Regenerative Braking Technology Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA CAPACITOR BASED REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Regenerative braking is a technique for converting a moving vehicle's kinetic energy into usable form while slowing it down. When an automobile brakes violently, it usually emits heat. If we could conserve energy rather than waste it, that would be amazing, right? That's where regenerative braking technology comes in handy, especially for electric vehicles. It stores the wasted energy in a battery or ultra-capacitor, so it can be used later to start or accelerate the vehicle. In our project, we looked at how effective regenerative braking is during both braking and starting modes. We compared starting the motor with a battery, ultra-capacitor, or a combination of both (HESS), and also analyzed how storing energy during braking works with these systems. Although not all of the regenerated energy is reinvested in the battery, the motor acts as a generator, charging the vehicle's battery. To move the vehicle forward, regenerative braking uses the kinetic energy it temporarily stores during deceleration. We used a lithium-ion battery and ultra-capacitor module energy storage system coupled to a BLDC motor via a converter. These brakes help batteries last longer without needing to be charged externally. They enable efficient power transfer during regenerative braking and acceleration. Our project discusses whether regenerative braking increases or decreases efficiency. of state of charge of battery and ultra- capacitor when starting and braking applied in discharging(in running of motor) and charging(in regenerative braking of motor). And also BLDC motor speed control in starting and braking mode. The model is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. Keywords: Regenerative braking, kinetic energy, electric vehicles, energy storage, battery, ultra-capacitor, starting mode, braking mode, Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), efficiency, motor generator

OPTIMASI EFISIENSI ENERGI PADA MOBIL LISTRIK EMPAT PENUMPANG MELALUI SISTEM REGENERATIVE BRAKE

OPTIMASI EFISIENSI ENERGI PADA MOBIL LISTRIK EMPAT PENUMPANG MELALUI SISTEM REGENERATIVE BRAKE

Enhancing Electric Vehicle Performance: A Co-Relation Study of Key Performance Parameters

The urgent issues of greenhouse gases and global warming have drawn more attention globally. The adoption of Electric Vehicle (EV) technology has altered the transportation industry and progressively decreased the market share of fossil fuel-powered automobiles as a crucial step to solve these pressing concerns. EVs provide emissions-free mobility since they run on chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. These Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) can recover kinetic energy lost while braking by utilizing regenerative braking technology, further boosting their environmental friendliness. Performance has significantly improved as a result of manufacturer’s ongoing advances to EV technology. The effectiveness of regenerative braking and battery capacity are two critical performance factors for EVs that have a substantial impact on their total performance. A thorough examination of key performance metrics and their connection becomes essential for achieving additional improvement. Industries use simulation tools for evaluation, but they frequently ignore the intricate relationship between many performance-influencing factors. In order to address this, we provide a Co-Relation research study on a number of commercially available electric vehicles, concentrating on the battery capacity, power, driving range, and pick-up as the key performance aspect. We determine the Co-Relation between these factors using Karl Pearson Co-Relation coefficient, which offers important insights regarding EV performance. The findings of this research will be a useful tool for EV makers, promoting a better knowledge of parametric connection and assisting them in optimizing the performance of their EV model. Additionally, the finding of post-sale analysis of performance indicators may provide crucial confirmation for the results of simulation. This study helps direct to the automobile sector toward a future that is more efficient and sustainable.

Hybrid electric vehicles and regenerative braking

With the rapid development of the automotive industry, the fossil fuel crisis and environmental pollution issues have become increasingly severe. The demand for low energy consumption and low emissions has become an inevitable trend in automotive development. Hybrid electric vehicles effectively address the issues of driving range and emissions reduction, making them an important branch of new energy vehicle technology. Electric vehicles have long faced the challenge of limited driving range, particularly in urban driving conditions with frequent start-stop processes. This study focuses on new-energy electric vehicles and proposes an energy recovery control strategy for regenerative braking. Considering various related influencing factors, the strategy accurately allocates the regenerative braking force of the drive motor during vehicle coasting, deceleration, and braking processes. This improves the energy recovery efficiency of the vehicle while ensuring driving safety. This article introduces the operating principles and classification of hybrid electric vehicles and provides an overview of the regenerative braking technology in current hybrid electric vehicles.

Regenerative Braking of Electric Vehicles Based on Fuzzy Control Strategy

Regenerative braking technology is a viable solution for mitigating the energy consumption of electric vehicles. Constructing a distribution strategy for regenerative braking force will directly affect the energy saving efficiency of electric vehicles, which is a technical bottleneck of battery-powered electric vehicles. The distribution strategy of the front- and rear-axle braking forces of electric vehicles that possess integrated front-wheel-drive arrangements is established based on the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE) regulations, which enables the clarification of the total braking force of the front axle. The regenerative braking torque model of the motor is adjusted to optimize the ratio of motor braking force to the whole front-axle braking force. The regenerative braking process of electric vehicles is influenced by many factors, such as driving speed and braking intensity, so regenerative braking presents characteristics of nonlinearity, time variability, delay, and incomplete models. By considering the impact of fuzzy controllers having better robustness, adaptability, and fault tolerance, a fuzzy control strategy is employed in this paper to accomplish the regenerative braking force distribution on the front axle. A regenerative braking model is created on the Simulink platform using the braking force distribution indicated above, and experiments are run under six specific operating conditions: New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), World Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC), Federal Test Procedure 72 (FTP-72), Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75), China Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle-Passenger (CLTC-P), and New York City Cycle (NYCC). The findings demonstrate that in six typical cycling road conditions, the energy saving efficiency of electric vehicles has greatly increased, reaching over 15%. The energy saving efficiency during the WLTC driving condition reaches 25%, and it rises to 30% under the FTP-72, FTP-75, and CLTC-P driving conditions. Furthermore, under the NYCC road conditions, the energy saving efficiency exceeded 40%. Therefore, our results verify the effectiveness of the regenerative braking control strategy proposed in this paper.

Exploration on the application of a new type of superconducting energy storage for regenerative braking in urban rail transit

Regenerative braking technology has become increasingly attractive due to its ability to recover and reuse the energy that would otherwise be lost. In recent years, a new superconducting energy storage technology is proposed and it has been proved experimentally and analytically that the technology has promising application potential in urban rail transit for regenerative braking. However, a comprehensive assessment of the new technology has not been conducted up to date. In this paper, the currently available energy storage technologies for regenerative braking, such as batteries, supercapacitors, flywheels, and SMES are introduced along with the new superconducting energy storage technology. Comparative studies between the existing technologies and the new one are conducted in terms of energy density, energy conversion efficiency, energy storage duration, capital cost and environmental impact. It is concluded that a regenerative braking system with the new superconducting energy storage has very high cycle efficiency and is superior to the existing energy storage systems. It has the potential to revolutionize the regenerative braking technology and to develop more efficient and sustainable urban rail transportation systems.

Quantifying the change of brake wear particulate matter emissions through powertrain electrification in passenger vehicles

With vehicle fleets transitioning from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric powertrains, we have used friction brake power simulations, for different vehicle classes and driving styles, to predict the impact of regenerative braking systems (RBS) on brake wear particulate matter emissions (PM10 and PM2.5). Under the same powertrain, subcompact (SC) vehicles were predicted to require between 38 and 68% less friction brake power than heavier sports utility vehicles (L-SUV). However, despite electric and hybrid vehicles being heavier than ICE vehicles, the results show that RBS would reduce brake wear by between 64 and 95%. The study highlights the effect of aggressive braking on the amount of friction brake power required, with electric powertrains more likely to require friction braking to perform short, but aggressive braking compared with longer, slower braking events. Brake wear reductions varied under different driving conditions, as the level of mitigation depends on the complex interaction of several variables, including: vehicle speed, deceleration rate, regenerative braking technology and vehicle mass. Urban brake wear emission factors for electric powertrains ranged from 3.9 to 5.5 mg PM10/km and 1.5–2.1 mg PM2.5/km, providing an average reduction in PM emission factors of 68%. Rural and motorway driving conditions had lower brake wear emission factors, with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) emitting negligible PM10 and PM2.5 brake wear. Although electric powertrain uptake, vehicle mileage driven and driving styles are dependent upon national policies and strategies, by 2035, we project that total UK brake wear PM emissions would reduce by up to 39% compared with 2020 levels. This analysis supports the transition towards electric and hybrid vehicle fleets to reduce brake wear emissions, however increases in tyre wear, road wear, and resuspension due to increased vehicle mass may offset these benefits.

Simulation of Electric Vehicle Regenerative Braking Control Strategy Based on Brake Intention Recognition

The development of regenerative braking technology for a pure electric vehicle is the key technology to solving the current limited range of the electric vehicle. Accurately identifying the driver’s braking intent is fundamental to controlling the braking system of an electric vehicle.A brake intent recognition controller is designed in this paper, which is based on a lot of driving data and fuzzy principles. In addition, two typical regenerative brake control strategies are compared. The simulation results of Matlab/Simulink and AMESim show that the SOC of the power battery increases obviously at different braking intensities of 30 km/h. Besides, energy recovery is up to 20.5%, and battery energy increases by 6.5 wh.

A Review of Automobile Brake-by-Wire Control Technology

Brake-by-wire (BBW) technology is crucial in driverless cars. The BBW technology, which has a faster reaction time and greater stability, can improve passenger safety in driverless cars. BBW technology refers to the removal of some complicated mechanical and hydraulic components from the traditional braking system in favor of using wires to transmit braking signals, which improves braking performance. Firstly, this paper summarized BBW’s development history as well as its structure, classification, and operating principles. Subsequently, various control strategies of the BBW system were analyzed, and the development trend and research status of the motor brake-control strategy and wheel-cylinder pressure-control strategy in the braking force-distribution strategy were analyzed respectively, and the brake fault-tolerance technology and regenerative-braking technology were also analyzed and summarized. Finally, this paper summarized the various technologies of BBW, taking the electromechanical brake (EMB) in the braking system as an example to discuss the current challenges and the way forward.

Study of the Effects of Regenerative Braking System on a Hybrid Diagnostic Train

Nowadays, mobility represents a key sector to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. Indeed, the development of hybrid powertrains is contributing to a reduction in the environmental impact of vehicles. One of the most promising energy-saving solutions is regenerative braking, which enables deceleration while recovering energy, otherwise wasted. Even though much scientific community effort has been addressed to the optimization of this technology in the automotive field, the increase of energy storage systems efficiencies enables the overcoming of the constraints related to the reuse of electric energy in railway vehicles. This solution could be extremely useful for those railway vehicles which operate on non-electrified lines, where traction is usually provided by diesel engines. For this reason, the present work focuses on how regenerative braking technology could be exploited in diesel-powered rail applications. In further detail, a diagnostic train working on real railway lines has been considered as a case study. Given the real duty-cycle of the vehicle, a simulation model has been developed with the aim of evaluating the amount of energy recovered during braking phases and, consequently, the fuel saving and the avoided CO2 emissions. As a result, the analysis shows an improved energy efficiency of propulsion system. Compared with a pure diesel operation, it leads to fuel savings of 20%, a reduction of CO2 emissions of 22.3 kg with 23.25 kWh stored in the battery at the end of the route.

Study on Energy-Saving Optimization of Urban Rail Transit Train Timetable under Regenerative Braking

Energy-saving driving and regenerative braking energy utilization are two main ways to realize energy-saving optimization of urban rail transit train timetables. On the basis of the more mature energy-saving driving achievements of the predecessors, the absorption utilization rate of regenerative braking energy is improved by adjusting the dwell time of trains in the station so that while a train is braking, other trains in the same electric section are just under traction. In this paper, the overlap time between the traction and braking processes of different trains is used as a measure of the proportion of regenerative braking energy that is absorbed. In order to maximize this overlap time, an energy-saving optimization model of urban rail transit train timetable based on regenerative braking technology was established. To facilitate the solution, the nonlinear constraints are converted to linear at the time of model construction in this paper. In the solution, the spatio-temporal local rolling algorithm and the commercial optimization software ILOG CPLEX are used for the solution. The solution results show that the method in this paper can effectively improve the absorption and utilization of regenerative braking energy.

Self-Powered Vehicle with Enhanced Battery Technology

The covid-19 pandemic has created a situation where public transportation turns out to be not advisable, and people start encouraging their vehicles for safety reasons. If this was the situation, then the number of vehicles on the road would be increased drastically which will lead to a lot of pollution problems and also demand for fuel. To balance the situation, an innovative vehicle with a self-powered facility using piezo transducer and regenerative braking technology with innovative battery pack technology has been created and it turns transportation into a sustainable one. The battery system is designed with new innovative and efficient techniques. All the innovations and designs lead to eco-friendly, sustainable, and more comfortable transport facilities with cheap prices that could be affordable by normal people. The application for the designed self-powered vehicle including Battery Management System (BMS) can be applied in various application of battery vehicles. This innovative technology move on the fact of renewable energy and the environmentally friendly process is a goal aiming to stop the the valuable natural resources which pretend to destroy. Self-powered source of energy plays a major part in the future of the nation. It is cent percent sure that the development of this prototype will indeed contribute to the technology development in electrical and electronics engineering, which make the pride of very own country, India.

Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Electric Vehicles Based on Braking Stability Requirements

Electric vehicles are effective way to solve energy and environmental problems, but the promotion and application of electric vehicles are suppressed by their limited endurance range seriously. The regenerative braking technology is an important method to increase the endurance range of the electric vehicle. During the braking process, the kinetic energy of the electric vehicle can be converted into electric energy and stored in the energy source device with the regenerative braking system, so the endurance range of the electric vehicle can be increased accordingly. In order to increase the efficiency of energy recovery, a regenerative braking strategy with the optimization distribution algorithm is proposed in this paper, and the braking forces of the front and rear axles are distributed optimally with variable ratios based on the braking strength. With the optimal braking force distribution ratio and related constraint conditions, the regenerative braking control strategy was designed to meet the braking stability and the maximum braking energy recovery. And then a simulation model of the braking control strategy was built with MATLAB/Simulink software, and the simulation tests on UDDS and NEDC cycle conditions were done to verify the effectiveness of the designed regenerative braking control strategy. Compared with the control strategy of ADVISOR software, the braking energy recovery efficiency was improved more than 51.9 % while maintaining the braking stability.

Study on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy for the Dual-axle Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles

Regenerative braking technology, as a remarkable feature of electric vehicles, can effectively alleviate the driver’s operation burden and extend the driving range. In this paper, a novel regenerative braking strategy is proposed for electric vehicles. First, the brake force distribution relationship of front and rear wheels is studied for enough brake safety. Then an optimal algorithm based on multiple constraints and brake safety is proposed to achieve maximum recover energy. Finally, comparing with the series ECE regulation strategy, the proposed strategy is demonstrated that the enables achieve maximum energy recovery under different driving cycles. Energy recovery rate of the proposed algorithm is improved by 8.40%, 3.84% and 4.09%.

Research on Regenerative Braking of Pure Electric Mining Dump Truck

When the pure electric mining dump truck is working, it mainly ascends the slope at full load and descends the slope at no load. The loading state of the vehicle and the slope of the road will directly affect its axle load distribution and braking force distribution. In this paper, the slope dynamics analysis of the pure electric double-axle four-wheel drive mining dump truck was carried out. Based on the regenerative braking priority strategy, four regenerative braking control methods were developed based on the Matlab/Simulink platform and ADVISOR 2002 vehicle simulation software to study the ability of regenerative braking energy recovery and its impact on vehicle economic performance. The simulation results show that the regenerative braking priority control strategy used can maximize the regenerative braking force of the vehicle; the regenerative energy recovery capability of pure electric mining dump truck is proportional to the regenerative braking force that can be provided during braking; the two-axis braking strategy based on the I curve and the β line can make full use of the front and rear axle regenerative braking force when the braking intensity is large, and recover more braking energy; under road drive cycle, the single-axis braking force required to the braking strategy based on the maximized front axle braking force is the largest among all strategies, the motor braking efficiency is the highest, and the recovered braking energy is the most. For the studied drive cycle, the regenerative braking technology can reduce the vehicle energy consumption by 1.06%–1.56%. If appropriate measures are taken to improve the road surface condition and reduce the rolling resistance coefficient from f = 0.04 to f = 0.02, the regenerative braking technology can further reduce the vehicle energy consumption to 4.76%–5.73%. The economic performance of the vehicle is improved compared to no regenerative braking. In addition, the vehicle loading state and the driving motor working efficiency also directly affect the regenerative braking energy recovery capability of the pure electric mining truck.

Design and Characterization of a Trailer-Based Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Test Rig

This paper presents a mobile testing rig developed for small wind turbine (SWT) experimental work to orchestrate, cost-effectively, turbine performance characterization in both controlled wind inflow speeds and turbulent ambient flows. It facilitates off-grid testing of up to a 1 kW wind turbine. It is a dual-purpose machine that can be towed behind a vehicle to conduct steady-state tests (track testing) or be parked to collect unsteady field data (field testing), all with the same rotor and instrumentation. Its mechanical design included computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to gauge the potential impact of towing vehicle disturbance on the free stream available to the rotor. To provide a compelling platform for full rotor speed control, a reconfigurable control system coupled to an electric vehicle controller with regenerative braking technology has been modeled and implemented into its electrical design. Uncertainty analysis has also been rigorously conducted to project the error bounds pertaining to both precision and bias components of the testing results. The rig has been tested in a towed scenario and blade element momentum (BEM) simulations have been compared with the actual aggregate performance curves obtained experimentally. Future work involves testing in unsteady winds, for which the rig was ultimately designed in order to better understand unsteady rotor performance and adaptive design.

Energy-Efficient Train Control by Multi-Train Dynamic Cooperation

Regenerative braking technology has been widely used by subway trains, where regenerative braking energy (RBE) will be generated during train braking processes. An RBE usage method is proposed for subway trains, where train braking processes are predicted based on the field data of the train control system, and the braking information will be obtained in advance. The RBE will be calculated, and then, part or all of it will be distributed to neighboring trains in the same or adjacent power supply sections. Several feasible schemes for the RBE distribution are given, where the speed profiles of the neighboring trains will be adjusted to absorb the distributed RBE. An optimal RBE distribution scheme with the most effective usage of RBE will be obtained based on calculation results of the given schemes. For each adjusted speed profile of the neighboring train, a power process will be normally introduced. Existence of the optimal solution for speed profile adjustment is analyzed under the precondition that the train runs in a long speed-holding journey, and then, the necessary condition of the optimal solution is found by perturbance analysis. A simulation case of Yizhuang Line in Beijing subway is studied, and the simulation results show that the proposed method can use the RBE efficiently.

A Cognitive Control Method for Cost-Efficient CBTC Systems With Smart Grids

Communication-based train control (CBTC) systems use wireless local area networks for information transmission between trains and wayside equipment. Since inevitable packet delay and drop are introduced in train-wayside communications, information uncertainties in trains' states will lead to unplanned traction/braking demands, as well as waste in electrical energy. Moreover, with the introduction of regenerative braking technology, power grids in CBTC systems are evolving to smart grids, and cost-aware power management should be employed to reduce the total financial cost of consumed electrical energy. In this paper, a cognitive control method for CBTC systems with smart grids is presented to enhance both train operation performance and cost efficiency. We formulate a cognitive control system model for CBTC systems. The information gap in cognitive control is calculated to analyze how the train-wayside communications affect the operation of trains. The Q-learning algorithm is used in the proposed cognitive control method, and a joint objective function composed of the information gap and the total financial cost is a.pplied to generate optimal policy. The medium-access control layer retry-limit adaption and traction strategy selection are adopted as cognitive actions. Extensive simulation results show that the cost efficiency and train operation performance of CBTC systems are substantially improved using our proposed cognitive control method.

Energy Is On Board: Energy Storage and Other Alternatives in Modern Light Railways

The traditional concept of dc traction systems for light rail applications was based in a simple dc system that was fed by ac/dc noncontrolled diode rectifier substations connected to the ac distribution network. Low-energy efficiency and controllability were not a problem. However, with the massive implementation of regenerative braking technologies in light trains and trams, the development of an effective way to manage the recovered energy became an important issue. The regenerated power injected in the system by a train in braking mode could be used only in the case where another nearby train was in traction mode. Otherwise, the regenerated power was dissipated in the dc traction system or in the rheostatic braking equipment, decreasing the overall system energy efficiency. The need for more solutions that would allow more use of the regenerated energy and increased energy efficiency in the system was the driving force for new technological developments. First, proposals were for the use of reversible substations able to give back the dc energy surplus to the ac distribution system. Then, due to energy storage cost reductions, a combination of technologies such as insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based reversible substations with on-board and off-board accumulation systems evolved into a reality. The use of substation-level off-board accumulation systems can also avoid the installation of reversible infrastructure, providing a high degree of controllability over the dc traction system voltage. However, higher efficiency rates are achieved when the energy storage is installed on board. In such a case, the regenerated power is used in-situ, minimizing the transmission losses. One of the main benefits of the offboard accumulation approach is the fact that many trains equipped with regenerative braking systems can take advantage of a single device. On the other hand, the use of on-board accumulation leads us toward more flexible, efficient, and dependable systems. Therefore, some manufacturers are using these kinds of on-board accumulation systems to avoid the use of overhead line equipment and to reduce the visual impact, offering catenary-free solutions.

Design of a High- Superconductive Maglev Flywheel System at 100-kW Level

The flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is an ideal candidate for electrical energy savings in subway systems when combined with regenerative braking technology. Practical application in a subway system requires a FESS with large energy storage capacity (ESC), high power level, short recharge interval times, and high recharge cycles. The high-T c superconductive (HTS) Maglev bearing can levitate and rotate a heavy rotor stably at a high speed, which can improve the performance of a FESS in subway systems dramatically. The authors designed a FESS prototype based on an HTS Maglev bearing, with a maximal power level of 100 kW and a maximal ESC of 5 kWh. This paper introduces the design and manufacturing process of this FESS prototype, including the major components such as the HTS Maglev bearing, the permanent-magnet synchronous motor, the composite flywheel rotor, and so on. The conclusions of this paper are useful for the design and application of HTS Maglev FESSs.