these the inflammatory process extended down the psoas muscle into the pelvis. Five patients had involvement of the transverse mesocolon and small bowel mesentery. Eight patients developed a pseudocyst during the acute phase of the disease, 11 developed a pancreatic abscess, and two showed evidence of pancretic hemorrhage. This experience prompted a prospective study of the clinical course of acute pancreatitis relative to the extent of disease as recognized by CT.

メニエール病症例の内リンパのう手術の遠隔成績 Ｉ 聴覚所見

Long-term results of endolymphatic sac operation for the treatment of Meniere's disease was evaluated in terms of hearing.Eighteen cases were followed in this study for a period of at least two years.In eight of the 18 operations [44%], the endolymphatic sac could not be identified. In most cases (78%), hearing was found to be practically unchanged. There was no correlation between the development of the endolymphatic sac and post-operative hearing. This suggests that exposing the posterior fossa dura in the region of the endolymphatic sac may contribute to controlling the symptoms of Meniere's disease.

The Fine Structure of the Change from the Free-Nuclear to Cellular Condition in the Endosperm of Chickweed Stellaria media

Four types of wall formation occur in the endosperm of chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Freely growing walls form at the edges of the micropylar region of the embryo sac during the early heart stage of embryogenesis; Golgi and dilated endoplasmic reticulum may be sources of precursors for these anastomosing walls which form independently of a mitotic spindle Other walls form by means of cell plates and in a manner similar to wall regeneration reported in protoplasts. Also, wall ingrowths of the transfer cell type form on the embryo sac wall in the micropylar region and protrude into the endosperm.

Congenital spinal extradural cysts, anterior sacral meningocoele and intraspinal root cysts

A series of seven patients is reported, in whom various combinations of spinal extradural cysts, anterior sacral and intrasacral meningocoele and intraspinal root cysts occurred. These malformations occurring in combinations in the same patient are not true examples of dysraphism, but are due rather to weak areas of the dural covering. Such weakness leads to different manifestations depending upon the age of the patient and on whichever region of the dural sac is weak. When these cystic lesions give symptoms they should be treated operatively. If the correct diagnosis is made, the prognosis is good.

The composition of fetal fluids of the marsupial Macropus eugenii

The composition of the fetal fluids of the marsupial, Macropus eugenii, and their relationship to maternal serum and uterine secretion is described. The results show that growth of the embryo can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, when the vesicle is not attached to the uterus, the composition of the vesicle fluid resembles maternal serum only in its glucose and urea content, and is more concentrated in free amino acids and more dilute in proteins. The electrophoretic pattern resembles that of uterine flushings. The second phase begins at attachment of the yolk sac to the uterine epithelium when the vascular region of the yolk sac has developed and embryogenesis begins. At this time, the composition of the yolk sac fluid is notably changed, particularly in its protein components, although maternal serum and endometrial secretion do not change. Most of the proteins found in the yolk sac fluid during this phase are probably of fetal origin. Each fluid compartment has its own unique composition; the allantois has high concentrations of urea, the amnion is dilute in all components, and the yolk sac has high concentrations of amino acids at all stages of gestation and of glucose during late gestation. The vascular area of the yolk sac is probably the important region for respiratory exchanges, while the nonvascular region persists as the route of transfer of nutrient material. It is suggested that the second phase is one of increasing fetal autonomy, made possible by the differentiation of organ systems (some of which appear to be functional early), as well as by possible conversion of material in the yolk sac itself.

Attachment and metamorphosis of the cheilo-ctenostome bryozoan bugula neritina (linné).

The structure, attachment and subsequent metamorphosis of larvae of the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina were studied by light and electron microscopy. Two points of larval anatomy are of special significance to proper interpretation of the metamorphosis: 1 Two cytologically similar blastemal tissues, each laden with free ribosomes, occur as parts of the apical organ complex. The upper blastema directly contacts the larval surface, forming the non-ciliated rows of the apical organ. The lower blastema is internal and is oral to and contiguous with the upper blastema. 2 The epidermal tissues of the larva are joined in the following sequence, beginning at the aboral pole: a. apical organ complex; b. apical-connecting cell; c. infolded pallial sinus epithelium; d. vesicular-connecting cell; e. aboral vesicular epithelium; f. corona; g. oral vesicular epithelium; and i., j., and k. internal sac neck, wall and roof regions. The initial stages of metamorphosis involve a complex sequence of morphogenetic movements, including: 1 eversion of the internal sac, permanently attaching the larva to the substrate; 2 inrolling of the aboral vesicular epithelium, corona, oral vesicular and ciliated epithelia, and neck region of the internal sac into the larval interior; concomitantly the pallial sinus epithelium evaginates; 3 loss of connection between the invaginated tissues and the surface; 4 fusion of the pallial sinus epithelium with the wall region of the internal sac, maintaining the integrity of the body surface; 5 retraction of the apical organ complex and invagination of the pallial sinus epithelium with the simultaneous elevation of the internal sac wall region to the aboral pole. At the conclusion of these events the preancestrular surface is covered by the wall and roof regions of the internal sac. Cells of the wall region form the epidermis of the body wall except for the attachment disc and secrete a cuticular exoskeleton that is secondarily calcified; the attachment disc is formed by the roof region of the internal sac. Internally, the ectodermal upper blastema differentiates into the lophophore and digestive tract of the ancestrular polypide, while the lower blastema forms the lining of the lophophoral coelom and the splanchnic (but not the somatic) lining of the visceral coelom. The visceral somatic peritoneum is formed from cells that may originate from the mesodermally derived pigmented cells of the larva to which they are similar in pigmentation and cytology. Such a composite derivation of a coelomic lining has not been described previously.

Ruminal Development and Distribution of Intraruminal Volatile Fatty Acids in Suckling Lambs

Papillary lengths, widths and densities and percentages of the mucosa in the region of the anterior ventral sac of the rumen and the weights of total reticuloruminal tissue were determined in 19 creep-fed lambs ranging in age from 3 to 20 weeks. The total reticuloruminal tissue per unit of body weight increased to a maximum between 5 and 9 weeks of age, but measurements of papillae indicated a steady growth such that the linear dimension was essentially proportional to body weight. The maximum concentrations of volatile fatty acids were observed between 12 and 17 weeks. Acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, and isovaleric acids were detected in the ruminal contents of all lambs with feed residues in the rumen. The C5 acids and butyric acid were not found in two lambs that received only milk. The proportion of acetate was negatively related to level of total volatile fatty acids and to age, body size, and stage of ruminal development. Displacement of acetate at higher concentrations of total volatile fatty acid was by both propionate and butyrate, but the displacement of acetate with growth and ruminal development was the result of a significant increase in the molar fraction of butyrate. Of the minor fatty acids, only isobutyrate showed a significant relationship (negative) to age. The simple product-moment, multiple, and partial correlations of acetate (negative) and of butyrate (positive) with ruminal characteristics were of such significance and magnitude to indicate that the pattern of intraruminal fermentation is associated with factors conditioning both total ruminal development and papillary growth in creep-fed suckling lambs.

ORBITAL STENOSIS AS A RARE COMPLICATION OF CATARACT SURGERY IN A CASE OF LEONTIASIS OSSEA.

A woman aged 58 years with a monstrous face (Fig. 1) was seen on April 8, 1958, complaining of poor vision in the right eye. Examination.-The visual acuity in the right eye was 002 and in the left 0 15 (0-3 with + I 5 D sph.). ' l. The right globe was pushed somewhat temporally and upwards with no proptosis. The eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea and iris were normal. The lens was a diffuse brownish-grey. There was no iridodonesis. The left eye showed incipient cataract. The nasal portion of the right superior maxilla was thickened and a linear scar was visible in the region of the lacrimal sac. The frontal bone and left maxilla showed only slight alterations but tumorous tissue had invaded both orbits, and there was no passage through the lacrimal ducts. The patient had no teeth, as they had fallen out years before one by one.

Carcinomas in the region of the lacrimal sac

A discussion of malignancy of the lacrimal sac is disregarded almost entirely in textbooks on pathology, regardless of whether these be on general pathology or related wholly to ophthalmic pathology. One such textbook states: "Carcinoma of the tear sac is rarely primary, usually secondary, infiltrative from the paranasal sinus, and may also appear as adenocarcinoma." In contradistinction, I have never found a certain secondary carcinoma; all were primary, and none arose from the nasal accessory sinuses. Extension from the lacrimal sac to the sinuses is the common sequence, never the opposite. One can hardly consider a case to be malignancy of the lacrimal sac when this is a part of tremendous orbital and periorbital extension, originating elsewhere. If it were not for Duke-Elder's¹consideration of this subject, one might think the condition rare. I have had, up to this present moment, seven cases of malignancy of the lacrimal sac.

PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE LACRIMAL SAC

Owing to the rarity of primary carcinoma of the lacrimal sac, the following case warrants recording. REPORT OF A CASE <i>History.</i>—E. J., a man aged 78, consulted me in June 1927 with regard to a mass over the right lacrimal sac. This growth was first noticed about two months prior to the time of the examination and had slowly increased in size. His only complaint was of epiphora. <i>Examination.</i>—The vision of each eye was normal. Over the region of the right lacrimal sac was a firm, smooth, round mass approximately from 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter. The skin was not red and was freely movable. Neither tears nor pus could be expressed from the puncta. A diagnosis of mucocele was made and removal advised. <i>Operation.</i>—With the part under local anesthesia, the lacrimal sac was excised after the method of Meller. The anterior wall was much thickened