Genetic Transformation of Forest Trees and Its Research Advances in Stress Tolerance

Abstract

Forests represent a vital natural resource and play a crucial role in climate regulation and maintaining biodiversity. However, the growth and development of forest trees are increasingly challenged by rising environmental pressures, particularly detrimental abiotic stressors. To address these challenges, genetic transformation technologies have emerged as effective solutions. Despite various difficulties in genetic transformation for forest trees, including prolonged life cycles, genetic diversity, interspecies variations, and complex regeneration systems, significant research progress has been achieved in tree gene editing, transgenic technology, and methods for delivering exogenous molecules. These technologies have the potential to enhance tree quality, increase productivity, and improve resistance to abiotic stress. This review provides an overview of the main methods and transformation receptors in tree genetic transformation. Additionally, we summarize several novel techniques, such as nanoparticle-mediated gene transformation, advanced gene editing technology, various novel delivery carriers, and non-genetically modified protein function interference through peptide aptamer. Notably, we also place emphasis on several referable genes from forest trees and common crops, together with their potential function for improving abiotic stress responses. Through this research, we aspire to achieve sustainable utilization and conservation of tree resources, thereby providing substantial support for future livelihoods and economic development.