Refractive Error In Patients Research Articles

Outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy instead of phototherapeutic keratectomy for patients with granular corneal dystrophy type 2.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate visual function and postoperative refractive errors in patients with granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) and cataracts who underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) instead of phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) following cataract surgery to avoid PTK-induced central island formation and reduce refractive errors after cataract surgery. The medical records of 14 eyes from nine patients (one man and eight women; mean age, 69.0 ± 8.5years) with GCD2 and cataracts were evaluated. All patients underwent PTK using the PRK mode 3months after cataract surgery. We analyzed corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refractive errors, and corneal astigmatism derived from Fourier analysis and assessed the incidence of complications in cataract surgery and PTK. The mean CDVA logMAR values were 0.42 ± 0.19, 0.38 ± 0.18, and 0.16 ± 0.12 before and after cataract surgery and after PTK, respectively. CDVA improved significantly after PTK, as compared with both before and after cataract surgery (P < 0.001). The mean absolute errors after cataract surgery and PTK were 0.53 ± 0.43 and 1.61 ± 1.01 diopters, respectively. Pre- and postoperative Fourier indices did not significantly vary in the 3-mm diameter zone, and only the asymmetry component of the 6-mm diameter zone significantly (P <0.01) increased postoperatively. No central island formation and no other marked complications were observed postoperatively in any case. Performing PTK using the PRK mode following cataract surgery may be effective for patients with GCD2 and cataracts.

Combining corneal crosslinking and phakic toric Implantable Collamer Lenses for the treatment of keratectasia: A case report.

The present study reports the use of a phakic toric Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) that improved the refraction correction of high myopia and astigmatism in a case of keratectasia following corneal cross-linking. A 31-year-old male was diagnosed with keratectasia 12 years after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Following LASIK, the manifest refraction was -3.50-2.25×90 [0.1 logarithmic expression (LogMAR) best corrected visual acuity (BVCA)] in the right eye and -8.00-3.50×175 (0.3 LogMAR BCVA) in the left eye, with a LogMAR uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 0.8 and a 'counting fingers' value of 3 ft (CF @3 ft) in the left and right eyes, respectively. Riboflavin/ultraviolet A light (UVA) corneal crosslinking (CXL) was conducted on both eyes. Seven months after cross-linking, LogMAR UDVA was 0.4, the manifest refraction was -2.75-2.50×85 and LogMAR BCVA was 0.1 in the right eye. In the left eye, LogMAR UDVA was CF @3 ft, the manifest refraction was -15.00 and LogMAR BCVA was 0.3. The corneal topography was stable 7 months after CXL. Phakic toric ICL was implanted to correct the refractive error, following which the LogMAR UDVA improved to 0.1 in the right eye and 0.3 in left eye, and visual acuity remained stable for 6 months after ICL implantation. In conclusion, combining riboflavin/UVA corneal cross-linking and phakic toric ICL implantation may be an alternative in the correction of high refractive error in patients with keratectasia.

Ocular dominance, coexistent retinal disease, and refractive errors in patients with cataract surgery.

The purpose of this article is to highlight some common issues when planning cataract surgery in patients with preexisting ocular pathologies and to assess the role of ocular dominance in cataract surgery. In addition to routine ocular examination, determination of ocular dominance and orthoptic evaluation for tropias, phorias, amblyopia, and diplopia can be helpful in planning for cataract surgery as these factors can affect postoperative outcomes. Although once controversial, cataract surgery by phacoemulsification is often a well tolerated and effective option for patients with coexistent retinal conditions including epiretinal membrane, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and macular holes. It is mandatory to recognize phorias, tropias, anisometropia, and amblyopia when planning cataract surgery. Visual potential, ocular dominance, refractive errors, and other retinal comorbidities influence cataract surgery planning and outcome.

Efficacy and Safety of LASIK Combined with Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking for Myopia: Six-Month Study.

This was a prospective controlled clinical trial. 48 myopia patients (96 eyes) were included in this study. After LASIK, accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (ACXL) was used for myopia treatment. During 6-month follow-up, the results of LASIK-ACXL treatment were studied and compared to the LASIK-only procedure. The results showed that no statistically significant differences in UDVA, CDVA, MRSE, K mean, pachymetry, or ECD were found between the two groups at the visit after 6 months of follow-up (all P > 0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, 2 eyes lost one or more lines of visual acuity in the LASIK-ACXL group, whereas all LASIK-only treated eyes had a stable CDVA. In vivo confocal microscopy showed a decrease of keratocyte density and appearance of honeycomb-like structures in the anterior residual stroma bed; the changes were similar but more pronounced following LASIK-only. None of the cases in both groups developed signs of significant keratitis, regression, or ectasia during the 6-month follow-up. LASIK-ACXL can effectively correct refractive error in patients with myopia, with no significant complications during 6-month follow-up, indicating stability and morphologic change similar to those with LASIK-only treatment.

Pattern of refractive errors among the patients presenting to eye department of district hospital of Uttarakhand

Introduction: Refractive errors are the most common eye disorder encountered in eye OPD of any region worldwide. Global estimates indicate that more than 2.3 billion people in the world suffer from poor vision due to refractive error (RE), this study was conducted to see the pattern of refractive errors in patients of district hospital, which serves most of the population of hilly region of Garhwal, Uttarakand. Material and Methods: The present hospital based prospective study was conducted in the department of ophthalmology, district hospital Dehradun. All patients from the age of 5 and above attending the eye OPD were taken for the study for the period of 2 months from 25 April’16 to 24 June’16. They were referred for refraction after proper anterior and posterior segment evaluation. Presbyopia was not analysed in our study. Results: During the study period 1986patients attended the eye OPD. Out of which 259(13.04%) had refractive error. Out of which 98 were male(37.84%) and 161 were female(62.16%), age of the patients varied from 5 to 65 years with a mean age of 31.89 years. Among them 93(35.91%) had myopia, 73 (28.19%) had hypermetropia, 49(18.92%) had ATR astigmatism, 25(9.65%) had with the rule astigmatism, 19(7.33%) had oblique astigmatism. Discussion: Refractive errors are important cause of visual impairment in developing countries, specially in remote areas, it is very difficult to provide efficient refraction services. Among the refractive errors, myopia was the commonest, constituting 35.91% of all refractive errors. Followed by hypermetropia 28.19%, ATR astigmatism 18.92%, WTR astigmatism 9.64%, oblique astigmatism 7.34%. It was seen that prevalence of myopia is more in younger age group of 15 to 24 years as compared to hypermetropia, which is increasing with age, with peak at 46 to 55 years. It was seen that hypermetropia was also more common among women(p

Refractive errors in type II diabetic patients

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly. Refractive error in the diabetic population is considered a main cause of visual impairment. So this study was conducted to find out the pattern of refractive errors in patients with type II diabetes mellitus in Western Nepal.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Three hundred forty eyes of one hundred seventy patients with type II diabetes underwent comprehensive eye examination including subjective and objective refraction and serum biochemistry.&#x0D; RESULTS: The mean refraction was -0.132±0.88 D. Emmetropia was seen in 49.7% of the patients, hypermetropia in 22.6%, myopia in 12.6%, and astigmatism in 15% of the patients. Older age groups had more hypermetropic refractive error (p&lt;0.05). Female gender was a risk factor for hypermetropia (p=0.042). Good glycemic control was seen in 49.7%. There was statistically significant correlation between fasting blood sugar level and spherical equivalent refraction (p&lt;0.05, r = -0.115).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The present hospital-based study noted a refractive error in 50.3% among diabetic population in Pokhara with hypermetropia being the most common type (22.6%) than myopia (12.6%) and astigmatism (15%).

Refractive Error in Patients with Retinopathy of Prematurity after Laser Photocoagulation or Bevacizumab Monotherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the refractive development of premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after treatment with laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB). Methods: The medical records of patients with ROP treated between 2003 and 2012 who underwent yearly follow-ups were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with residual ROP abnormalities were excluded. The cycloplegic refraction at 3 years of age, assessed using an autorefractometer, was recorded. Results: In total, 54 eyes from 54 patients were enrolled. Patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1, including 14 eyes of 14 patients treated with laser therapy; group 2, 15 eyes of 15 patients treated with IVB; group 3, 13 eyes of 13 patients with non-type 1 ROP under conservative follow-up, and group 4, 12 eyes of 12 premature patients without ROP. The mean spherical equivalent at 3 years of age was -1.71 ± 1.27 dpt in group 1, -1.53 ± 2.20 dpt in group 2, 0.63 ± 1.37 dpt in group 3, and 0.41 ± 1.95 dpt in group 4. The mean refractive error differed significantly among the 4 groups (p < 0.001). Patients in groups 1 and 2 were more prone to myopia compared with those in groups 3 and 4. Furthermore, patients with type 1 ROP treated by laser photocoagulation (group 1) and those treated by IVB (group 2) had similar refraction (p = 1). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that treatment-demanding ROP eyes are susceptible to more severe myopia with age compared with eyes without ROP or those with spontaneously regressed ROP. In addition, the myopic status between laser and IVB treatment did not differ statistically.

Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa with RP1 mutations is associated with myopia

ObjectiveTo determine the refractive error in patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) caused by RP1 mutations and to compare it with that of other genetic subtypes of RP.MethodsTwenty-six individuals...

Central corneal thickness, corneal curvature and refractive error in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma and primary open-angle glaucoma

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is highly prevalent in Asian countries, compared with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), which is reported predominant disease among Whites and that is the reason for paucity of reports about central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal curvature (CC) in eyes with PACG in Europe. To determine central corneal thickness, corneal curvature and refractive error in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). A total of 288 patients were enrolled into this study; 132 patients with PACG (mean age of 73 ± 7 years) compared with 156 patients with POAG (mean age of 70 ±7 years). The data was collected from all PACG patients who underwent Laser peripheral iridotomy at the Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade between January 2012 and October 2012 and controls with POAG examined in the same period. Data from the right eye was used for analysis. In PACG/POAG mean CCT was 549±38/547±35 μm (p=0.353) and mean radius of corneal curvature (Cr) was 7.92±0.22/7.75±0.29 mm (p=0.003). There was no statistically significant correlation between IOP and mean Cr in PACG (p=0.244 ) and POAG ( p=0.637) while it was in POAG group with refractive error (p=0.005) and CCT (p<0.001). We found that CCT in PACG and POAG group were in normal range and there was no diference between them. Our results showed that the eyes with PACG had the flatter corneas than eyes with POAG and were hyperopic.

Long-Term Changes of Hyperopic Refractive Error in Refractive Accommodative Esotropia

Purpose: To analyze the long-term changes of hyperopic refractive error in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 54 patients with accommodative esotropia who underwent at least 36 months of follow-up and had hyperopia more than +1.50 diopter (D). The patients were divided into groups according to the degree of hyperopia: +1.50~ 400 sec. The divided groups were than retrospectively reviewed if they influenced the refractive error at the third year of follow-up using Fisher’s exact test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: The mean follow-up period was 103.72 ± 41.82 months for refractive accommodative esotropia. Patients with a greater initial hyperopic refractive error showed a significant tendency towards emmetropization with a higher rate of hyperopic decrease (p < 0.001), regardless of the hyperopic refractive error. Statistical differences were not observed in patients who started wearing glasses after four-years old, patients with amblyopia, patients with a large degree of astigmatism, and patients with poor stereoacuity. Conclusions: Long-term changes of hyperopic refractive error in accommodative esotropia showed a significant decrease when initial hyperopic refractive error was high. Wearing hyperopic glasses at an older age and visual functions such as amblyopia, large degree of astigmatism, and poor stereoacuity may influence emmetropization. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2015;56(4):580-585

Changes in refractive error in patients with accommodative esotropia after being weaned from hyperopic correction

BackgroundTo determine the long-term changes in refractive error and ocular alignment in patients with accommodative esotropia (AET) who were able to discontinue wearing hyperopic glasses because of emmetropisation.MethodsForty-seven patients with...

Refractive Errors in Patients with Migraine Headache

ABSTRACTPurpose: To evaluate refractive errors in patients with migraine headache and to compare with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: This prospective case-control study includes patients with migraine and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients were noted. Detailed ophthalmological examinations were performed containing spherical refractive error, astigmatic refractive error, spherical equivalent (SE), anisometropia, best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination, axial length, anterior chamber depth, and central corneal thickness. Spectacle use in migraine and control groups was compared. Also, the relationship between refractive components and migraine headache variables was investigated. Results: Seventy-seven migraine patients with mean age of 33.27 ± 8.84 years and 71 healthy subjects with mean age of 31.15 ± 10.45 years were enrolled (p = 0.18). The migraine patients had higher degrees of astigmatic refractive error, SE, and anisometropia when compared with the control subjects (p = 0.01, p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Migraine patients may have higher degrees of astigmatism, SE, and anisometropia. Therefore, they should have ophthalmological examinations regularly to ensure that their refractive errors are appropriately corrected.

Non-topography-guided PRK combined with CXL for the correction of refractive errors in patients with early stage keratoconus.

To evaluate the safety and clinical outcome of combined non-topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) for the treatment of mild refractive errors in patients with early stage keratoconus. A retrospective, nonrandomized study of patients with early stage keratoconus (stage 1 or 2) who underwent simultaneous non-topography-guided PRK and CXL. All patients had at least 2 years of follow-up. Data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively at the 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-up visit after combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL. Seventy-nine patients (140 eyes) were included in the study. Combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL induced a significant improvement in both visual acuity and refraction. Uncorrected distance visual acuity significantly improved from 0.39 ± 0.22 logMAR before combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL to 0.12 ± 0.14 logMAR at the last follow-up visit (P <.001) and corrected distance visual acuity remained stable (0.035 ± 0.062 logMAR preoperatively vs 0.036 ± 0.058 logMAR postoperatively, P =.79). The mean spherical equivalent decreased from -1.78 ± 1.43 to -0.42 ± 0.60 diopters (D) (P <.001), and the mean cylinder decreased from 1.47 ± 1.10 to 0.83 ± 0.55 D (P <.001). At the last follow-up visit mean keratometry flat was 43.30 ± 1.75 vs 45.62 ± 1.72 D preoperatively (P = .03) and mean keratometry steep was 44.39 ± 3.14 vs 46.53 ± 2.13 D preoperatively (P = .02). Mean central corneal thickness decreased from 501.74 ± 13.11 to 475.93 ± 12.25 µm following combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL (P < .001). No intraoperative complications occurred. Four eyes developed mild haze that responded well to a short course of topical steroids. No eye developed infectious keratitis. Combined non-topography-guided PRK and CXL is an effective and safe option for correcting mild refractive error and improving visual acuity in patients with early stable keratoconus.

EHMTI-0348. Refractive errors in patients with migraine headache

Migraine is one of the most common debilitating diseases. Despite of intensive research in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine, its relationship between refractive error have been controversial.

Past and present of corneal refractive surgery: a retrospective study of long-term results after photorefractive keratectomy, and a prospective study of refractive lenticule extraction.

Past and present of corneal refractive surgery: a retrospective study of long-term results after photorefractive keratectomy, and a prospective study of refractive lenticule extraction.

Piggyback Intraocular Lens Implantation to Correct Pseudophakic Refractive Error After Segmental Multifocal Intraocular Lens Implantation

To evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of secondary piggyback intraocular lens implantation in patients diagnosed as having residual ametropia following segmental multifocal lens implantation. Data of 80 pseudophakic eyes with ametropia that underwent Sulcoflex aspheric 653L intraocular lens implantation (Rayner Intraocular Lenses Ltd., East Sussex, United Kingdom) to correct residual refractive error were analyzed. All eyes previously had in-the-bag zonal refractive multifocal intraocular lens implantation (Lentis Mplus MF30, models LS-312 and LS-313; Oculentis GmbH, Berlin, Germany) and required residual refractive error correction. Outcome measurements included uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected near visual acuity, distance-corrected near visual acuity, manifest refraction, and complications. One-year data are presented in this study. The mean spherical equivalent ranged from -1.75 to +3.25 diopters (D) preoperatively (mean: +0.58 ± 1.15 D) and reduced to -1.25 to +0.50 D (mean: -0.14 ± 0.28 D; P < .01). Postoperatively, 93.8% of eyes were within ±0.50 D and 98.8% were within ±1.00 D of emmetropia. The mean uncorrected distance visual acuity improved significantly from 0.28 ± 0.16 to 0.01 ± 0.10 logMAR and 78.8% of eyes achieved 6/6 (Snellen 20/20) or better postoperatively. The mean uncorrected near visual acuity changed from 0.43 ± 0.28 to 0.19 ± 0.15 logMAR. There was no significant change in corrected distance visual acuity or distance-corrected near visual acuity. No serious intraoperative or postoperative complications requiring secondary intraocular lens removal occurred. Sulcoflex lenses proved to be a predictable and safe option for correcting residual refractive error in patients diagnosed as having pseudophakia.

Implantable Collamer Lens for Correction of Refractive Errors in Patients with Keratoconus following Collagen Cross-Linking: One Year Follow-up

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study is to assess the predictability, safety, efficacy and stability of correction of refractive errors in patients with keratoconus using Visian implantable collamer lens (ICL) following collagen cross-linking. Materials and methods This prospective, non-comparative study evaluated 20 eyes of 14 patients with keratoconus subjected to implantation of intraocular collamer lens at least 1 year following collagen cross-linking and stable refraction. Mean preoperative myopia was −8.43 ± 5.13 Diopters (D) (–3.5 to −20.0D and mean cylinder was −2.19 ± 1.28D (0.0 to −4.5D). The preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was −9.52 ± 5.33D (–3.75 to −21.25D). During the 12 months follow-up, uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, refraction, intraocular pressure and vaulting are measured. Results At 12 months postoperatively, 90% of eye had refractive cylinder of &lt;1.0D with (p = 0.003) and 20 (100%) eyes was within ±0.75D of sphere at 1 year (r2 = 0.99) and (p = 0.0085). The mean postoperative BCVA in decimal was 0.498 ± 0.232, while the mean preoperative BCVA was 0.484 ± 0.285. The safety index at 12 months was 1.02. The mean postoperative UCVA in decimal was 0.498 ± 0.232 and the mean preoperative BCVA is 0.484 ± 0.29 and the efficacy index at 12 months was 1.01. Conclusion Implantation of Visian Intraocular collamer lens is predictable, safe and effective way to correct refractive error in patients with keratoconus following collagen cross-linking. How to cite this article Shuber HS. Implantable Collamer Lens for Correction of Refractive Errors in Patients with Keratoconus following Collagen Cross-Linking: One Year Follow-up. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2014;3(1):29-35.

Refractive errors in patients attending a private hospital in Jos, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive error in patients presenting to a private hospital. Records of all patients who presented at the hospital from 2000 to 2009 with visual acuity (VA) of 6/9 or less and showed improvement in distance vision of one or more lines with refraction were reviewed. The eye with the better presenting visual acuity was used for classifying the patient. The spherical equivalent refraction was used with the formula (sphere plus cylinder/2). Two thousand eight hundred ninety eight patients were seen at the hospital for various eye problems. Six hundred one (20.7%) patients with distant VA which improved with refraction were considered for this analysis. Two hundred twenty one (36.8%) of patients with refractive error were visually impaired (VA <6/12-3/60). Blindness (<3/60 - none perception of light) was seen in 91 (15.1%) of the patients, seven of whom were aphakic. Best corrected visual acuity increased the number of patients with normal visual acuity from 289 (48.1%) to 579 (96.3%). Overall visual impairment (VI) (<6/12-3/60) was reduced from 221 (36.8%) to 22 (3.6%). Severe visual impairment and blindness were completely eliminated just with refractive correction. Of those with refractive error, there were 35.8% with myopia, 29.5% with hypermetropia and 34.8% with astigmatism. Males had slightly more myopia and astigmatism, and female more hypermetropia though the difference was not statistically significant. Refractive error was seen more among the students 207 (34.4%) and civil servants 189 (31.4%) and least among the artisans 7 (1.2%). Anisometropia of ≤ 1 D, >1-2 D, >2-3 and > 3 D were found in 76.5%, 11.8%, 5% and 5.0% respectively. The study shows that refractive error is a common cause of VI and myopia is the most common type. It confirms that most of the refractive error can be corrected with off-the-shelf spectacles.

Iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens implantation after retinal detachment surgery: Long-term clinical results

To assess the efficacy and safety of iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens (pIOL) implantation to correct myopia in eyes with previous retinal detachment (RD) surgery. Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Retrospective case series. Patients having pIOL implantation in both eyes were enrolled. Eyes that had scleral buckling or encircling (RD group) and healthy fellow eyes (non-RD group) were evaluated over a 6-year follow-up. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), endothelial cell density (ECD), intraoperative complications, and long-term complications were safety outcomes. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), predictability, and stability of refraction were efficacy outcomes. The study comprised 34 eyes (17 patients). The mean postoperative CDVA and ECD were not significantly different between groups, and no patient lost CDVA. The rate of transient intraocular pressure spike was significantly higher in the RD group (P=.043). After 3 years and 6 years, the mean postoperative UDVA was 0.06 logMAR ± 0.09 (SD) and 0.08 ± 0.10 logMAR, respectively, in the RD group and 0.04 ± 0.08 logMAR and 0.04 ± 0.09 logMAR, respectively, in the non-RD group (P=.518 and P=.478, respectively). The rate of eyes within ±0.50 diopter of the desired refraction and the postoperative refraction was not significantly different between groups. No eye had vitreoretinal changes requiring secondary surgical intervention. Iris-fixated pIOL implantation corrected the myopic refractive error in patients who had scleral buckling or encircling surgery for RD with a high degree of efficacy, safety, and long-term stability. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

The effect of reducing hyperopic correction in patients with accommodative esotropia

To report a 2-year follow-up of a previously reported study of the effects of not correcting the total hyperopic refractive error in patients with accommodative esotropia. Consecutive patients with refractive accommodative esotropia were prescribed the maximal tolerable amount of spectacle undercorrection, up to -1.5 D, and were followed up for 2 years. One year after an initial undercorrection, the maximal tolerable undercorrection was reevaluated. We analyzed changes in visual acuity, angle of deviation, stereoacuity, and fusional ability during the follow-up period. A total of 39 patients were included, of whom 1 was lost to follow-up. During the 2-year follow-up period, none of the patients had deterioration in visual acuity (right eye: 95% CI, -0.01 to -0.02; left eye: 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.03 [Wilcoxon signed rank test]), angle of deviation (at distance: 95% CI, -4.00 to 0.00; at near: 95% CI, -4.00 to 0.50), stereoacuity (95% CI, -0.55 to -0.10), or fusional ability. Small changes in the angle of deviation (2(Δ)-4(Δ)) were noted in 3 undercorrected patients. We demonstrated stable eye alignment and binocular function 2 years after undercorrecting a hyperopic refractive error in patients with accommodative esotropia.