Reformation Germany Research Articles

ПОДОЛАННЯ КОНФЛІКТІВ У СЕРЕДОВИЩІ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ПІСЛЯВОЄННОЇ ЕМІГРАЦІЇ: ДОСВІД МИСТЕЦЬКОГО УКРАЇНСЬКОГО РУХУ (1945-1948)

The history of Ukraine has got many examples of how different personalities were able to unite and direct their efforts in meaningful way for higher purpose. One of such interesting pages is an activity of Ukrainian Art movement (UAM) –unification of Ukrainian writers in emigration, who after the end of World War II turned up in camps for displaced persons in Germany and Austria. The leadership of union helped to create such climate in the organization that would maximize imaginative work and minimize confrontational points among its members. The peculiar quality check of the organization and its ability to withstand the devastating tendencies was a debate in UAM about relevant problems of searching for ways of development Ukrainian culture in emigration conditions. Its starting point was Y. Shevelov`s report «The styles of contemporary Ukrainian literature in emigration» (1945), which he pronounced at the First congress of organization. The reviewer proclaimed the mission of new organization - to create a nationwide and a sub-region writing, which can reach worldwide recognition. The main direction of its development Y. Shevelov determined the creation of deeply peculiar Ukrainian literary style. The idea of national-organic style has caused mixed reactions and criticism in the Ukrainian emigration environment. The national-organic style does not anticipate a forced imposition on his writers. This style does not mean an isolation of narrow national limits and departure from European influences and traditions. It includes only blind copying borrowed samples. Supplemented the concept of Y. Shevelov with his ideas such persons as I. Bagryany, Y. Kosach, I.Kosteckii and other representatives of UAM`s, who defended national origin in literature. The most irreconcilable opponent of Y. Shevelov and his theory of national-organic style became a literary scholar, critic, translator V. Derzhavin. There were several reasons for the conflict between these creative personalities among which, in particular, differences between generations, to which they belong. In the modern scientific literature one can come across for approval that a deepening conflict between Y. Shevelov and V. Derzhavin led to the split and termination of the organization activity. Such an estimate is untrue, because the real reason for the termination of the organization was hold at the 1948 a monetary reform in Germany and mass departure of Ukrainian emigrants from displaced persons camps to the other countries of the world. Well, conflicts, which took place in the history of Ukrainian Art Movement, did not lead to the division of the organization into hostile camps, as its members were united by the common purpose of creating new Ukrainian literature, that would take a worthy place in the world culture.

The Turks and Islam in Reformation Germany by Gregory J. Miller

The Turks and Islam in Reformation Germany by Gregory J. Miller

The Turks and Islam in Reformation Germany. Gregory J. Miller. Routledge Research in Early Modern History. London: Routledge, 2018. x + 258 pp. $149.95.

The Turks and Islam in Reformation Germany. Gregory J. Miller. Routledge Research in Early Modern History. London: Routledge, 2018. x + 258 pp. $149.95.

Can financial incentives reduce the baby gap? Evidence from a reform in maternity leave benefits

In this paper, I assess whether earnings-dependent maternity leave positively impacts fertility and narrows the baby gap between highly educated (high-earning) and less-educated (low-earning) women. I exploit a major maternity leave benefit reform in Germany that considerably increased the financial incentives, by up to 21,000 EUR, for highly educated and higher-earning women. Using the large differential changes in maternity leave benefits across education and income groups in a differences-in-differences design, I estimate the causal impact of the reform on fertility for up to 5 years. In addition to demonstrating an up to 23% increase in the fertility of tertiary-educated women, I find a positive, statistically significant effect of increased benefits on fertility, driven mainly by women at the middle and upper end of the earnings distribution. Overall, the results suggest that earnings-dependent maternity leave benefits, which compensate women according to their opportunity cost of childbearing, could successfully reduce the fertility rate disparity related to mothers' education and earnings.

From Hierarchical Political Interweaving to Differentiated Centralisation: The Reform of Germany’s Federal Trunk Road Administration of 2017

Im Zuge der Bund-Länder-Finanzreform 2017 wurde auch die Bundesfernstraßenverwaltung neu organisiert. Zukünftig liegt die Kompetenz für die Verwaltung der Bundesautobahnen direkt beim Bund, während für die Bundesstraßen die Bundesauftragsverwaltung weiterhin Bestand hat. Damit wandelt sich die Struktur der Bund-Länder- Kooperation im Bereich der Bundesfernstraßen von einer hierarchischen Politikverflechtung zu einem System differenzierter Verwaltungszentralisierung. Die neue Verflechtungsstruktur ist durch straßenklassenbezogene Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Wahrnehmungs- und Verwaltungskompetenzen des Bundes und der Einfluss- und Steuerungsmöglichkeiten gegenüber den Ländern gekennzeichnet, ohne jedoch zu einer umfassenden Verfahrens- und Aufgabenentflechtung zwischen Bund und Ländern zu führen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind auch die Auswirkungen der Reform auf die Leistungsfähigkeit der Bundesfernstraßenverwaltung differenziert zu bewerten, da das in Politik und Wissenschaft bisher dominierende Argument der Leistungssteigerung durch Verwaltungszentralisierung nur auf einen Teilbereich bzw. Teilaufgaben der reformierten Bundesfernstraßenverwaltung zutrifft und durch die differenzierte Zentralisierung potentiell neue Konfliktstrukturen, Effizienzhemmnisse und politische Legitimationsprobleme entstehen.

Gratitude as a Christian lifestyle: An Afro-reformed theological perspective

31 October 2017 marked the 500th anniversary of the birth of the Reformation in Germany, West Europe. One of the most important legacies of the Reformation is the teaching concerning God’s gracious salvation, received and appropriated only through faith in Christ Jesus our Saviour. The current article seeks to focus on reflection on gratitude as a Christian lifestyle in response to God’s redemption. The article reflects on gratitude as recognition account, highlighting the importance of gratitude as a Christian virtue, as a socioreligious phenomenon, and its importance in human happiness and well-being. This, as it shaped the life of Christians, is found especially in the African continent, in whose traditional life, gratitude was ubiquitous, known and practised even before conversion to the Protestant religion. The article also briefly highlights the fact that a relaxed attitude regarding the teaching on gratitude could result in Sunday or nominal Christianity and the demise of prophetic Christianity. Some concluding thoughts regarding gratitude are shared.

The evolution of reform narratives: a narrative policy framework analysis of German NPM reforms

ABSTRACT Narrative approaches have been well known in public policy and public administration research for years. As a contribution to research on reform narratives, this paper will deal with the question of how the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) can be used to understand the dynamics of reforms. For the case of New Public Management (NPM) reforms in Germany between 1993 and the late 2000s, it is shown how a reform narrative is shaped by reform actors and how it evolves through implementation. It is argued that the dynamics of re-form narratives typically lead to excessive expectations which must be disappointed during implementation. While from a methodological perspective, benefits of the NPF for structuring narrative analysis are evident, a systematic approach for linking narrative evolution to material or social facts seems to be vital.

Education curriculum and student achievement: theory and evidence

ABSTRACTWe propose a theory of education curricula as horizontally differentiated by their paces. The pace of a curriculum and the preparedness of a student jointly determine the match quality of the curriculum for this student, so different students derive different benefits from learning under the same curriculum. Furthermore, a change in the curricular pace has distributional effects across students, benefiting some while hurting others. We test the model prediction using a quasi-natural experiment we call the G8 reform in Germany, which introduced a faster-paced curriculum for academic-track students. We find evidence consistent with our theory: While the reform improves students' test scores on average, such benefits are more pronounced for well-prepared students. In contrast, less-prepared students do not seem to benefit from the reform.

Learning intensity effects in students’ mental and physical health – Evidence from a large scale natural experiment in Germany

In this study, we analyze the health effects of a recent education reform in Germany exposing students to increased learning intensity. The reform shortened the higher secondary education track by one year. As the overall curriculum required for graduation was held constant, this led to an increase in instruction hours in the remaining school years. The reform was introduced at different points in time across federal states, providing us with a difference-in-difference setup for analysis. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), our results imply that the reform significantly reduced adolescents’ self-rated mental health status. The overall effect on the Mental Component Summary Score (MCS) is about a quarter of a standard deviation. Examining MCS sub-dimensions, we find detrimental effects of the reform on vitality and on emotional balance. We do not observe a significant reform effect on the aggregated physical health measure.

PCP33 - COULD THE US ADMINISTRATION IMPOSE DRUG PRICE RAISES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU)?

The United States pays the highest drug bill per capita despite unequal global distribution of drug prices and payment. President Trump has said that this “[is] ridiculous, and it’s not going to happen any longer.” His proposed solution is to fix trade through bilateral negotiation to raise US drug prices abroad. Opportunities for US drug price increase in the European Union (EU) were reviewed at the WTO level and among other international organizations. Currently, US drug prices in the EU are not subjected to value-added tax (VAT) or to a very low VAT rate. The customs drug tariffs are usually nonexistent or if applied, are low. Trump’s argument of American discrimination may not be legally valid. If pricing is well structured, transparent, and based on scientific grounds (ex. HTA processes) complemented by established economics rules (ex. funding processes) applicable to all products, regardless of origin, it is unlikely for opportunities through legal routes to impact prices. An alternative is through bilateral trade negotiations, where the US may have an advantage in negotiating. However, in response to Trump’s proposal to raise US drug prices abroad, the UK’s NHS has emphasized their commitment to provide affordable drugs to UK citizen. In Japan, the first US export market for pharmaceuticals, some experts have questioned the relationship between Trump’s visit and the 2-year delay for HTA implementation. Following timid AMNOG reform in Germany, which was expected to yield more, some questioned the potential influence of Trump’s administration. Despite no potential legal route for price raising of US pharmaceuticals in EU, it is likely that price of pharmaceuticals will be a focus of bilateral trade negotiations between individual EU countries and the US. However, increasing prices outside the US may not directly translate to lower prices within the US nor lead to benefiting US patients.

Disease Prevention and Health Promotion in Germany: A Qualitative Analysis of the Federal Goverment's Coalition Agreement

The creation of healthful living conditions has contributed to improving health and prolonging life in Germany and worldwide. Despite this progress, avoidable behavioural, occupational and environmental risk factors still contribute considerably to the burden of disease in Germany. Many of these risk factors are strongly influenced by political determinants. The coalition agreement outlining the agenda of Germany's federal government for 2018-2022 provides insights regarding relevant political priorities and plans. We performed qualitative content analysis of the coalition agreement signed on March 12, 2018 by Germany's governing parties with regard to content related to disease prevention and health promotion. We present results in tables and narratively and discuss them against the background of evidence-based scientific recommendations and in the national and international political context. The coalition agreement discusses various measures to strengthen disease prevention in and health promotion in general, to support the prevention of specific disease groups, and to reduce the burden of a number of behavioural, occupational and environmental risk factors. This includes an evaluation and reform of Germany's Law for Health Promotion and Prevention, a strengthening of relevant research capacities, the development of a national obesity strategy, and measures to increase vaccination rates. The extensive discussion of health promotion and disease prevention in the coalition agreement is laudable. However, the agreements fail to mention a number of important approaches, such as the regulation of tobacco and alcohol marketing and food and beverage taxation. Moreover, many statements remain vague. Adoption and implementation of effective measures will therefore require the attention and political pressure from the scientific community, civil society, the media, and members of the parliament from both government and opposition parties. The mid-term evaluation of the coalition agreement will be an opportunity to critically examine the government's achievement to date.

1A2-F4 ドイツにおけるPISAショック後の教育政策と科学カリキュラム改革(卓越性科学教育の教育課程研究(1)-基礎カリキュラム構想-,課題研究,次世代の科学力を育てる : 社会とのグラウンディグを進展させるために)

1A2-F4 ドイツにおけるPISAショック後の教育政策と科学カリキュラム改革(卓越性科学教育の教育課程研究(1)-基礎カリキュラム構想-,課題研究,次世代の科学力を育てる : 社会とのグラウンディグを進展させるために)

A Study on Characteristics and Actuality of Heydorn’s “Critical Education Theory”

본 논문은 국내외 교육학계에서 주변화한 독일 교육학자 하이돈의 교육사상을 정리하고 이 이론의 성격과 현재성을 고찰하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 맨 먼저 파시즘의 폭력 체계를 경험한 하이돈의 생애를 살펴보았다. 이때 그의 활발한 정치적 활동과 교육적 실천을 알 수 있고, 60년대 말 독일 교육개혁 담론에 대한 비판에서 그의 교육(Bildung) 개념의 역사적·변증법적 이해를 파악할 수 있었다. 하이돈이 주장하는 “교육과 지배의 모순”의 테제는 해방과 종속의 모순이 교육 자체에 내재하고 있다는 것을 뜻하고, 이것은 지배 관계가 교육을 통해 성립하고, 거꾸로 교육은 사회적 요구에 종속되고 있음을 강조하는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 그러나 교육은 각 개인으로 하여금 지배 상황을 깨뜨릴 수 있는 계기를 제공하고 있다. 하이돈이 사망한 후 그의 이론을 계승하여 급진적으로 발전시킨 코네프케는 시민 사회와 교육학의 변증법적 관계에 주목하였다. 그에 의하면, 시민 사회에서 교육학은 개인들의 자립을 강조하면서 사회 체제로의 편입을 수행하지만, 동시에 바로 그러한 자율성이 사회적 요구에 반대하는, 즉 저항을 가능하게 한다는 것이다. 이렇게 보면, 교육학자 및 교육실천가는 교육(학)을 항상 사회적 조건과 연관시켜서 파악하고, 인간화를 위한 교육(학)의 책임을 자각할 필요가 있다. 하이돈의 비판적 교육이론은 후세대학자들이 오늘날 새롭게 변화하고 있는 사회적 상황에 직면하여 발생하는 상이한 교육문제(독일의 교육개혁, 통제사회에서 주체성의 문제, 인종주의, 반유대주의, 비판과 해방의 가능성 등)를 고찰하는 데 교육과 지배의 모순테제를 자신의 연구의 출발점으로 삼고 있다는 점에서 그 현재성을 인식할 수 있다. 결론적으로 이 논문은 교육을 통해 모든 사람을 행복하게 하려는 시도가 실패할 수 있다는 것을 인식하고 그러한 실패를 반성적으로 성찰하는 교육학의 부단한 자기비판 속에 해방적 가능성을 찾을 수 있다는 것을 보여 주고자 한다.This thesis will examine German pedagogist Heydorn’s thoughts on education and his influence on the field of education, both in the domestic and international spheres, and will aim to consider the nature of pedagogy based on his theory. First, I examined Heydorn’s life, including his experiences with the violent system of fascism. Heydorn’s animated political activities and educational practices were clarified during this research process. I was able to grasp his historical and dialectical comprehension of education from his criticism of the discourse on educational reform in Germany in the late 1960s. Heydorn’s essay “On the Contradiction between Education and Power” implies that the contradiction between liberation and subordination is inherent in education itself, domination comes into existence through education, and that education is becoming subordinate to social demands. However, education provides individuals with the opportunity to destroy dominating circumstances. Gernot Koneffke pointed out that pedagogy stresses the independence and maturity of individuals in a civil society while attempting to incorporate a social system. Simultaneously, he noted that such autonomy led to an opposition to social demands and made resistance possible. In that sense, there would be a constant need for pedagogists and education practitioners to make a connection between social conditions and education and pedagogy and to gain awareness of the responsibilities of pedagogy for humanization. Subsequent scholars of the critical education theory are conducting studies on the contradiction between education and power with regard to educational problems (the education reform in Germany, problems of subjectivity in a controlled society, racism, antisemitism, the possibility of criticism and liberation, etc.) in today’s changing social context. In conclusion, this thesis aims to raise awareness of the fact that endeavors to make everyone happy through education can fail, and yet, such failure can lead to the discovery of a possibility for liberation that may be reflective of failure in the midst of constant self-criticism in pedagogy.

Labor supply effects of long-term care reform in Germany.

Many informal caregivers are of working age, facing the double burden of providing care and working. Negative labor supply effects can severely reduce the comparative cost advantage of informal over formal care arrangements. When designing long-term care (LTC) policies, it is crucial to understand the effects not only on health outcomes but also on labor supply behavior of informal caregivers. We evaluate labor supply reactions to the introduction of the German long-term care insurance in 1995 using a difference-in-differences approach. The long-term care insurance changes the caregivers' trade-off between labor supply and care provision. The aim of the reform was to strengthen informal care arrangements. We find a strong negative labor supply effect for men but not for women. We argue that the LTC benefits increased incentives for older men to leave the labor market. The results reveal a trade-off for policy makers that is important for future reforms-in particular for countries that mainly base their LTC system on informal care.

The Turks and Islam in Reformation Germany

The Turks and Islam in Reformation Germany

Can Reform Waves Turn the Tide? Some Case Studies using the Synthetic Control Method

A number of advanced economies carried out a sequence of extensive reforms of their labor and product markets in the 1990s and early 2000s. Using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM), this paper implements six case studies of well-known waves of reforms, those of New Zealand, Australia, Denmark, Ireland and Netherlands in the 1990s, and the labor market reforms in Germany in the early 2000s. In four of the six cases, GDP per capita was higher than in the control group as a result of the reforms. No difference between the treated country and its synthetic counterpart could be found in the cases of Denmark and New Zealand, which in the latter case may have partly reflected the implementation of reforms under particularly weak macroeconomic conditions. Overall, also factoring in the limitations of the SCM in this context, the results are suggestive of a positive but heterogenous effect of reform waves on GDP per capita.

The Political Economy of European Populism: Labour Market Dualisation and Protest Voting in Germany and Spain

Many advanced economies around the world have recently witnessed a notable rise in populism stirring severe political unrest and social instability. This paper addresses the apparent academic confusion regarding the origins of this phenomenon and combines politico-economic analysis with electoral data to derive a new theory of populist demand. I conceptualise populism as a problem of political alienation stemming from the incapacity of social democratic parties to comprehensively represent the working class in the context of increased labour market dualisation. If the group of underrepresented workers is not sufficiently numerous to be electorally-relevant, right-wing populist protest parties can make use of the representational vacuum by reframing class-distributional issues along cultural conflict lines. If, however, the group of marginalised workers is large enough to mobilise political attention, left-wing populist parties will address socio-economic issues more directly. I thus assume an inverted hyperbolic causal relationship between labour market segmentation and the demand for populism. This hypothesis is tested in a critical case study on the electoral effects of labour market reforms in Germany and Spain.

The Messianic Kingship of Augustin Bader as Anti-Habsburg Polemic: Prophecy and Politics in Reformation Germany

Abstract This paper explores the genesis, self-understanding and significance of a small messianic commune operating in the late 1520s in southern Germany under the headship of Augustin Bader, an Augsburg weaver and erstwhile Anabaptist. It traces the unique convergence of Christian and Jewish messianic expectation in the 1520s that unexpectedly linked Bader to the kabbalistic prognostications of Abraham Halevi and the pseudo-military campaign of David Reuveni. Finally, it argues that Bader’s messianism was specifically crafted as a counter-hegemonic measure against the Habsburgs, whose persecution of Anabaptists such as Bader and his associates made a mockery of that dynasty’s heavy reliance on the imperial messianic ideology of the Last World Emperor.

Does early child care affect children's development?

We study how early child care (ECC) affects children's development in a marginal treatment effect framework that allows for rich forms of observed and unobserved effect heterogeneity. Exploiting a reform in Germany that induced school districts to expand ECC at different points in time, we find strong but diverging effects on children's motor and socio-emotional skills. Children who were most likely to attend ECC benefit in terms of their motor skill development. Children who were least likely to attend ECC gain in terms of their socio-emotional skill development, especially boys and children from disadvantaged families, such as those with low education or migration backgrounds. Simulating expansions of ECC, we find that a moderate expansion fosters motor skills for all children and language skills for boys and immigrant children. A progressive expansion of ECC improves all children's socio-emotional development but neither their motor skills nor their language skills.

The Kitchen, Food, and Cooking in Reformation Germany

The Kitchen, Food, and Cooking in Reformation Germany