Regenerative Braking Research Articles

Portable Electric Bicycle Drive

A portable electric bicycle drive system is a compact, removable motor unit designed to convert a standard bicycle into an electric one. It typically includes a small electric motor, a battery pack, a controller, and a mechanism for throttle or pedal-assist, providing supplemental power to aid in pedaling. These systems are easily installed and removed, allowing users to switch between manual and electric cycling as needed. Ideal for commuters and recreational riders, they make it easier to tackle challenging terrain and long distances. The motor can be mounted on the rear wheel, front wheel, or crank set, offering flexibility for various bike types. With features like water resistance, customizable power modes, and regenerative braking, portable electric bicycle drives are becoming an increasingly popular, cost-effective, and eco-friendly solution for urban and outdoor cycling. Key Words: Portable Electric Bicycle Drive. Lithium- ion battery, BLDC Motor, Speed Controller

A New Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle Drive System

In this paper, a new Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) for Electric Vehicle (EV) drive systems is proposed to increase their battery lifespan, with the potential to meet peak power demands without heavily straining the batteries. The developed feedback control circuit works as a controller to maintain the voltage of the Supercapacitor (SC) at a value higher than the battery voltage during the high acceleration periods of the driving cycle, creating a relatively constant load profile for the battery. The battery is not used to directly harvest energy from the regenerative braking, being, thus, isolated from frequent charges during high acceleration/deceleration periods, which increases its lifespan. The simulation results demonstrate HESS's effectiveness in significantly reducing battery discharge/charge rates compared to a standalone system.

Capacity configuration optimization of regenerative braking energy utilization system for electrified railways based on power sharing and energy storage

The full utilization of regenerative braking energy (RBE) within the railway traction power supply system (TPSS) is of great significance for railway energy conservation and power grid safety. The traditional railway traction power supply system adopts a segmented structure, and achieving efficient utilization of RBE between adjacent traction substation (TS) is a challenge. This paper proposes an RBE utilization system (RBEUS) based on railway power regulator (RPC) and hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which achieves efficient utilization of RBE between adjacent TS and maximum demand reduction of TPSS through power sharing and energy storage. A power flow control strategy based on state machine logic is proposed, and the energy scheduling reference values of RPC and HESS under different typical operating conditions are calculated. By analyzing the mathematical relationship between the costs and benefits of RBEUS, a multi constraint RBEUS lifecycle net profit optimization model is established. The optimal capacity configuration of RBEUS is obtained by using an improved beluga whale optimization algorithm with the goal of maximizing the total net income of two TSs. The advantages of the proposed method in terms of RBE utilization and economic benefits are verified through engineering case analysis and scheme comparison.

Energy Efficiency Improvement on Railway Lines: An Overview

ABSTRACTGreater efficiency in the consumption of energy in the transport sector would mean lower emissions of CO2 and other gases and particles, which contribute to climate change. One of the ways to reduce the impact that the transport sector has on climate change turns out to be the achievement of services with a more efficient consumption of energy per passenger‐km or t‐km transported. Energy consumption has been an ongoing concern in the railway sector practically since its inception. There has always been an interest in finding solutions to reduce it, such as improvements in rolling stock design and the use of regenerative braking which will not be analyzed in this article, and optimal train movement, operation and timetabling, and infrastructure design. This article analyses the existing methodologies that allow the improvement of energy efficiency, and we verified that the developed studies focus more on LRT and Metro systems, and existing infrastructures, namely Urban Rail Transit, characterized by high levels of traffic and energy consumption. However, regarding the analysis of conventional railway infrastructure characteristics and design from an energy efficiency point of view, we found that less has been done relative to strategies to improve energy efficiency.

Research on the Synchronization Control Strategy of Regenerative Braking of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles

Research on the Synchronization Control Strategy of Regenerative Braking of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles

Science and Technology of Supercapacitor and its Applications

Super-capacitors (SCs) are significant because of their unique characteristics, which include long cycle life, high strength, and environmental friendliness. SCs use electrode substances with high specific surface area and thinner dielectrics. Referring to the energy storage mechanism, all kinds of SCs were reviewed in this review paper; a quick synopsis of the materials and technology used for SCs is provided. Materials such as conducting polymers, carbon materials, metal oxides, and their composites are the main focus. The performance of the composites was evaluated using metrics such as energy, cycle performance, power capacitance, and rate capability, which also provides information on the electrolyte materials. To precisely appraise the state of Charge (SoC) in the super SCs cell module, its identical model o is used. It is expected that this model will accurately capture the features of the cell module, specifically its standing-related self-discharge behavior, and the outcomes of parameter identification directly impact its accuracy. Engine downsizing is a result of the requirement to increase fuel efficiency and lower CO2 and other hazardous pollutant emissions from internal combustion engine cars. However, smaller turbocharged engines have a relatively poor torque capability at low engine speeds. To solve this issue, an electrical torque boost based on SCs may be used to help recover energy during regenerative braking as well as during acceleration and gear changes.

Saving energy resources during operation of rolling stock of underground electrified transport

Purpose. To analyze the energy saving reserves under the conditions of implementation and integration of the system in order to find rational driving modes in the general system of managing underground electrified transport. Methodology. The work presents the method for processing data arrays obtained experimentally with the help of a measuring system and theoretically with the use of the “Rational Trajectory” software. Findings. Experimental studies were carried out using a testing system created on the basis of a refurbished train with energy recovery system. Theoretical studies were carried out using the “Rational Trajectory” software, which is based on the principle of solving a multi-criteria problem by the method of the main criterion. The minimum amount of electricity consumption from the overhead contact line was chosen as the main criterion. The software was developed in the LabVIEW graphical programming environment in order to determine the rational modes of driving rolling stock and energy indicators in a given area of its operation. The amount of electricity consumed for traction and the amount of electricity generated by the train during regenerative braking were determined based on the results of experimental and theoretical studies, respectively, under typical and rational modes of driving the train for given identical operating conditions. Originality. Further research on the analysis of energy saving reserves on the rolling stock of underground electrified transport was achieved due to the introduction of a system for finding a rational driving mode. Practical value. It has been established that the implementation and incorporation of the “Rational Trajectory” software into the train control system will save up to 14.7 % of the amount of electricity consumed for traction, compared to typical modes operation on a given track section.

Modeling the Impact of Traffic Parameters on Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between the operating parameters of electric vehicles (EVs) and parameters related to road conditions. The data for analysis came from urban driving trips conducted at different times of day. The average energy consumption was the dependent variable in the model. The following parameters were used as independent variables: the stopping time;; the journey time; the average speed; the quartiles of speed, acceleration, and deceleration, and their maximum values; the number of braking; stops; and the acceleration time and regenerative braking. A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict the average energy demand of an EV based on its kinematic parameters. The proposed model enables the analysis of the influence of various factors related to the route and driving style of the driver on the average energy consumption in the vehicle.

Evaluation of three kinetic energy storage systems

Abstract. This paper investigates recent advances in energy recovery systems (ERS) in automotive vehicles to reduce air pollution and impact on climate change. The three ERS systems: mechanical flywheel, regenerative braking, and regenerative electrically assisted (REAT) turbocharger are evaluated for their potential to reclaim energy wasted by the automobile thereby increasing range and efficiency of the vehicle. The methods of comparison are based on data sourced from current literature relevant to total energy recovery, system configuration, and application feasibility. This will identify regenerative braking as best for new vehicles to decrease fuel consumption and regenerative electrically assisted turbocharges (REAT) as best for retrofitting older vehicles. The paper will use the results to identify the energy recovery system with the greatest potential for immediate application and further research to overcome remaining challenges.

Intelligent Robust Controllers Applied to an Auxiliary Energy System for Electric Vehicles

This paper presents two intelligent robust control strategies applied to manage the dynamics of a DC-DC bidirectional buck–boost converter, which is used in conjunction with a supercapacitor as an auxiliary energy system (AES) for regenerative braking in electric vehicles. The Neural Inverse Optimal Controller (NIOC) and the Neural Sliding Mode Controller (NSMC) utilize identifiers based on Recurrent High-Order Neural Networks (RHONNs) trained with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to track voltage and current references from the converter circuit. Additionally, a driving cycle test tailored specifically for typical urban driving in electric vehicles (EVs) is implemented to validate the efficacy of the proposed controller and energy improvement strategy. The proposed NSMC and NIOC are compared with a PI controller; furthermore, an induction motor and its corresponding three-phase inverter are incorporated into the EV control scheme which is implemented in Matlab/Simulink using the “Simscape Electrical” toolbox. The Mean Squared Error (MSE) is computed to validate the performance of the neural controllers. Additionally, the improvement in the State of Charge (SOC) for an electric vehicle battery through the control of buck–boost converter dynamics is addressed. Finally, several robustness tests against parameter changes in the converter are conducted, along with their corresponding performance indices.

Numerical analysis of the subway tunnel thermal environment to predict the train-mounted condenser inlet temperature in the cold climate zone of China

Reasonable control of the subway tunnel thermal environment is the main objective of the ventilation system design, which is critical to the effectiveness of the train-mounted condenser. In this study, a numerical model utilizing the dynamic mesh technique is developed to investigate the subway tunnel thermal environmental characteristics in the cold climate zone of China. Full-scale field measurements are implemented to verify the model’s accuracy. According to the simulation results, the single Piston wind shaft (PWS) (outlet end) is the optimal ventilation system in the cold climate zone of China. The effects of tunnel wall temperature, passenger flow, and regeneration braking system (RBS) efficiency on the subway tunnel thermal environment are thoroughly analyzed, which shows that the tunnel wall temperature has the greatest effect on the air temperature rise of the subway interval tunnel, the passenger flow has the greatest effect on the air temperature rise of the subway station tunnel. In contrast, the RBS efficiency has the least effect on the maximum condenser inlet temperature. On this basis, the predictive model for the maximum and average condenser inlet temperature is proposed. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for temperature control in subway tunnels in the cold climate zone of China and contribute to the safe and energy-efficient operation of subway environmental control systems.

Analysis and Design of a Battery and Supercapacitor‐Based Propulsion System for Electric Vehicles

ABSTRACTThis work deals with the design and development of a dual source based propulsion architecture for electric vehicles. The converter utilized for the propulsion system is derived from a conventional CuK converter, which operates in a bidirectional power flow mode. The proposed propulsion system has two energy sources: a battery and a supercapacitor (SC). The proposed system has continuous input and output currents at low and high voltage sides, which improves the cycle life of hybrid energy storage (SC and battery) and the DC‐link capacitor. Further, the proposed converter has magnetic reduction compared to a conventional two‐input bidirectional CuK converter. Moreover, an effective and simpler control strategy (only one switch is pulse width modulated (PWM) operated at a time) has been developed for energy management between sources during charging (regenerative braking) and discharging (propulsion), which is effectively verified by simulation and experimental results. Further, a frequency domain (bode plot)‐based technique is used for controller design and stability analysis of the proposed system.

ELECTRIC VEHICLE POWERTRAIN DESIGN: INNOVATIONS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The electrification of vehicles is reshaping transportation, with electric vehicle (EV) powertrain design playing a key role in this shift. This review focuses on recent innovations in electrical engineering that have enhanced EV powertrains, particularly in areas like electric motors, power electronics, energy storage, and thermal management. Advances in motor technology, such as permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM), and the integration of silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductors have improved efficiency and reduced heat generation. Battery innovations, including solid-state technologies and advanced battery management systems, along with regenerative braking, have extended EV range and efficiency. Power electronics, including inverters and onboard chargers, now utilize wide-bandgap semiconductors to minimize energy losses and improve thermal performance. Additionally, novel cooling solutions are addressing thermal challenges in EV systems. Looking forward, modular powertrain architectures and AI-driven control strategies offer promising advancements for various vehicle types. This review provides an overview of how electrical engineering innovations are driving the future of EV powertrain design and sustainable transportation.

Analysis of Regenerative Braking Energy Utilization in KfW i9000 Electric Trains on the Palur-Yogyakarta Operation

Abstract This study explores the potential assessment. of regenerative braking energy in the operation of Electric Multiple Units (EMU) on the Yogyakarta-Palur railway line, a 65.03 km. Prompted by a noticeable increase in passenger numbers in the Yogyakarta metropolitan buffer zone, the study calls for future energy management strategies, involving regenerative braking to reduce energy consumption. Utilizing a mathematical model implemented via MATLAB Simulink, the research encompasses complex train movement scenarios, considering variables such as acceleration values of 0.558 m/s2 and 1 m/s2, and deceleration values of -0.555 m/s2 and 0.36 m/s2. Speed limitations, travel patterns, and energy profiles are rigorously examined, along with incline influences, such as tangent angles of 0.0032 degrees and 0.0017 degrees. In segments like Purwosari-Solo Jebres, electrical energy consumption is quantified at 23.02 kWh, with regenerative braking energy at 1.42 kWh; in Maguwo-Brambanan, consumption is 15.28 kWh, with regenerative energy at 2.42 kWh. The peak power requirements and regenerative braking potentials were also determined, with values such as 619.9 kW and 225.7 kW, and 1785 kW and 198.2 kW respectively. The total electrical consumption for the routes from Palur to Yogyakarta and vice versa was found to be 325.52 kWh and 276.73 kWh, with energy recovery of 31.43 kWh and 26.6 kWh, and average energy recovery ratios of 9.66% and 9.61%.

Joint optimization of metro train timetable and stopping plan for the first service period: An integrated energy-efficient and time-saving model

This paper addresses the energy conservation challenge in metro systems during the first service period, characterized by large train headways and low passenger demands. A novel train timetabling method incorporating an express-local mode is proposed to maximize the overlap time between accelerating and braking trains, thereby facilitating the utilization of regenerative braking energy (RBE). Local and express trains depart alternately, with skip-stop strategies implemented for express trains. Considering the interests of operator and passengers for energy and travel time savings, a bi-objective model is proposed to jointly optimize train timetable and stopping plan. NSGA-II is applied to solve the model and obtain Pareto optimal solutions. Numerical experiments based on Ningbo Metro Line 1 data validate the effectiveness of proposed methods, showcasing significant enhancement in RBE utilization and notable reduction in passenger travel time. The proposed express-local mode establishes stable tracking relationships within train pairs, ensuring effective RBE utilization. Comparative analyses reveal that deadheading is more effective than flexible skip-stop for energy-efficient and time-saving metro operations.

High-frequency Resonance Suppression of Railway Traction Power Supply System Based on the Combination of Single-tuned and C-type Filters

Background: Railroad transportation in the actual operation process, there are also many dangerous accidents caused by resonance, which greatly affect the safety of railroad transportation. A comprehensive examination of the operational dynamics within the power branch of a traction substation is imperative for sustaining system equilibrium. Discrepancies between these facets pose a potential threat to the safety of railway transport. Thus, a meticulous analysis of highfrequency resonance characteristics and the formulation of effective suppression techniques become paramount. Objective: Harmonics from grid-side locomotive traction braking are scrutinized under different operational scenarios and different train runs. The aim is to develop an effective harmonic management strategy to normalize the THD and thus maintain the traction power supply system to become more stable. Methods: This study investigates the high-frequency harmonic resonance characteristics using a control variable approach. Harmonics and negative sequences generated during locomotive traction braking under different operating conditions are investigated by means of extensive analysis. These challenges require the implementation of a harmonic management method. This method uses a combination of two monotonic filters and a C filter in parallel. This method applies to different operating conditions and can dynamically adapt harmonics to changes in the number of trains, which is related to the actual dynamics of the traction power system closely. Results: A comparative evaluation of seven operating conditions shows that the filter in this patent exceeds the efficiency of existing methods. The filter reduces the fluctuations during spectral changes, and the voltage distortion rate decreases from the previous 2.33% to 0.55%, making it more adaptable and promising effective harmonic management in high voltage and high current situations. Conclusion: Through multiple simulation tests, a synergistic configuration involving the C-type filter and two single-tuned parallel connections under regenerative braking conditions emerges. This refined, patented filter design not only mitigates the impact of negative sequence during the filtration process but also substantially diminishes high harmonics and THD.

Energy Harvesting Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Applications in Sustainable Agricultural Transportation: A Review

The increasing challenges of energy depletion, environmental pollution, climate change, and agricultural transportation costs demand innovative solutions. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising solution towards mitigating these issues through renewable energy sources. However, limited driving range remains a crucial barrier to their widespread adoption, particularly in environmentally friendly agricultural transportation. This review paper comprehensively analyzes energy harvesting technologies in electric vehicles and their application in agricultural transportation. The focus is on their potential to improve driving range and address the specific needs of farmers in terms of maximizing their income. Very few review articles have been published on maximum number of possibilities of harvesting energies in electric vehicles, application in agricultural transportation and future prospects for improvement. Existing and current literature was systematically reviewed on various energy harvesting techniques applicable to EVs, including solar energy harvesting, regenerative braking, aerodynamic (wind) energy recovery, and vibration energy harvesting through suspension systems which are all renewable energy sources. Their advantages, working principle, limitations, and recent advancements were critically discussed. All explored energy harvesting methods show the ability to extend EV driving range. However, solar energy and wind or aerodynamic energy harvesting in EVs are theoretically possible but still under research for practical applications due to lots of limitations. Regenerative braking and vibration energy harvesting show the most promising current applications. The Electrical or electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters produce better results over mechanical (hydraulic and pneumatic harvesters). When optimization is employed, better results were achieved. Research on the application of artificial intelligence based computer algorithms to optimize and produce the best amount of harvested energy in EVs will play a significant contribution in the adoption of EVs for sustainable agricultural transportation.

English

English

Current Profiling Control for Torque Ripple Reduction in the Generating Mode of Operation of a Switched Reluctance Motor Drive

The benefits of utilizing Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) drives in traction applications can be realized fully by improving the electromagnetic performance of the machine in the generating mode of operation. This is because the generating capability of an SRM drive could be utilized for regenerative braking and also for the machine to generate power for the vehicle while the engine is in operation. In this paper, a current profiling-based control strategy is proposed to reduce the torque ripple in an SRM drive in the generating mode. The reference current profile is determined using a multi-step computation method to minimize torque ripple and maximize the average torque. The reference current profile is derived based on the reference torque command by utilizing the torque–current–angle look up table. The flux linkage characteristics of the SRM are considered when deriving the phase reference current profile. Then, the performance of the proposed profiling method, analytical linear and cubic torque sharing functions (TSFs), and the average torque optimization scheme are compared using simulation results. Finally, an experimental correlation is performed to validate the efficacy of the proposed control scheme.

Projections of non-exhaust emissions from brake wear across Japan for 2020–2050

The concerns regarding the detrimental impacts of the increasing proportion of non-exhaust emissions are growing, even though there is a decrease in exhaust emissions from vehicles worldwide. Brake wear is a source of non-exhaust emissions. Despite the high density of traffic in Japan, the emission from brake wear has rarely been the target of studies. The objectives of this study are to estimate the environmental concentrations of copper (Cu) and antimony (Sb) released from brake wear in Japan and compare these concentrations on an annual basis (from 2020 to 2050). The Cu content in brake pads is estimated to decrease greatly from 2021 to 2025, whereas the Sb content is estimated to a moderate level by 2050. In this study, we used an atmospheric dispersion model to predict the reduction in Cu and Sb concentrations emitted from vehicles; owing to the transition to electric vehicles equipped with regenerative brakes (which will generate fewer wear particles), the Cu and Sb emissions in 2050 will decrease by 98 and 89 %, respectively, compared to the emissions noted in 2020. However, the contribution of conventional and electric vehicles to Cu and Sb concentrations will reverse in 30 years, owing to the country's goal that electric passenger vehicles will account for 100 % of the new-vehicle sales by 2035. By 2050, the contribution of conventional vehicles to Cu and Sb concentrations will be only 1 and 3 %, respectively, which will be from conventional vehicles supplied to the market by 2034. Thus, based on the future estimates of the number of vehicles and the composition of their brake pads, we predicted the environmental concentrations of Cu and Sb released from brake wear. The projections presented in this study can serve future interdisciplinary studies on environmental pollution, anthropological emissions reduction, and sustainable development.