Regenerative Braking Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ALGORITHM FOR CONTROLLING THE ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION OF A WHEELED VEHICLE BY MEANS OF A STROKE PEDAL

Justification. Since one of the significant costs of operating vehicles is fuel costs, therefore it is very promising to use machines with electric drives, such as battery electric ones, which reduce these costs. The main key property for them is the amount of autonomous mileage on a single charge. To maximize this value, developers are trying to use more advanced, energy-intensive energy sources and reduce energy costs when converting it on the way from the source to the driving wheels. In this circuit, the traction electric drive is the main source of energy loss. Therefore, it is very important not only to use more advanced electric drives, but also to improve control algorithms. To do this, it is necessary to form the setpoints of the requested engine torque using only the stroke pedal, taking into account the speed of movement, other conditions, and vehicle characteristics. The implementation of such a law allows the driver to reduce energy consumption by controlling the car, allowing it to move by inertia (coasting) and maximize the use of regenerative braking with minimal use of the service braking system.The purpose of the work. Investigation of the functioning and efficiency of the algorithm for determining the torque settings of a traction electric drive using only the stroke pedal, using mathematical modeling methods.Materials and methods. The study was performed in the Matlab Simulink software package.Results. The article presents the theoretical foundations of constructing an algorithm for determining the torque setpoint of a traction electric drive, the results of a virtual efficiency study.Conclusion. The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed law for determining the setpoint of the traction and regenerative torque of the traction electric drive, the run-out mode for the development of a traction drive control system for transport vehicles in order to increase their energy efficiency.

Fault-tolerant control of in-wheel switched reluctance motor drive systems for vehicles under regenerative braking condition

Fault-tolerant control of in-wheel switched reluctance motor drive systems for vehicles under regenerative braking condition

Cooperative optimization of energy recovery and braking feel based on vehicle speed prediction under downshifting conditions

Regenerative braking can effectively recover vehicle kinetic energy, but its energy conversion efficiency is low under low-speed conditions, and there is also the problem of premature exit from energy recovery due to insufficient reverse electromotive force. The cooperation of gearbox gears can increase the speed range for the motor to recover energy, but unreasonable shifting will cause fluctuations in braking force and affect the consistency of the braking feel. Therefore, this paper aims to collaboratively optimize energy recovery and braking force fluctuations during gear shifting. Firstly, based on the model of braking system and transmission, the influence of shift strategy on braking impact and energy recovery is studied. In view of the challenge of determining a shift strategy with uncertain target braking speeds, a speed prediction model reconstructed by the support vector regression (SVR) model and the hybrid nonlinear autoregressive neural network (NAR) is proposed. On the basis of NAR-SVR speed prediction, the coupling effect of braking impact force and energy recovery efficiency is considered, and the collaborative optimization of regenerative braking torque and shift time is solved through a multi-objective cuckoo search algorithm. The hardware-in-the-loop test results verified that under high-speed conditions, the braking energy recovery rate of the proposed strategy was increased by 47.06 %, and the peak braking impact was reduced by 61.4 %. This research can provide a reference for the brake downshift optimization strategy and regenerative braking research of vehicles with non-decoupled electro-hydraulic composite braking systems.

Analysis of Combined Braking Torque on The Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking System in The Quarter Electric Vehicle Model

Analysis of Combined Braking Torque on The Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking System in The Quarter Electric Vehicle Model

REGENERATIVE BRAKING WITH POWER MONITORING IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

The duration of battery charging and the scarcity of charging stations are the main obstacles to the widespread usage of electric vehicles. We thus suggest a regenerative breaking system here. Every time the brakes are applied, a car might produce energy thanks to this mechanism. More power is produced with stronger brakes. In a braking drum, we employ a friction lining arrangement. The friction liner on a rotating drum does not wear down the drum. When the brakes are applied, the friction lining within the drum touches it, moving the motors attached to it in the same direction. This process uses the motors as a dynamo to produce electricity. This method so provides a regenerative braking system by enabling the automobile battery to be charged each time the brakes are used. It affects us both in different ways.

Comparison of Tire Rolling Resistance Measuring Methods for Different Surfaces

The rolling resistance of car tires is one of the most important parameters characterizing tires today. This resistance has a very significant contribution to the energy consumption of wheeled vehicles. The climate crisis has forced tire and car manufacturers to place great emphasis on the environmental impact of their products. Paradoxically, the development of electric vehicles has led to an even greater importance of rolling resistance, because in electric vehicles, a large part of the influence of grade resistance and inertial resistance has been eliminated due to re-generative braking, which resulted in rolling resistance and air resistance remain as the most important factors. What is more, electric and hybrid vehicles are usually heavier, so the rolling resistance is increased accordingly. To optimize tires for rolling resistance, representative test methods must exist. Unfortunately, the current standards for measuring rolling resistance assume that tests are carried out in conditions that are far from real road conditions. This article compares the results of rolling resistance tests conducted in road conditions with the results of laboratory tests conducted on roadwheel facilities. The overview of results shows that the results of tests conducted in accordance with ISO and SAE standards on steel drums are very poorly correlated with more objective results of road tests. Significant differences occur both in the Coefficients of Rolling Resistance (CRR) and in the tire ranking. Only covering the drums with replicas of road surfaces leads to a significant improvement in the results obtained. For investigations of rolling resistance in non-steady-state conditions, the flat track testing machine (TTF), equipped with asphalt cassettes, is shown to provide measurement data in agreement with the road test data.

POWERING THE EV WITH DYNAMOS

The dynamo, traditionally used in bicycles to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, can be adapted for use in EVs to supplement battery power. As the vehicle moves, the dynamo harnesses kinetic energy, converting it into electricity to recharge the EV's battery. This regenerative braking mechanism not only extends the vehicle's range but also reduces reliance on charging stations, enhancing the EV's practicality and autonomy. The integration of a dynamo system introduces a sustainable element by utilizing kinetic energy that would otherwise be dissipated as heat during braking. By capturing and converting this energy, EVs equipped with dynamos can operate more efficiently, reducing overall energy consumption and carbon emissions. This abstract explores the technical feasibility, potential benefits, and challenges associated with implementing a dynamo system in EVs. Considerations such as optimal placement, efficiency optimization, and compatibility with existing battery and electrical systems are discussed. Additionally, the economic viability and environmental impact of widespread adoption of dynamo-equipped EVs are evaluated. The integrating dynamos into EVs presents a promising avenue to address range anxiety and charging infrastructure limitations, while also promoting sustainability and energy efficiency in the transportation sector. Further research and development are warranted to optimize the design and implementation of this innovative solution for powering electric vehicles.

Overvoltage Avoidance Control Strategy for Braking Process of Brushless DC Motor Drives with Small DC-Link Capacitance

Single-phase input rectifier brushless DC motor drives with a small film capacitor have many advantages, such as high power density and high reliability. However, when the motor system operates in regenerative braking mode, the dc-link capacitor with reduced capacitance may suffer from overvoltage without adding additional hardware circuits. At the same time, the braking torque control of the motor will be affected by speed variations. In order to ensure smooth and reliable operation of the motor system, an anti-overvoltage braking torque control method is proposed in this article. The relationship among the dc-link capacitance, the dc-link capacitor voltage, and the speed during regenerative braking is analyzed quantitatively, and the speed at which the regenerative braking is switched to the plug braking is obtained, which in turn consumes the capacitor energy to avoid dc-link overvoltage. Additionally, based on the relationship between the controllability of the braking torque and the speed, a reference value of the braking current that matches the speed is designed. The proposed method makes use of the capacitor’s energy storage during regenerative braking. Meanwhile, it mitigates the impact of motor speed on braking torque. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a motor platform equipped with the dc-link film capacitor.

Modeling of energy recovery processes in railway traction power supply systems

Regenerative braking of trains can provide significant energy saving and a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The efficiency of energy recovery can be defined using an efficiency indicator equal to the product of the free-fall acceleration and the fraction of potential energy used in the recovery. Its slope dependence is well approximated by a polynomial of the third degree. The operating conditions of the traction power supply system of the mountain pass section of the main railway were modeled. The results obtained allowed the following conclusions to arrive at: regenerative braking is accompanied by circulating currents in adjacent inter-substation areas and leads to an absolute and relative increase in electrical energy losses in the traction network; the share of active energy losses rises by several times; the energy recovery causes a change in the direction of active energy flows at traction substations with a steep increase in reactive power consumption by trains; the energy recovery produces a significant decrease in voltage on the current collectors of electric locomotives; the voltage on the section under consideration, with three trains weighing tons decreased to 23 kV due to the large reactive energy consumption. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Extreme Regenerative with Supercapacitor Battery and Harvesting Vibration Absorber System for Electric Vehicles Driven by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 30 kW

This research presents an approach to the hybrid energy harvesting paradigm (HEHP) based on suspended energy harvest. It uses a harvesting vibration absorber (HVA) with an SC/NMC-lithium battery hybrid energy storage paradigm (SCB-HESP) equipped regenerative braking system (SCB-HESP-RBS) for electric vehicles 2 tons in gross weight (MEVs) driven by a 30 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). During regenerative braking, the ANN mechanism controls the RBS to adjust the switching waveform of the three-phase power inverter, and the braking energy transfers to the energy storage device. Additionally, a supercapacitor (SC) equipped with HVA can absorb energy from vehicle vibrations and convert it into electrical energy. The energy-harvesting efficiency of MEV based on SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA suspended energy harvesting enhances the efficiency maximum to 50.58% and 15.36% in comparison to MEV with only-HVA and SCB-HESP-RBS, respectively. Further, the MEV with SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA has a driving distance of up to 247.34 km (22.5 cycles) when compared with SCB-HESP-RBS (214.40 km, 19.5 cycles) and only-HVA (164.25 km, 15 cycles).

RBS and ABS Coordinated Control Strategy Based on Explicit Model Predictive Control.

During the braking process of electric vehicles, both the regenerative braking system (RBS) and anti-lock braking system (ABS) modulate the hydraulic braking force, leading to control conflict that impacts the effectiveness and real-time capability of coordinated control. Aiming to enhance the coordinated control effectiveness of RBS and ABS within the electro-hydraulic composite braking system, this paper proposes a coordinated control strategy based on explicit model predictive control (eMPC-CCS). Initially, a comprehensive braking control framework is established, combining offline adaptive control law generation, online optimized control law application, and state compensation to effectively coordinate braking force through the electro-hydraulic system. During offline processing, eMPC generates a real-time-oriented state feedback control law based on real-world micro trip segments, improving the adaptiveness of the braking strategy across different driving conditions. In the online implementation, the developed three-dimensional eMPC control laws, corresponding to current driving conditions, are invoked, thereby enhancing the potential for real-time braking strategy implementation. Moreover, the state error compensator is integrated into eMPC-CCS, yielding a state gain matrix that optimizes the vehicle braking status and ensures robustness across diverse braking conditions. Lastly, simulation evaluation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing manifest that the proposed eMPC-CCS effectively coordinates the regenerative and hydraulic braking systems, outperforming other CCSs in terms of braking energy recovery and real-time capability.

DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA CAPACITOR BASED REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Regenerative braking is a technique for converting a moving vehicle's kinetic energy into usable form while slowing it down. When an automobile brakes violently, it usually emits heat. If we could conserve energy rather than waste it, that would be amazing, right? That's where regenerative braking technology comes in handy, especially for electric vehicles. It stores the wasted energy in a battery or ultra-capacitor, so it can be used later to start or accelerate the vehicle. In our project, we looked at how effective regenerative braking is during both braking and starting modes. We compared starting the motor with a battery, ultra-capacitor, or a combination of both (HESS), and also analyzed how storing energy during braking works with these systems. Although not all of the regenerated energy is reinvested in the battery, the motor acts as a generator, charging the vehicle's battery. To move the vehicle forward, regenerative braking uses the kinetic energy it temporarily stores during deceleration. We used a lithium-ion battery and ultra-capacitor module energy storage system coupled to a BLDC motor via a converter. These brakes help batteries last longer without needing to be charged externally. They enable efficient power transfer during regenerative braking and acceleration. Our project discusses whether regenerative braking increases or decreases efficiency. of state of charge of battery and ultra- capacitor when starting and braking applied in discharging(in running of motor) and charging(in regenerative braking of motor). And also BLDC motor speed control in starting and braking mode. The model is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. Keywords: Regenerative braking, kinetic energy, electric vehicles, energy storage, battery, ultra-capacitor, starting mode, braking mode, Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), efficiency, motor generator

Making sense of life cycle assessment results of electrified vehicles

Battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles can have life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions that can be close, within 5 % of each other, or very different depending on the efficiencies of the powertrain, relative contributions of battery and combustion engine to the traction power, and source of electricity. Life cycle assessments can provide insight into the variability in carbon dioxide emissions, but they are time consuming. In this work a simplified model that can explain the carbon dioxide emissions during the well-to-wheels portion of the life cycle is developed. The robustness of the simplified model is evaluated by varying parameters and comparing its results with those from the life cycle assessment. Assumptions must be made to conduct the assessment. The assumptions include the efficiencies of the internal combustion engine, the battery, the drivetrain, and regenerative braking, and the relative contribution of the battery to traction power in the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Renewable and non-renewable sources of generating electricity are considered. It is concluded that a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle with the same parameters as the battery electric vehicle can potentially be lower emitting only when the emissions factor of the electricity generation and the internal combustion engine efficiency are high. For low carbon intensity electricity generation, the plug-in vehicle emits more carbon dioxide than the battery electric vehicle for the range of internal combustion engine efficiencies considered.

OPTIMASI EFISIENSI ENERGI PADA MOBIL LISTRIK EMPAT PENUMPANG MELALUI SISTEM REGENERATIVE BRAKE

OPTIMASI EFISIENSI ENERGI PADA MOBIL LISTRIK EMPAT PENUMPANG MELALUI SISTEM REGENERATIVE BRAKE

Control System for Regenerative Braking Efficiency in Electric Vehicles with Electro-Actuated Brakes

<div>This article presents the design and the analysis of a control logic capable of optimizing vehicle’s energy consumption during a braking maneuver. The idea arose with the purpose of enhancing regeneration and health management in electric vehicles with electro-actuated brakes. Regenerative braking improves energy efficiency and allows a considerable reduction in secondary emissions, but its efficiency is strongly dependent on the state of charge (SoC) of the battery. In the analyzed case, a vehicle equipped with four in-wheel motors (one for each wheel), four electro-actuated brakes, and a battery was considered.</div> <div>The proposed control system can manage and optimize electrical and energy exchanges between the driveline’s components according to the working conditions, monitoring parameters such as SoC of the battery, brake temperature, battery temperature, motor temperature, and acts to optimize the total energy consumption. The solution devised allows first to maximize the effects of regenerative braking when the battery SoC is too high to regenerate efficiently, then to safeguard the condition of the battery for both the battery’s long life and overheating and safeguard the condition of the brakes to prevent their overheating.</div>

Electric Bicycle

Abstract: This project proposes a regenerative braking system for electric bicycle based on DSP. The proposed method is used to adjust the switching sequence of the inverter, so that the braking energy can be used to charge the battery. With the cooperation of braking energy recovery technology and a digital signal processor as the control unit, the braking energy is transformed to electrical energy for battery charging.

Investigations of Regenerative Braking and Vibration Energy Conservation for Efficient Charging of Lithium-Ion Battery and Supercapacitor Hybrid System in Electric Vehicle Applications

This study aims to determine new methods of making electric vehicles more energy efficient by focusing on regenerative braking and vibration energy conservation in a hybrid energy storage system integrating lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The first part of the research identifies the regenerative braking system, evaluates its effectiveness, and proposes enhancements for capturing and storing braking energy. Additionally, an investigation is made into whether it would be possible to conserve vibrating energies through creative integration with energetic harvesting technologies. The purpose is to capture and convert vibrational power produced when a car moves into an electrical charge using piezoelectric device for hybrid power storage. More energy efficiency is achieved through this method while also trying to overcome the shortcomings of regenerative braking in some driving situations. This experiments involve Modeling, Simulation and development and testing of prototype systems under different driving and vibrating conditions as well as real-world performance evaluation. It will help to determine how effective the hybrid system that has been suggested enhances energy recovery and storage efficiency in electric vehicles.

Research on Brake Energy Recovery Strategy Based on Working Condition Identification

As a transitional vehicle between fuel and electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles achieve energy savings and emission reductions without range anxiety. Regenerative braking has a direct impact on the fuel consumption of the whole vehicle; however, the current regenerative braking strategy for commercial vehicles is not yet perfect and has a poor adaptability in terms of working conditions and whole-vehicle load changes. Therefore, this paper proposes a regenerative braking strategy based on the identification of working conditions, by considering the influence of the vehicle load state and driving conditions on braking. Firstly, historical driving data of commercial vehicles were obtained from GPS data, driving conditions were classified using principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means, and a working condition recogniser was constructed using a back propagation neural network (BPNN) optimised with the Coati optimisation algorithm (COA). The recognition accuracy of the COA-BPNN was 7.6% better than that of the BPNN. Secondly, front and rear axle braking force distribution strategies are proposed, according to the braking intensity magnitude and load state under empty-, half-, and full-load conditions. Finally, a genetic algorithm (GA) was used to find the optimal control parameters for each category of working conditions, and the COA-BPNN condition recogniser identified the current category of working conditions needed to retrieve the corresponding optimal control parameters in the offline parameter library. The simulation results under C-WTVC and synthetic conditions show that the energy recovery rate of the proposed strategy in this paper reached up to 69.65%, which is at most 206.3% higher than that of the fixed-ratio strategy and at most 37.4% higher than that of the fuzzy control strategy.

Restoration of Energy for the Electric Vehicles

The growing inclination towards electric vehicles (EVs) can be ascribed to their energy efficiency and eco-friendliness. However, limited driving range of EVs continues to be a major concern for potential buyers. This study explores various methods, including wireless charging, solar power, and regenerative braking, for EV energy replenishment. This review assesses the benefits, challenges, and effectiveness of several strategies for extending the range of electric vehicles. Providing insights on enhancing the sustainability and feasibility of electric cars is the main goal, which will help to create a transportation system that is more environmentally and energy efficient.

Positive Rail Voltage Rise Behavior and Inhibition Analysis of Regenerative Braking of Medium–Low-Speed Maglev Train

When a medium–low-speed (MLS) maglev train is braking, part of its regenerative braking (RB) power consumption may cause a significant rise in the positive rail (PR) voltage. For RB energy re-utilization, an RB energy feedback system (RBEFS) is a promising application, but there is still no specific research in the field of MLS maglev trains. From this perspective, this article focuses on identifying the PR voltage rise behavior and investigating the application of an RBEFS on the over-voltage inhibition. Some development trends of the MLS maglev train, including the DC 3 kV traction grid system and the speed being raised to 160~200 km/h, are also considered in the analyzed scenarios. At first, a modeling scheme of a detailed vehicle–grid electrical power model with the RBEFS is established. On this basis, the PR voltage rise characteristics are analyzed with consideration of three pivotal influencing factors: RB power, PR impedance and supply voltage level. Subsequently, to stabilize the PR voltage fluctuations, the influence rules of the RBEFS on the voltage rise and the mutual transient voltage influences under the operating status switching for multiple vehicles running on the same power supply section are analyzed.