Type Of Refractive Error Research Articles

Effect of atropine 0.01% on progression of myopia.

Myopia is the most common type of refractive error and the leading cause of functional visual loss. Increased risk of myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma and cataract has been seen with a myopia of as low as -1D. This study was done to determine the effect of atropine 0.01% eye drops on the progression of myopia in children >5 years. This was a single-blind, prospective, randomized case-control study which included children of 5-15 years with myopia of >2D and were divided into treatment group (group 1) and placebo group (group 2). Children under treatment group were treated with application of 0.01% atropine at night. Children with history of any ocular surgery, chronic ophthalmic illness, squint and amblyopia were excluded from the study. The follow-up for myopia progression was done for two years. This study showed a significant difference in increase of spherical equivalent and axial length among treatment and placebo groups after a duration of two years. Total duration of follow up was twenty-four months. Mean increase in axial length of group 1 and 2 was 0.115 mm and 0.32 mm, respectively. Mean increase in refraction of groups 1 and 2 was -0.30 D and -0.88 D, respectively, showing significant change in axial length and refraction (P < 0.0001). This study supports the use of atropine 0.01% eye drops in reducing the progression of myopia.

Variations in Ocular Biometrics Related to Refractive Errors Among Adult Patients Attending the University Teaching Hospitals-Eye Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia

Coordination among anatomical components (Ocular biometrics) of the eye [corneal and lens power (CP/LP), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and axial length (AL)] determine the refractive state of the eye. Ocular biometric measurements are crucial for the selection of the correct IOL and prescription of power to achieve the desired refractive outcome after cataract surgery and refractive errors respectively. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at University Teaching Hospitals Eye Hospital in Lusaka– Zambia; from April to June 2021, to assess the relationship between ocular biometrics and refractive errors. The study involved the measurement of refractive errors and ocular biometrics (Axial length, Lens power, Lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, corneal dioptric power, corneal radius, and Pupil size) in 205 study participants aged between 16 and 60 years of which 64 (31.2%) were males and 141 (68.8%) were females. Refractive errors were measured with a KR-9600 auto keratore fractometer whilst Ocular biometric parameters were done using an Optilex 780 marvels 11 A/B Scan Dell ultrasonography machine and autokeratometry. Out of 205 recruited study participants, 135 (65.9%) had refractive errors. The proportion of types of refractive errors were 66 (48.9%), 39 (28.9%), 19 (14.1%), and 11 (8.1%) for myopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, and hyperopia respectively. Variations of ocular biometrics among participants showed that mean values of anterior chamber depth, axial length and pupil size were greater in myopic study participants (2.7 mm, 23. 9 mm, and 4.39 mm respectively). Mean Lens thickness was much thicker in Presbyopia (3.95+/-0.65) while Lens power varied across all types of REs. Ocular biometrics related to refractive errors were axial length, anterior chamber depth, and lens thickness. Axial length and anterior chamber depth associated strongly with Myopia while lens thickness was more linked to Presbyopia. Age (16 and 47) years, inheritance, and childhood-onset associated strongly with Myopia while Presbyopia increased with increase in age.

Systematic review and meta-analysis on the agreement of non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction in children.

To determine the diagnostic agreement of non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction in children. The study methodology followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic databases were searched for comparative studies exploring refraction performed on children under non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions. There was no restriction on the year of publication; however, only publications in the English language were eligible. Inclusion criteria consisted of children aged ≤12 years, any degree or type of refractive error, either sex and no ocular or binocular co-morbidities. The QUADAS-2 tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was conducted to synthesise data from all included studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were undertaken for those studies with a risk of bias. Ten studies consisting of 2724 participants were eligible and included in the meta-analysis. The test for overall effect was not significant when comparing non-cycloplegic Plusoptix and cycloplegic autorefractors (Z = 0.34, p = 0.74). The pooled mean difference (MD) was -0.08 D (95% CI -0.54 D, +0.38 D) with a prediction interval of -1.72 D to +1.56 D. At less than 0.25 D, this indicates marginal overestimation of myopia and underestimation of hyperopia under non-cycloplegic conditions. When comparing non-cycloplegic autorefraction with a Retinomax and Canon autorefractor to cycloplegic refraction, a significant difference was found (Z=9.79, p < 0.001) and (Z=4.61, p < 0.001), respectively. Non-cycloplegic Plusoptix is the most useful autorefractor for estimating refractive error in young children with low to moderate levels of hyperopia. Results also suggest that cycloplegic refraction must remain the test of choice when measuring refractive error ≤12 years of age. There were insufficient data to explore possible reasons for heterogeneity. Further research is needed to investigate the agreement between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction in relation to the type and level of refractive error at different ages.

Systemic and Ophthalmic Manifestations in Different Types of Refractive Errors in Patients with Down Syndrome.

Background and Objective: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of systemic and ophthalmic manifestations in different refractive groups in children and young adults with Down syndrome (DS). Materials and Methods: The study was a population-based, cross-sectional study that included 141 Caucasian children and young adults with DS. They were classified into the following three groups: myopia DS group (37 subjects, mean age 15.8 years), emmetropia DS group (41 subjects, mean age 11.7 years) and hyperopia DS group (63 subjects, mean age 10.9 years). The participants underwent inspection, slit-lamp examination, cycloplegic refraction, ocular alignment and ocular motility examination. Ten systemic manifestations were analyzed. Results: There was no difference in the prevalence of any systemic manifestations between the groups. Considering the ophthalmic manifestations, there was statistical difference in the distribution of proportions among the three groups for nystagmus (p = 0.011), iris-stromal atrophy (p = 0.048) and strabismus (p = 0.031). The prevalence of strabismus in our DS myopia group was 35.1%, and in DS hyperopia group 38.1%. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that DS children and young adults with any refractive error do not have a higher chance of additional systemic manifestations. Myopia in DS was associated with a higher prevalence of nystagmus and iris stromal atrophy, whereas astigmatism was found to be more frequent in hyperopia.

PREVALENCE OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN AN URBAN SETUP: A PROSPECTIVE AND OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of refractive errors and their types by their age, sex, and class among the students of secondary school in an urban area of state of Punjab, North India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on a total of 1545 school children, aged between 10 and 16 years studying in 6th–10th class. Sample size included 822 males and 723 females. Snellen’s distant test types and self-illuminated streak retinoscope were used for this study. Results: Cumulative prevalence of refractive errors was found to be 35.21% among the students. The distribution among the type of refractive errors was: Myopia – 65.07%, Hypermetropia – 14.89%, and Astigmatism – 20.04%. The prevalence among the male and female students was 34.91% and 35.55%, respectively. Conclusion: This study supports the screening of school children for visual acuity and their refractive errors so that they can be identified to improve their quality of life at present and also to prevent any long-term visual disability.

Childhood Vision Impairment and Refractive Error in Zimbabwe: A Hospital-based Retrospective Study.

The objective of this study was to determine the causes and distribution of vision impairment and refractive error among children in Zimbabwe. A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among children (3-16) who attended the Eye Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, from January 2010 to December 2020. Patients' records were collated, and variables such as visual acuity, ocular morbidities, and vision impairment were analysed. During this time, 1038 children with mean age of 10.63 ± 3.54 years visited the facility. The majority of them were males (53.2%). Prior to treatment, 9.9% of the children had vision impairment which reduced to 3.5% after intervention. Uncorrected refractive error accounted for the majority of vision impairment (67.0%), followed by keratoconus (7.8%), corneal opacity/ulceration (6.8%), and amblyopia (6.8%), among other conditions. Astigmatism (60.6%) was the most prevalent type of refractive error followed by myopia (37.5%). The prevalence of childhood vision impairment is higher than that found in similar hospital-based studies conducted in Africa. The most common reason for childhood vision impairment was uncorrected refractive error.

Comparison of the Efficacy of TNO and Titmus Fly in Myopic Anisometropes

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the stereo acuity in anisometropic myopes and to compare efficacy of TNO and Titmus fly test. Methodology: The cross sectional study design was carried out from September 2021 to May 2022 at eye departments of different teaching hospitals of Punjab. A total study sample of 150 subjects age range between 11-33 years of both gender (male and female) having myopic anisometropia (with moderate and severe degree of anisometopia) were included in this study. All other types of refractive error except myopic anisometropes, all ocular pathologies and systemic pathologies were excluded from the study. After taking informed consent from the individual’s subject to undergo routine ophthalmological examinations, including slit lamp examination of the inner and posterior chamber of the eye and best corrected visual acuity of both eyes (BCVA). Steroacuity test TNO and Titmus were performed to evaluate the stereopsis of myopic anisometropes. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Independent sample t test was used for statistically analysis. Results: Results showed that stereopsis gets reduced by myopic anisometropia. As the level of anisometropia increase from 1D and above, the stereopsis deteriorates in case of myopic anisometropia Conclusion: TNO is considered more reliable as compared to Titmus fly test as the level of difficulty is more in TNO and is independent of monocular clues. Keywords: Depth perception, Myopic anisometropes, TNO test, Titmus stereoacuity test.

Comorbidities in Corneal Refractive Surgery Candidates: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Individuals with refractive errors sometimes have other associated ocular and systemic abnormalities. Objectives: To explore ocular and systemic comorbidities in Corneal Refractive Surgery (CRS) candidates and to examine any contraindications for CRS. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Medical records of individuals who underwent a refractive surgery screening at Chiang Mai University LASIK Center, Chiang Mai, Thailand, were reviewed. All clinical data of the initial visit were evaluated. Eyes with a history of CRS and phototherapeutic keratectomy were excluded. Results: A total of 1,167 cases (2,334 eyes) were recruited, out of which 643 cases were females (55.09%). Myopia was the most common type of refractive error (2,120 eyes, 90.83%), and 868 (40.94%) eyes had high myopia. Approximately 45% (n=526) of the cases had worn contact lenses. The five most common ocular comorbidities (eyes, proportion) included keratoconus suspect (297, 12.72%), cataract (246, 10.53%), dry eye/probable dry eye (208, 8.91%), glaucoma suspect (184, 7.88%), and amblyopia (149, 6.38%). The most common systemic conditions that affected choices or outcomes of CRS were hypertrophic scar/keloid (169 cases, 14.48%) followed by allergy/asthma (127 cases, 10.88%). A total of 1,028 eyes (44.04%) were excluded from CRS, mainly due to abnormal corneal topography (470/1,028 eyes, 45.72%). Conclusion: Most refractive candidates were myopic and contact lens wearers. Serious ocular sequelae from myopia and contact lens use were not uncommon. Additionally, systemic diseases regularly affected the CRS options. The most common contraindication for CRS was abnormal corneal topography. Our study, thus, emphasizes the need for thorough ocular and systemic screenings of refractive candidates.

Observational study for assessing the relation of visual impairment with symptoms of depression

To assess the relation of visual impairment related to the refractive error with symptoms of depressionin relation to age, gender, educational qualification, level of visual impairment, type of refractive error, and use of corrective measures taken by the patient.: Observational cross-sectional study. A total of 260 participants above the age of 12 years with unaided visual acuity below 6/18 were examined for their refractive error using objective and subjective tests of refraction. Depressive symptoms were assessed using patient health questionnaire – 9 (PHQ-9).: Chi-square and fisher’s exact test to find an association between qualitative variables. : Overall 70.77% of participants had depressive symptoms of varying degree. On assessing its severity 8.46% had moderate, 23.68% had mild, 38.46% had minimal depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were more prevalent in the younger age group, educated patients, and similar in both genders, but none were statistically significant. A statistically significant association was found between the level of visual impairment with depressive symptoms (p=0.01) and its severity (p=0.03). Relation of depressive symptoms with various types of refractive error were significant (p=0.01). The prevalence of depressive symptoms increased with an increasing degree of myopia (p=0.015) and hypermetropia (p=0.68). Participants who were not using corrective measures had more depressive symptoms in comparison to those using it. (p=0.19): Statistically significant association was found between depressive symptoms and its severity with the level of visual impairment, types, and degree of refractive error, especially myopia. There was no statistically significant association of refractive error with depressive symptoms and its severity in relation to age, gender, education.

A STUDY OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN CHILDREN AND UNMET NEED OF SPECTACLES IN THEM

AIM– to study causes of vision impairment in school going children, with focus on refractive errors and to study the unmet need of spectacles in them. Prospective analysis of 500 children (up to 14METHOD– years of age) visiting a tertiary care teaching Institute in Ahmedabad who were willing to comply with the procedure of the study were enrolled in the study. Refractive error was the main cause in 58.6% of eyes with vision impairment, amblyopia inRESULTS– 15.2% while other causes in 4.3%. Out of which, maximum number of children had astigmatism (200), followed by Myopia (160) and Hypermetropia (70). In the performed study, more than half of those in need of corrective spectacles were without them. Among different types of refractive error, the greatest likelihood for an unmet need was found with myopia followed by hyperopia, while the association with astigmatism, although signicant, was the weakest. There was a benetCONCLUSION– of spectacles in 70% (unmet need) of those who had visual acuity 6/12 or worse in the better eye at the initial examination. Only 18.6% of the children having refractive error were wearing appropriate glasses.

A comparative study of Pentacam indices in various types and severities of refractive error in candidates for photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery.

This study aimed to specify Pentacam indices in patients who suffered from different types of refractive error and underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out on 1125 patients (2215 eye samples) who underwent PRK surgery in the Noor Surgical Center of Ardabil, Iran, over a 5 year period (2014–2018). A particular checklist was provided to patients, which consisted of demographic data, pachymetry test, keratometry, refractive error, corneal-thickness indices, and corneal surface area indices. The data were analysed using the statistical analysis package of IBM® V25. The mean age of the participants in this study was 28.48±6.82 years, and the ratio of women to men was 66.4%. It was observed that the differences between angle, volume, the depth of the anterior chamber, IVA, and ISV were significant (P=0.00) when compared to each other in all types of refractive errors. High myopes had significantly higher Kmax front than low myopes (P=0.00). In astigmatism patients, the Kmax in front of the cornea in extreme type was significantly higher than in moderate (P=0.00) and high (P=0.01) types. High myopes had significantly lower Rmin than mild myopes (P=0.02), and extreme astigmatism had significantly lower Rmin than high (P=0.014) and moderate types (P=0.013). The data from this study revealed that in patients undergoing PRK surgery, some Pentacam indices could be related to some types of refractive error, and in some of these indices, there are statistically significant differences between different severities of refractive errors. Therefore, their preoperative evaluation is very important.

Анализ цветовосприятия у студентов с нарушением рефракции

There are more than 1.6 billion people in the world with various types of refraction. Dysfunction of the eye color function is a consequence of the pathology of the retina and optic nerve. Myopia ranks first among the types of refractive errors, accompanied by a high probability of complications. Thanks to the early screening of students, we were able to identify changes in refractive errors, and as a result, to form an exemplary algorithm for preventive and typed treatment. Purpous.To assess the role of timely diagnosis in the detection of diseases of the organ of vision. Timely predict the likelihood of diseases of the optic nerve and retina. Material and methods. The study involved 53 people, 20 female students (79 %), 7 male students (21 %). In young men, the right eye is myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %, left eye myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %. In girls, the left eye: myopia 73 %, emmetropia 22 %, hyperopia 5 %, right eye: myopia 75 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 5 %. Results. The analysis showed that the number of errors (right eye) had no statistically significant changes (p = 0.686), visual acuity (right eye) showed statistically significant changes (p = 0.029), and visual acuity (left eye) had statistically significant changes (p = 0.008), the number of errors (left eye) did not show statistically significant changes (p = 0.154). Conclusions. Today, the problem of violation of refractive in young people is a significant problem. Introspection-based functional tests such as the FM 100 make it possible to monitor disorders at the retinal and optic nerve levels. Keywords: violation of refraction, color perception, Farnsworth-Munsell test (Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test).

Severity of myopia in children presented at KDA district head quarter teaching hospital Kohat.

Objective: To evaluate the severity and relationship of myopia with age of the children. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Eye OPD DHQ Teaching Hospital KDA Kohat. Period: January 2021 to June 2021. Material &amp; Methods: The sample size was 200 children with myopia and the age limit was 5-19 years. To determine the severity of myopia in children of age limit 5-19 years presented at DHQ and teaching hospital Kohat, the children were included into the study based on the inclusion criteria, the cycloplegic refraction was done and then the spherical equivalent of the refractive error was recorded and based on that the children were categorised as having mild, moderate, high, and severe myopia. All the data was collected and processed through SPSS 23.0 software. Results: Cumulatively out of 200 participants, 98 children had mild myopia, 87 had moderate myopia, 10 had high myopia and 5 children had severe myopia. Mild myopia was mostly prevalent in children of age limit 8-10 years, moderate myopia was mostly prevalent in children of age limit 11-13 years, while high myopia was mostly prevalent in children with age limit 14-16 years, and severe myopia was mostly prevalent in children of age limit 17-19 years. Conclusion: It is clear from the results that the most prevalent type of myopia in children is mild myopia and myopia severity increases with increase in children age. As the myopia is the most common type of refractive error in children and high myopia is a major risk factor of blinding ocular condition so, the myopia type and severity should be recognized as soon as possible in children and should be managed to control the progression of myopia.

Prevalence of Refractive Error in School Children in Suining City of Sichuan Province, China: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Suining City, Sichuan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of myopia. Methods This was a school-based cross-sectional study. Children aged 6-15 years were selected from kindergartens, primary schools, and middle schools in the urban setting of Suining City. The children underwent ocular examination including measurement of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), visual acuity when wearing glasses, and noncycloplegic autorefractometry. Results Of the 1200 eligible students, 1138 children (94.8%), 553 of them girls (47.4%), participated. The mean age was 10.64 ± 2.89 years. The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and emmetropia was 59.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 57.6, 60.5), 5.0% (95% CI: 4.7, 6.1), 38.4% (95% CI: 55.5, 58.5), and 25% (95% CI: 23.7, 26.2), respectively. In univariate analysis, the prevalence of myopia was correlated with age, female gender, and learning stage. The prevalence of hyperopia and astigmatism was correlated with age and learning stage. The prevalence of mild myopia, moderate myopia, and high myopia in the 1138 students was 17.7%, 41.4%, and 3.3%, respectively. The prevalence of mild, moderate, and high myopia all increased with age and learning stage. The prevalence of myopia differed by gender. The mean spherical equivalents of the right and left eyes were −1.40 ± 1.99 diopters (D) and −1.29 ± 1.93 D, respectively, and the median values were -0.75 D and -0.6 D, respectively. The mean spherical equivalent increased with age, learning stage, and female gender. Conclusions The most common type of refractive error was myopia which was associated with higher age, female gender, and higher learning stage. This study provides new data and recommendations for myopia-control in school-aged children in Sichuan province.

Assessment of Pinhole for Visual Acuity Recoverment in Patients with Myopia

Refractive errors are difficulties with concentrating retina light accurately because of the cornea or eye shape. The mostly mutual refractive error types are near sightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Refractive errors can be fixed with contact lenses or glasses, or fix the refractive error with surgery. One of the most valuable way to correct the visual acuity is the usage of glasses as pinhole. Glasses as pinhole are typically eyeglasses with lenses that are full of a grid of tiny holes. They help eyes concentrate through shielding vision from indirect light rays. Through allowing less light into the eye, few people can see more clearly.1 In this work, the pinhole technique will be described with their usage to correct the visual acuity. In addition, 40 patients with myopia and astigmatism have been tested using the pinhole to assess the more useful pinhole size for the visual acuity correction. Results: The finding revealed no difference of significance in refractive error of both myopic left (p= 0.07) and right eyes (p= 0.06) without and with glasses as pinhole. Also there was no significant different for gender (male, female), and there was no significant different between patients with age ≤20years and patients with age &gt;50 years values. Conclusion: The findings propose that glasses as pinhole did not recover the refractive myopic participant’s error.

A Predictive Model for Amblyopia Risk Factor Diagnosis after Photoscreening

The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends vision screening to detect amblyopia or amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) at least once between 3 and 5 years of age.1,2 Photoscreeners, including the Plusoptix S12C (Plusoptix, Inc), are automated tools that estimate refractive error; their use in preschool vision screening is dependent on the establishment of cutoff values for each type of refractive error, resulting in a binary pass-or-refer outcome for each metric.3

Evaluation of knowledge attitude and practice towards refractive errors and its impact among healthy volunteers in urban and rural areas of Kanyakumari district

Myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism are all types of refractive error. Refractory errors that go uncorrected are the leading cause of blindness around the globe. Refractive error was predicted to affect 10.2 percent of individuals in India. As a result, the current study was done to analyze the knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthy volunteers in Kanyakumari district's urban and rural areas about refractory mistakes. This study used a validated questionnaire to survey healthy volunteers from the Kanyakumari district's urban and rural areas to determine their knowledge, attitudes, and practises about refractive errors. In our study, 218 healthy volunteers from Kanyakumari district's urban and rural areas took part throughout this study. A total knowledge score for refractive error was 80.1 percent in the urban population and 51.1 percent in the rural population and The overall attitude score for refractive error was 65.15 percent in the urban population and 42.2 percent in the rural population in Kanyakumari district. In urban areas, the overall practice score for refractive error is 81.7 percent, whereas in rural areas the practice score is 62.4 percentin Kanyakumari district. Total spectacle use among study participants is 65 percent in urban Kanyakumari and 100 percent in rural Kanyakumari.

Alteration in pattern reversal visual evoked potential in pediatric population with amblyopia and spherical refractive errors.

Purpose:To study the effect of refractive errors on pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) recordings in the pediatric population.Methods:This cross-sectional observational study assessed 240 eyes of 120 participants attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care center in North India. Participants were between 8 and 18 years of age; 30 participants each were recruited into four groups, namely emmetropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and amblyopia. They were then subjected to pattern reversal VEP, with P-100 amplitude and latency recorded for each participant.Results:The emmetropic group in this study provided normal values of P-100 parameters, namely P-100 latency and P-100 amplitude with readings of 115.78 ± 10.19 ms and 11.11 ± 4.08 mV, respectively. P-100 amplitude was significant compared to P-100 latency in detecting the presence or absence of a specific type of refractive error. It was found that there was a significant association between severity of myopia and P-100 latency (both unaided and aided) with P < 0.05. The severity of hypermetropia showed a significant association with P-100 amplitude (unaided) (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed P-100 amplitude to be a good predictor of refractive error and the cut-offs were calculated.Conclusion:The P-100 parameters of the pediatric Indian population were comparatively higher than conventional values. P-100 latency seemed to better correlate with myopia, while hypermetropia correlated with P-100 amplitude. P-100 amplitude appears to be the most significant predictor of the presence of refractive error in an individual.

414 Behaviors and Quality of Life in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders Undergoing Refractive Surgery

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this project is to characterize the adaptive and social behaviors of ametropic children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) undergoing refractive surgery due to spectacle intolerance. Eye-related quality of life and visual behaviors will also be measured. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This is an ongoing prospective cohort study of children with NDD who are spectacle-intolerant and undergoing refractive surgery at St. Louis Childrens Hospital starting July 2020. The method of refractive surgery (photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), phakic intraocular lens implantation (phIOL), and refractive lens exchange (RLx)) is chosen based on degree and type of refractive error, astigmatism, and characteristics of the cornea and anterior chamber. Behaviors are characterized using the Adaptive Behavioral Assessment System, 3rd edition (ABAS-3) and Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd edition (SRS-2), completed by parents/caregivers. Eye-related quality of life is measured using the pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ). Visual behaviors are assessed with optokinetic nystagmus tracking. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In a preliminary sample of 9 patients, 4 have undergone PRK, 3 phIOL, and 2 are awaiting surgery. Pre-surgical SRS-2 scores had a median t-score of 70 (range 57 to 90), indicating a clinically significant deficiency in reciprocal social behaviors as this score is consistent with moderately severe ASD. Pre-surgical ABAS-3 scores had a median General Adaptive Composite (GAC) of 51 (range 48 to 74.5). This corresponds to a percentile of 0.100 (range &lt;0.1 to 19th percentile for age). As rated by the Parental PedEyeQ, the domains most affected were “Parent Worry About Childs Eye Condition” (median 42.0, range 15.0 to 80.0) and “Parent Worry About Functional Vision” (median 18.8, range 3.2 to 68.7), where 0 represents the worst quality of life or functional vision and 100 the best. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Prior research has shown that refractive surgery can improve observed visual awareness, attentiveness, or social interactions in children with NDD. This is the first study to characterize the baseline adaptive/social behaviors and quality of life using validated surveys, with the goal of subsequently identifying patients most likely to benefit.

Prevalence and Distribution of Refractive Errors among Ophthalmic Patients in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

Purpose:To assess the prevalence and distribution of refractive errors in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG).Methods:A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted at Madang Provincial Hospital Eye Clinic. It is a free eye clinic and spectacle costs are further subsidized by a nongovernmental organization. Nonprobability purposive sampling was used to retrieve patients' records at the eye clinic from January to December 2016. Only demographic and clinic data on the patients' first visit to the eye clinic were recorded and these included their age, gender, location, presenting visual acuity (VA), and refractive correction.Results:One thousand and one hundred eighty-four patients' records were retrieved, of which 622 (52.53%) had refractive error. The mean age of refractive error presentation was 49.68 ± 16.29 years with a range of 9–86 years. There were more males (55%) than females. About a quarter of the patients (21.2%) presented with moderate visual impairment. There was a statistically significant relationship between visual impairment and age group (P < 0.001). Myopia (53.1%) was the most common type of refractive error followed by hyperopia (32.5%) and astigmatism (14.4%). The uptake of spectacle correction was very high (95.3%) among the patients. More than one-tenth of the patients (12.5%) reported from other provinces. Almost one-third of the patients (31.4%) could not obtain a VA of 6/6 after refraction. About one-fifth (17.0%) of the patients were suspected of functional amblyopia.Conclusions:Uncorrected refractive error (URE) is a significant cause of visual impairment in PNG. There is a need for the integration of eye care services into primary health care for early detection, treatment, and prevention of visual impairment caused by UREs.