Regeneration System Research Articles

Plants as a cost-effective source for customizable photosynthetic wound dressings: A proof of concept study.

Oxygen is essential for tissue regeneration, playing a crucial role in several processes, including cell metabolism and immune response. Therefore, the delivery of oxygen to wounds is an active field of research, and recent studies have highlighted the potential use of photosynthetic biomaterials as alternative oxygenation approach. However, while plants have traditionally been used to enhance tissue regeneration, their potential to produce and deliver local oxygen to wounds has not yet been explored. Hence, in this work we studied the oxygen-releasing capacity of Marchantia polymorpha explants, showing their capacity to release oxygen under different illumination settings and temperatures. Moreover, co-culture experiments revealed that the presence of these explants had no adverse effects on the viability and morphology of fibroblasts in vitro, nor on the viability of zebrafish larvae in vivo. Furthermore, oxygraphy assays demonstrate that these explants could fulfill the oxygen metabolic requirements of zebrafish larvae and freshly isolated skin biopsies ex vivo. Finally, the biocompatibility of explants was confirmed through a human skin irritation test conducted in healthy volunteers following the ISO-10993-10-2010. This proof-of-concept study provides valuable scientific insights, proposing the potential use of freshly isolated plants as biocompatible low-cost oxygen delivery systems for wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Rapid multiplication of Zingiber cassumunar using axillary bud explant

An in vitro regeneration system was standardized on a traditional medicinal plant of Zingiber cassumunar. The rhizome axillary buds upon transfer to MS basal medium with benzyl adenine (3mg/l) found optimum exhibiting maximum percent of shoot initiation as 92.5 ± 0.6, thereby maximum number of shoots as 6.8 ± 0.3 and maximum number of roots as 22.0 ± 0.4 were found in benzyl adenine (3mg/l) and indole acetic acid (0.5mg/l) combination. The micropropagated plants were transferred to field for successful establishment as 90% respectively. Furthermore, the morphological characteristic analysis was done between the conventional and micropropagated plants which showed very less significant variation. The present protocol reports the propagation of Z. cassumunar plantlets which could be used for commercial exploitation in future.

German-Ukrainian Efforts Towards Building Climate-Resilient Forests in Western Ukraine – First Results of Alternative Regeneration Systems

Due to the current changes in the socio-ecological system in Ukraine, forest adaptation is of high importance. Continuous-Cover Forestry (CCF) is seen to be promising for Ukraine to provide the Ukrainian society with various ecosystem services from forests and to increase the adaptive capacity of Ukrainian forests. First, basic features of Ukrainian forests and the forest sector are outlined, and the regeneration systems of the major tree species with economic value are described. Moreover, the need for forest conservation in order to safeguard the biodiversity of Ukrainian forests is highlighted. Based on a joint Ukrainian-German research project called 'Resilpine', the first scientific results on the regeneration of major tree species in Ukraine with alternative silvicultural systems to clearcut are illustrated. The data show that natural regeneration in group (or patch) selection systems is abundant and sufficient compared to clearcut. Especially Scots pine, but also intermediate species, are establishing. Group selection cutting can therefore be recommended as a promising alternative natural regeneration system to clearcutting in order to convert Ukrainian forests.

Managing PFAS exhausted Ion-exchange resins through effective regeneration/electrochemical process

This study proposes an integrated approach that combines ion-exchange (IX) and electrochemical technologies to tackle problems associated with PFAS contamination. Our investigation centers on evaluating the recovery and efficiency of IX/electrochemical systems in the presence of five different salts, spanning dosages from 0.1 % to 8 %. The outcomes reveal a slight superiority for NaCl within the regeneration system, with sulfate and bicarbonate also showing comparable efficacy. Notably, the introduction of chloride ion (Cl−) into the electrochemical system results in substantial generation of undesirable chlorate (ClO3−) and perchlorate (ClO4−) by-products, accounting for ∼18 % and ∼81 % of the consumed Cl−, respectively. Several agents, including H2O2, KI, and Na2S2O3, exhibited effective mitigation of ClO3− and ClO4− formation. However, only H2O2 demonstrated a favorable influence on the degradation and defluorination of PFOA. The addition of 0.8 M H2O2 resulted in the near-complete removal of ClO3− and ClO4−, accompanied by 1.3 and 2.2-fold enhancements in the degradation and defluorination of PFOA, respectively. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different salts in the electrochemical system reveals that Cl− and OH− ions exhibit slower performance, possibly due to competitive interactions with PFOA on the anode's reactive sites. In contrast, sulfate and bicarbonate salts consistently demonstrate robust decomposition efficiencies. Despite the notable enhancement in IX regeneration efficacy facilitated by the presence of methanol, particularly for PFAS-specific resins, this enhancement comes at the cost of reduced electrochemical decomposition of all PFAS. The average decay rate ratio of all PFAS in the presence of 50 % methanol, compared to its absence, falls within the range of 0.11–0.39. In conclusion, the use of 1 % Na2SO4 salt stands out as a favorable option for the integrated IX/electrochemical process. This choice not only eliminates the need to introduce an additional chemical (e.g., H2O2) into the wastewater stream, but also ensures both satisfactory regeneration recovery and efficiency in the decomposition process through electrochemical treatment.

Study on Preparation Technology and Heat Conduction Mechanism of High-Purity & Ultra-Fine Alumina Powder from Scrap Aluminum Cans

In view of the increasing scarcity of bauxite resources in China, the high energy consumption and high pollution of electrolytic aluminum, and the requirements for energy conservation and environmental protection, aluminum recycling and high-value utilization of its derivatives have evolved into a crucial development requirement for the aluminum industry in the future. As an important part of the development of recycled aluminum resources, the high-value application of scrap aluminum cans has always been a hot research topic in various recycled aluminum processing enterprises and scientific research units. The traditional regeneration system of waste cans includes a series of complex technological processes such as pretreatment, paint removal, smelting system and casting system, which is difficult to control in the middle of the process. Most of the recycled scrap aluminum cans are cast and downgraded for later use, except for a part of them used as alloy materials for new cans. In this paper, combined with the research on the preparation of metal aluminum alkoxide, combined with recrystallization heat conduction to further study the effective dissolution or adsorption how to remove impurity elements to obtain high-purity aluminum alcohol salt mechanism research, and thermal effect of alcohols with different carbon chains on the synthesis of high-purity aluminum alkoxide was further investigated. Moreover, the changes in morphology and pore size distribution of hydrolyzed alumina precursor materials under different hydrothermal temperature conditions were discussed by means of the alkoxide hydrolysis-sol-gel process. Eventually, the aluminum alkoxide was obtained by the reaction of waste cans with isopropanol and heavy crystal thermal conductivity, and the high-purity aluminum alkoxide was purified by vacuum distillation. Under the hydrothermal condition of 160°C, the high-purity alumina material with a purity of 99.99% and an original crystal size of 200nm was prepared.

Response of Pasture Grasses to Organic Fertilizer Produced from Black Soldier Fly Frass.

Livestock and dairy farmers are increasingly required to maintain productivity and profitability while mitigating the environmental harm associated with high-input agriculture. Accordingly, to reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, a wide range of organically derived products are being evaluated for their effects on sward growth and forage quality. This study used glasshouse experiments to investigate the responses of four grass species to a novel organic fertilizer derived from the mass production of black soldier fly larvae [Hermetia illucens, HexaFrass™, Meath, Ireland]. Although there was some variability among trials, overall our results indicate that application of HexaFrass produced increased shoot growth of Perennial Ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.), Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) compared with growth achieved in no-fertilizer control plants. In addition to increases in shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot chlorophyll content was also positively related to the HexaFrass application rate. At nitrogen-equivalent application rates, HexaFrass resulted in lower shoot growth compared with the application of urea, suggesting that the nitrogen contained in HexaFrass may not be immediately plant-available. Of relevance to grazing or silage systems, the addition of HexaFrass resulted in increased shoot regrowth of PRG and Timothy after shoots had been cut. Based on our results, insect-frass-based fertilizers may have a role in low input, organic, and/or regenerative pasture-based livestock systems, although issues may occur due to the relatively high costs and low availability compared with other organic soil amendments such as farmyard manure and slurry.

Dependability model of automated intelligent regenerative life support system for space missions

Long-duration human space missions require intelligent regenerative life support systems that can recycle resources and automatically manage failures. This paper explores using Petri nets to model the reliability and complex interactions of such closed-loop systems. An architecture consisting of primary systems, backups, and consumable reserves is outlined. The automation system that controls everything is described. Petri nets can capture concurrency, failure modes, redundancy, and dynamic behavior. A modular modeling methodology is presented to develop hierarchical Petri net models that scale in fidelity. Elementary fragments represent failures and redundancy. Subsystem modules can be substituted for more detailed models. Analysis and simulation assess system reliability and failure response. This supports designing ultra-reliable systems to safely sustain human life in space.

Degradation profiles of the poly(ε-caprolactone)/silk fibroin electrospinning membranes and their potential applications in tissue engineering

Degradation profiles are critical for the optimal application of electrospun polymer nanofibers in tissue regeneration, wound healing, and drug delivery systems. In this study, natural and synthetic polymers and their composites were subjected to in vivo transplantation and in vitro treatment with lipases, macrophages, and acetic acid to evaluate their degradation patterns. The effects of environmental stimulation, surface wettability, and polymer components on the degradation profiles of the electrospinning poly(ε-caprolactone)/silk fibroin (PCL/SF) nanofibers were first evaluated. In vivo degradation study demonstrated that bulk degradation, characterized by the transition from microfibers to nanofibers, and surface erosion, characterized by fusion between the microfibers or direct erosion from both ends of the microfibers, occurred in the electrospun membranes; however, bulk degradation dominated their overall degradation. Furthermore, the degradation rates of the electrospun PCL/SF membranes varied according to the composition, morphology, and surface wettability of the composite membranes. After the incorporation of silk fibroin (SF), the degradation rate of the SF/PCL composite membranes was faster, accompanied by larger values of weight loss and molecular weight (Mw) loss when compared with that of the pure poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) membrane, indicating a close relationship between degradation rate and hydrophilicity of the electrospinning membranes. The in vitro experimental results demonstrated that enzymes and oxidation partially resulted in the surface erosion of the PCL/SF microfibers. Consequently, bulk degradation and surface erosion coordinated with each other to enhance the hydrophilicity of the electrospinning membranes and accelerate the in vivo degradation.

Liposome-integrated hydrogel hybrids: Promising platforms for cancer therapy and tissue regeneration

Drug delivery platforms have gracefully emerged as an indispensable component of novel cancer chemotherapy, bestowing targeted drug distribution, elevating therapeutic effects, and reducing the burden of unwanted side effects. In this context, hybrid delivery systems artfully harnessing the virtues of liposomes and hydrogels bring remarkable benefits, especially for localized cancer therapy, including intensified stability, excellent amenability to hydrophobic and hydrophilic medications, controlled liberation behavior, and appropriate mucoadhesion to mucopenetration shift. Moreover, three-dimensional biocompatible liposome-integrated hydrogel networks have attracted unprecedented interest in tissue regeneration, given their tunable architecture and physicochemical properties, as well as enhanced mechanical support. This review elucidates and presents cutting-edge developments in recruiting liposome-integrated hydrogel systems for cancer treatment and tissue regeneration.

Fibroin Nanoparticles: Use in Drug Delivery

The silkworm Bombyx mori.L. is infected by various diseases viz; grasserie, flacherie, muscardine, and pebrine. Among all these diseases the grasserie causes major economic loss to the industry and is one of the main reasons for low silk productivity. It is caused by a virus known as Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedro virus (BmNPV). The impact of grasserie disease on silkworms is significant as it leads to reduced silk production and can result in economic losses for sericulture farmers. In India greater than 50% of silk cocoon crop loss is due to BmNPV [1] and in Kashmir valley, the loss is about 28-32% [2]. Silk obtained from the cocoons of silkworm Bombyx mori L. is a natural fibrous protein well known for being lightweight, having high mechanical strength, good flexibility, and luster making it ideal for the textile industry. In addition, fibroin extracted from the cocoons of domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori L. has gained growingly interest due to its excellent mechanical properties and high biocompatibility, biodegradability, inexpensiveness, and preparation flexibility [3]. These properties of silk fibroin lead to the formulation of fibroin nanoparticles (FNP’-s) which can be used to encapsulate different types of therapeutic compounds like proteins, vaccines, enzymes, etc. Fibroin has been approved as a biomaterial by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has been popularly used in numerous medical applications such as sutures, tissue regeneration, coating devices, and drug delivery systems [4]. It has been studied that SF-derived curcumin nanoparticles show higher efficacy against breast cancer cells and have the potential to treat in vivo breast tumors by local, sustained, and long-term therapeutic delivery as a biodegradable system [5]. Therefore, fibroin-coated nanoparticles can be used effectively for disease management.

A Review on Flower Bulb Micropropagation: Challenges and Opportunities

This comprehensive review scrutinizes tissue culture and micropropagation methodologies in geophytes, focusing on bulbous plants. The examination encompasses key stages, including somatic embryogenesis, bulb growth, dormancy breaking, and planting. Studies underscore the pivotal role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in plant regeneration and bulb growth. Bioreactor systems for healthy plant regeneration, rooting methods, acclimatization strategies, and considerations for ex vitro survival are elucidated. The review also delves into somaclonal variation dynamics and acknowledges the burgeoning field of gene editing, particularly Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) studies, as a promising avenue for enhancing valuable compound content in geophytes. In addition to addressing challenges in flower bulb micropropagation, this review briefly highlights emerging opportunities, including the potential integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize culture conditions, predict growth parameters, and enhance efficiency in bulb production. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of a multifaceted approach integrating biochemistry, physiology, and molecular biology to address existing challenges and improve tissue culture protocols for diverse geophyte species. This review article also intends to highlight how tissue culture techniques could contribute to the development and valorization of flower bulbs in today’s scenario of the ornamental industry.

Combustion stage configurations for intercooled regenerative reheat gas turbine systems

Low-power gas turbines have been widely used for decades as combined heat and power. In the recent years, they received increasing interest with respect to applications such as range extenders in the automotive sector and for alternative fuels use.In this framework, the present work analyzes the combustion stages optimization of an intercooled regenerative reheat gas-turbine system, for a low power gas turbine. In particular, a thorough analysis was carried out to identify the optimal combustion system configuration in order to ensure suitable turbine inlet temperature and global efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle higher than 40%. Starting from the typical intercooled regenerative reheat gas turbine system, several configurations were analyzed. In particular, air bypass systems were introduced as suitable strategy able to tune the combustion chamber working temperatures and turbine inlet ones, according to operating requirements and combustion unit specifications. Furthermore, different bypass ratios were considered, analyzing the effectiveness of air bypass systems in terms of efficient combustion and reduced pollutant emissions (CO and NOx).An innovative cyclonic flow burner, assumed to operate under MILD (Moderate or Intense Low oxygen Dilution) combustion conditions, was considered as main combustion unit and in the reheat process. In this respect, the choice was motivated by the well-established high fuel flexibility and very low pollutants emission typical of such a combustion unit and the MILD process.Analyses were performed considering methane as fuel, which is currently the most used fuel in land-based applications. However, results here reported have general validity and may be directly applied with respect to the use of innovative energy vectors.

Design and Experiment of a High-Clearance Mid-Tillage Weeder for Dryland Farming

Mechanical weeding is an important technical means for organic and regenerative agricultural systems. Current weed control equipment has a variety of problems, such as difficulty adapting to high-stalk crops and poor operational quality. A high-clearance mid-tillage weeder (HMTW) has been developed to meet the mechanical weed control needs of high-stalk crops. The weeder mainly comprises a suspension device, a frame, parallel four-rod profiling mechanisms, weeding operation components, and depth-limiting soil-cutting devices. Based on the agronomic requirements of dryland flat planting, the overall structure of the HMTW was determined, and the weeding unit and flat shovel hoe were designed. Theoretical analysis was conducted on the depth stability of the HMTW, and an optimization mathematical model of the HMTW was established to further improve its tillage depth stability for agronomic requirements. The optimization objective was to minimize the deflection angle (∆β) of the profiling rod on a vertical plane, and the parameters of the parallel four-rod profiling mechanism were optimized. Based on the optimized structural parameters, a prototype of the HMTW was developed and evaluated. The test results show that the optimized HMTW exhibited a good weeding effect, and the tillage depth stability was within the design operating range. When the driving speed was 1.0 m/s and the tillage depth was 8 cm, the weed removal rate, seedling injury rate, seedling burial rate, and qualified rate of tillage depth were 90.8%, 3.2%, 4.1%, and 94%, respectively. The proposed HMTW successfully meets the weeding agronomic requirements of high-stalk crops for dryland farming, and the performance analysis and optimization models provide technical references for the design and development of such structures.

Establishment of tissue culture regeneration system of Ficus tikoua

Establishment of tissue culture regeneration system of Ficus tikoua

Factors Affecting the Micropropagation of Sapindus trifoliatus from Nodal Explants of Mature Tree

Background:: Explant recalcitrance is one of the major challenges during the tissue culture of a tree species, especially when explants are derived from mature plants. It is mainly as-sociated with the genotypes/species, source and physiological status of explants, seasonal variations, and competency/incompetency of explants towards PGRs for in vitro manipulations. There-fore, to optimize the appropriate conditions and minimize explant recalcitrance, it is necessary to elucidate the different factors influencing the tissue culture of a tree species. Objective:: Several factors influencing in vitro shoot induction from nodal explants derived from mature plants of Sapindus trifoliatus were investigated. Methods:: Nodal segment obtained from mature plants was used as an explant for shoot regeneration. The factors assessed in this study included the types and concentrations of plant growth regulators, nutrient composition of MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium, sucrose concentrations, the position of nodes on their respective branches, seasonal variations, and successive transfers of mother explant. Results:: The performance of nodal explants was better on modified MS medium, i.e., M4 medium (half-strength of MS major salts and full-strengths of MS minor salts, Fe-EDTA and MS organic nutrients each) than the full-strength MS medium. The addition of BAP in the medium resulted in a higher shoot induction rate than other cytokinins i.e., Kin, Zeatin, TDZ. M4 medium supplemented with 3.0 mg l-1 BAP and 2% sucrose was optimum for shoot proliferation. However, elongation of shoots was observed only when induced shoots, along with the mother explant, were subcultured on a medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 BAP. The shoot multiplication was positively affected by the repeated transfer of the mother explant for different passages on the multiplica-tion medium. Mother explant transferred to multiplication medium (0.8% agar-solidified M4 medium + 2% sucrose + 1.0 mg l-1 BAP) proliferated maximum shoots after fourth passages. Regenerated shoots were rooted in vitro and further successfully acclimatized in field conditions. Conclusion:: The in vitro regeneration system developed from an explant obtained from mature trees can be successfully exploited for mass multiplication of Sapindus trifoliatus, a medicinally and commercially important tree.

In vitro regeneration of triploid from mature endosperm culture of Passiflora edulis "Mantianxing".

The regeneration of shoots from endosperm tissue is a highly effective method to obtain triploid plants. In this study, we elucidated the establishment of an in vitro regeneration system from endosperm culture for the production of Passiflora edulis "Mantianxing." The highest callus induction rate (83.33%) was obtained on the media supplemented with 1.0mg/L TDZ. Meanwhile, the MS medium containing 1.0mg/L 6-BA and 0.4mg/L IBA gave the optimum 75% shoot bud induction. Chromosome analysis revealed that the chromosomal count of P. edulis "Mantianxing" regenerated from endosperm tissues was 27 (2n=3x=27), which indicated that shoots regenerated from endosperm tissues were triploids. Triploid P. edulis had more drought resistance than diploid plants. Our study provided a method for breeding of passion fruit by means of a stable and reproducible regeneration system from endosperm culture, leading to the generation of triploid plants.

Establishing an efficient callus genetic transformation system for the tung tree (Vernicia fordii)

Tung tree (Vernicia fordii) as an important industrial raw material used to produce tung oil in China. Genetic transformation system has not been established for the tung tree, hindering research on the functions of tung tree genes and the cultivation of new stress-resistant varieties. In this study, we optimized the tissue culture regeneration system of tung tree hypocotyls, screened out a callus state suitable for Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection, and improved the efficiency of genetic transformation. RNA interference (RNAi) vector was constructed using FAD2 as the target gene. Adventitious shoots were obtained by infecting the hypocotyl calli cultured for 25 days through Agrobacterium-mediated infection. The positive adventitious shoot transformation rate of the pBI121 vector was 22.86%, and the adventitious shoot transformation rate of the RNAi vector was 7.84%. We established a complete genetic transformation system using two vectors, and the system was verified via GUS staining and real-time fluorescence quantitative analyses to ensure its stability. This system solves the technical problem of a genetic transformation system for the tung tree, and will provide technical support for studying the functions of tung tree genes and molecular breeding.

Genetic Transformation of Forest Trees and Its Research Advances in Stress Tolerance

Forests represent a vital natural resource and play a crucial role in climate regulation and maintaining biodiversity. However, the growth and development of forest trees are increasingly challenged by rising environmental pressures, particularly detrimental abiotic stressors. To address these challenges, genetic transformation technologies have emerged as effective solutions. Despite various difficulties in genetic transformation for forest trees, including prolonged life cycles, genetic diversity, interspecies variations, and complex regeneration systems, significant research progress has been achieved in tree gene editing, transgenic technology, and methods for delivering exogenous molecules. These technologies have the potential to enhance tree quality, increase productivity, and improve resistance to abiotic stress. This review provides an overview of the main methods and transformation receptors in tree genetic transformation. Additionally, we summarize several novel techniques, such as nanoparticle-mediated gene transformation, advanced gene editing technology, various novel delivery carriers, and non-genetically modified protein function interference through peptide aptamer. Notably, we also place emphasis on several referable genes from forest trees and common crops, together with their potential function for improving abiotic stress responses. Through this research, we aspire to achieve sustainable utilization and conservation of tree resources, thereby providing substantial support for future livelihoods and economic development.

Redox performance of trivalent iron iminodisuccinic acid in converting hydrogen sulfide to sulfur: A new complexed iron catalyst

A novel iron complex formed with tetrapotassium iminodisuccinate (IDSK4) was developed for catalytic conversion of hydrogen sulfide from industrial gases to monomeric sulfur, and a small-scale apparatus for the conversion of hydrogen sulfide in the laboratory was set up.The voltammetric curves of the system were generated with an electrochemical workstation, which indicated a quasireversible process. The catalytic capacity of the catalyst was saturated at 93.8% of the theoretical value for the trivalent iron complex.The open-circuit potential of the system was in the range −0.3 to −0.2 V, which provided full conversion of hydrogen sulfide, and after regeneration by air, it was restored to the initial potential.Full-cycle experiments showed that with increasing numbers of cycles, the open-circuit potential of the regenerated system was not fully restored to the initial value, thus requiring the design of a continuous absorption–regeneration system for industrial use. For safe treatment of hydrogen sulfide in industrial exhaust gases, a single-tower unit with absorption–regeneration cycles was used, and for safe treatment of hydrogen sulfide in combustible industrial gases, a double-tower unit with absorption–regeneration separation was used. The oxidation performance of the system was quickly monitored by measuring the open-circuit potential.

A stable, non-emulsifying, regenerable ionic liquid-based extraction system for safe removal of perfluorooctanoic acid from water

The main sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment are industrial plants at which PFAS are manufactured or used. PFAS are released from such plants in wastewater, which must be effectively decontaminated to prevent PFAS contaminating the environment. In this study, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was extracted from model aqueous solutions using a novel ionic liquid (IL) [trihexyltetradecylphosphonium][perfluotooctanoic acid] ([P6,6,6,14][PFOA]) without an emulsification problem. Liquid–liquid extraction using the IL removed 99.7% of the PFOA from a 2000 mg/L PFOA solution after 3–6 h of mixing. The IL was easily regenerated and reused, but some of the IL was lost after multiple extraction and regeneration cycles. Immobilization of the [P6,6,6,14][PFOA] IL in a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membrane system prevented the loss of the IL. The [P6,6,6,14][PFOA]/membrane system removed 79%–85% of the PFOA from a solution containing 100 mg/L PFOA solution after 24 h of mixing. The IL immobilized in the membrane system could be regenerated by washing the system with 0.25 mol/L NaOH and could be reused multiple times giving extraction efficiencies of 72%–77%.