Reflexive Judgment Research Articles

Antinomicity of the Good-Truth-Beauty Triad on the Internet

The presented article outlines vectors of transformation of basic values of Good-Truth-Beauty in the network. The epistemological, moral-ethical, and aesthetic aspects are offered, which allows revealing the forms of representation of initial values in the Internet culture. In particular, the planes of the intersection of the axes “good/evil”, “truth/lie”, and “beautiful/ugly” in social media are presented. The authors are concerned about the assertion of equivalence and blurring of the boundaries between good and evil, which can lead to permissiveness that is covered by anonymity, symbolism, and nominalisation provided by social networks. The article explores the articulation of the problem of evil in the Internet through the use of the heuristic potential of aesthetic experience. An analysis of modern aesthetic forms of the representation of evil in network culture through the prism of such basic values as Goodness-Truth-Beauty is carried out. It is shown how these values are deformed and sometimes turn into their opposite with the help of aesthetic means. It is shown that modern propaganda, which is carried out in social networks, actively uses existential features of perception and experience of truth. In the course of the study, the opinion is substantiated that reflexive judgment allows to attract aesthetic means to the moral understanding of manifestations of evil in the absence of stable standards and moral guidelines in social networks.

Socio-Cultural Educational Environment of University as a Factor in the Development of Future Teacher’s Polysubjectness

The relevance of the research stems from the change in the role of a modern teacher, the transformation of the value foundations of the teaching profession, the complication of the teacher’s competencies. The process of professional training of a future teacher at university inevitably focuses on the development of his multidimensional subjective activity, which is characterized by the ability to choose options for achieving educational results, building life and professional prospects on their basis. In the context of modern scientific research, the concept of “teacher’s personality polysubjectness” is highlighted. An important factor in the development of the future teacher’s personality polysubjectness is the socio-cultural educational environment of university. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of the components of the socio-cultural educational environment of the university on the development of the future teacher’s polysubjectness. Methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization, self-assessment, and questionnaire were used in the work comprehensively. The research sample consisted of 328 1st-5th-year students of the Pedagogical Institute of the Belgorod National Research University majoring in “Pedagogical education”. Data collection was carried out in the 2020-2021 academic year. The reliability of the results was checked by methods of mathematical statistics (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test) using the IBM SPSS Statistics software package. Qualitative analysis of students’ reflexive judgments was also applied in understanding the phenomenon of polysubjectness and the role of university’s educational environment in its development. As a result of empirical research, it has been established that the multidimensional socio-cultural educational environment of the university is a determining developing factor influencing on changes in the structure of the future teacher’s personality polysubjectness. The university’s educational environment has the greatest influence on such components of polysubjectness as the ability to interact, emotional intelligence, situational leadership.

Development of students’ subject position in the process of internship in an inclusive school

Introduction.The requirements of the Federal State Educational Standards for the training of teachers and teachers-psychologists determine the list of competencies in the field of education of children with special educational needs, including the organisation of their joint activities with peers in an inclusive education institution. The implementation of inclusive principles is associated with the development of innovative ways for individualising the pedagogical process, creative nature of mastering learning strategies and socialising children with atypical development, which actualises the problem of transformation of pedagogical thinking stereotypes. In this regard, the professional training of students in the field of inclusive education requires searching for factors aimed at increasing personality subjectivity, development of abilities to demonstrate an active, transformative position, synthesis of know-ledge from various scientific fields, modeling of variative solutions to non-standard situations of inclusive process. An important component of a future teacher education is internship in inclusive schools, in the course of which direct interactions with children with different physical and intellectual capabilities actualise own resources of students and acquisition of required skills.Theaimof the experimental work presented in this publication is to identify the development factors and characteristics of a student’s subjective position in the process of continuous internship in inclusive education institutions.Methodology and research methods.The present research is based on the methodological principles of the subjective and learner-centred approaches, as well as the provisions of the concept of transformability focused on the principle of permanent multiplication of success of each participant of the educational process. The questionnaire “Level of Personality Subjectivity” by M. A. Schukina and the questionnaire revealing a model of teacher-child interaction developed by V. G. Maralov, V. A. Sitarov were used as diagnostic tools. The method of qualitative analysis of students’ reflexive judgments was applied. The data was processed in the SPSS programme using mathematical statistics methods (Mann – Whitney U-test).Results and scientific novelty.A working definition of the subject position of the teacher is given. The teacher’s subject position consists not only in the complex of specific knowledge and competencies learned and applied in practice, but also, and above all, in a high level of self-organisation and self-determination of the individual in non-standard situations. For the first time in the Russian education system, the authors of the present research made an attempt to implement the idea of future teachers’ preparation for activities in an inclusive environment through the formation of the subject position. The factors, influencing the development of student’ subjective position, are determined; the peculiarities of its manifestations are analysed.Practical significance.The results of this experimental study could be of interest to teachers of higher education, teachers and heads of educational organisations, working in the conditions of inclusive education.

Om vækstbegivenheders skulpturelle udtryk

Umberto Eco’s concept of ratio difficilis accounts for semiotic processes that are often termed iconic. It borders upon a relation in which rules are not followed, but invented, in Eco’s version of Kant’s reflexive judgment. Reflexive judgment is at work in aesthetic judgment and in teleological judgment. Both relate to forms of nature and exceed the domain of understanding by implying finality. Gilles Deleuze seizes upon notions from Leibniz in order to invent a “divergent use of faculties” whereby we can grasp the generating forces of organic individuation that remain obscure to empirical conceptualisation. Proposing a ratio difficilior, we may conceive of a correspondence between organic individuation as cascade of individuating events, and events as expressed by works of art. Differences between works of art may be approached from the viewpoint of different types of organic individuation. Fibonacci numbers and surface tension forms are common to both plants and animals, but the concept of plant reiteration of growth patterns allows the circumvention of an extrinsic gestaltist approach to repetitive sculptural structures in favour of an intrinsic genetic viewpoint of individuatory cascades. A similar viewpoint applied to the difference between paratactical (“archaic”, “primitive”) and hypotactical (“classical”) organisation of statues can be derived from the difference between animal species that exist as individuals, and those that exist as colonies.

Making Aboriginal Men and Music in Central Australia

Making Aboriginal Men and Music in Central Australia

Making Aboriginal Men and Music in Central Australia

Making Aboriginal Men and Music in Central Australia

Validez ejemplar y comunidades de certezas. Kant, Arendt, Wittgenstein sobre el poder de juzgar críticamente

En este artículo se argumenta que el poder de juzgar es una capacidad fundamental para pensar la política. La relevancia de tal capacidad radica en que la estructura y función de los juicios reflexionantes, tal como son leídos por hannah Arendt a partir de la Crítica del Juicio kantiana, nos permiten explicar el difícil equilibrio entre los juicios compartidos en las comunidades y la posibilidad de la crítica.

NOTAS SOBRE FIGURAS DA MEDIAÇÃO NA TERCEIRA CRÍTICA DE KANT

The present text aims to identify in Kant’s third Critique some main figures of mediation between morals and aesthetics. In the kantian system, not only nature and reason are separated by an unbridgeable gap, but also morals and aesthetics are different domains of the rationality, which are grounded on different principles. Nevertheless the third Critique explores the possibility of some mediation figures, that can overcome the mentioned gap. This is the task of the reflexive aesthetic judgment and its systematic work. In this process of the aesthetic judgment, the figures of a universal agreement among subjectivities and the moral value of the aesthetic symbol, seem to acquire a central systematic role.

Are Uber and Transportation Network Companies the Future of Transportation (Law) and Employment (Law)?

This Article largely eschews easy or reflexive judgments about Uber or other TNCs. In this piece, the Author asks two questions about the economic, social, technical, and political aspects of TNCs and their interactions with the law. First, are Uber and TNCs the future of transportation (and transportation law)? And second, are Uber and TNCs the future of employment (and employment law)? In a common-law system, reasoning from precedent is always a form of prediction. As Oliver Wendell Holmes stated, “[t]he prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law.” But answering these questions is more than a legal issue. Such predictions depend on analyzing not just legal precedents but also social and economic trends. Predicting the future, especially of technology, is always a risky and fraught task. Yet drawing on trends we can see developing now, portions of the “uber” business model are here to stay, while other parts are unlikely to remain.

Reflexive intergroup bias in third-party punishment.

Humans show a rare tendency to punish norm-violators who have not harmed them directly-a behavior known as third-party punishment. Research has found that third-party punishment is subject to intergroup bias, whereby people punish members of the out-group more severely than the in-group. Although the prevalence of this behavior is well-documented, the psychological processes underlying it remain largely unexplored. Some work suggests that it stems from people's inherent predisposition to form alliances with in-group members and aggress against out-group members. This implies that people will show reflexive intergroup bias in third-party punishment, favoring in-group over out-group members especially when their capacity for deliberation is impaired. Here we test this hypothesis directly, examining whether intergroup bias in third-party punishment emerges from reflexive, as opposed to deliberative, components of moral cognition. In 3 experiments, utilizing a simulated economic game, we varied participants' group relationship to a transgressor, measured or manipulated the extent to which they relied on reflexive or deliberative judgment, and observed people's punishment decisions. Across group-membership manipulations (American football teams, nationalities, and baseball teams) and 2 assessments of reflexive judgment (response time and cognitive load), reflexive judgment heightened intergroup bias, suggesting that such bias in punishment is inherent to human moral cognition. We discuss the implications of these studies for theories of punishment, cooperation, social behavior, and legal practice. (PsycINFO Database Record

Examining the French Hijab and Burqa Bans through Reflexive Cultural Judgment

How can we judge unfamiliar cultures while avoiding ethnocentrism and universals? It requires what I call reflexive cultural judgment. After considering the socially and politically situated knowledge and commitments that guide the judgment of others, those engaged in reflexive cultural judgment meditate on what they have learned in the intercultural engagement and cast a critical eye on their own supposedly universal principles to reveal cultural particulars that typically would not be as visible to insiders. To demonstrate this, the article examines French political judgment of Muslim women who wear the hijab (a head covering) and burqa (a face covering). Through content analysis of previously unanalyzed data on the National Assembly's 2009–2010 discussion of the burqa, the article identifies particular French assumptions about gender and freedom that informed the ban. The author then casts a critical eye on her own political situatedness, highlighting the limitations of American liberal thought on freedom and religion.

Reflexive Intergroup Bias in Third-Party Punishment

Humans show a rare tendency to punish norm-violators who have not harmed them directly—a behavior known as third-party punishment. Research has found that third-party punishment is subject to intergroup bias, whereby people punish members of the out-group more severely than the in-group. While the prevalence of this behavior is well-documented, the psychological processes underlying it remain largely unexplored. Some work suggests that it stems from people’s inherent predisposition to form alliances with in-group members and aggress against out-group members. This implies that people will show reflexive intergroup bias in third-party punishment, favoring in-group over out-group members especially when their capacity for deliberation is impaired. Here we test this hypothesis directly, examining whether intergroup bias in third-party punishment emerges from reflexive, as opposed to deliberative, components of moral cognition. In three experiments, utilizing a simulated economic game, we varied participants’ group relationship to a transgressor, measured or manipulated the extent to which they relied on reflexive or deliberative judgment, and observed people’s punishment decisions. Across group-membership manipulations (American football teams, nationalities, and baseball teams) and two assessments of reflexive judgment (response time and cognitive load), reflexive judgment heightened intergroup bias, suggesting that such bias in punishment is inherent to human moral cognition. We discuss the implications of these studies for theories of punishment, cooperation, social behavior, and legal practice.

Why Business Ethics Needs Rhetoric: An Aristotelian Perspective

ABSTRACT:If the ultimate purpose of ethical argument is to persuade people to act a certain way, the point of doing business ethics is to persuade others about what constitutes proper ethical behavior. Given that teleological perspective, the role of the business ethicist is to be an orator or rhetorician. Further, since one cannot expect more certitude than the subject warrants, from Aristotle’s perspective,while rhetoric is the most persuasive means of arguing, it is not scientific demonstration. Rhetoric uses examples and enthymemes. Such an approach answers the postmodern claim that ethical argument cannot lead to certitude and shows how the use of rhetoric helps avoid relativism and leads to more effective persuasion. According to Aristotle, rhetoric involves gaining truth with a “rough and general sketch.” This rhetorical approach allows the listener to “see as” the persuader sees, by attending to aspects of our shared experience and language. This mirrors insights of Kant’s reflexive judgment in his third critique as well as the later Wittgenstein, who compares ethics to aesthetics.

PRINCIPIOS PRECRÍTICOS Y CRÍTICOS DEL PENSAMIENTO DE EMMANUEL KANT

Este artículo muestra los principios precríticos de la belleza en el pensamiento de Kant para comprender su principal contribución a la teoría de lo bello. Estos principios no se encuentran en las Observaciones sobre el sentimiento de lo bello y lo sublime, sino en la primera y segunda críticas, que ubican el sentimiento de placer y dolor en la facultad de la sensación y no la del Juicio, y en la Historia Natural y teoría de los cielos que considera la belleza como la perfección del objeto dado por una inteligencia suprema, y no por una unidad ideal proporcionada por el juicio reflexivo.

Surviving Civilization: Rereading the History of Taiwan and Modernity

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.)Surviving Civilization: Rereading the History of Taiwan and Modernity WuHe, Les Survivants (The Survivors), trans. Esther Lin-Rosolato and Emmanuelle Pechenart, Arles, Actes Sud, 2011,300 pp.The Yu sheng by Wu He ... ( Dancing Crane, the pen-name used by Ch'en Kuo-ch'eng ...first published in 1999 in Taiwan, has become something of a literary myth in certain circles, the work of a writer showered with prizes in the 1990s after re-emerging from years of reclusion in Tamsui. Born in Chiayi in 1951, Wu He lost his mother at 18 and began studying engineering at Cheng Kung University before transferring to the Chinese department in 1973. He was revealed to the literary scene with the publication of his first novella Peony Autumn ( Mudan qiu ..., included in the collection Sadness/Beishang ...). He then became strongly involved in the literary journals associated with the Taiwanese modernist movement, in particular the Avant-garde series (Qianwei congkan). After having belatedly served out his military duties in 1979-1981, he lived in reclusion during his ten years in Tamsui, during which he wrote several other novellas, including Two Deserters ( Taobing er ge ... also included in Sadness), which were only published after his return to the world. When he moved back to the south of Taiwan in 1991, he notes that he seriously considered a final retreat to a Buddhist monastery before deciding that he could not renounce literature. (1)The translators have therefore done francophone readers a great favour by giving them access to the first foreign translation of a cult text, the fruit of many years of reflection by the author on Taiwanese culture, and of two fieldwork trips to an aboriginal village during the winters of 1997 and 1998.This text probably presented some very significant difficulties to the translators: written as a single paragraph of more than 200 pages in the original, divided into a little more than 20 sentences separated by full stops, written in a mixture of the precise and analytical Chinese used by the narrator and the more oral style reflecting the non-standard language used by the mountain aboriginals in the area around Puli (near the centre of the island), it is not always an easy read. On the whole, however, the translation is successful in rendering both the letter and the tone of the original text, including the creative coining of new words.(2)It is not easy to provide a simple characterisation of the narrative created by Wu He. On one level, it is an investigation of the memory of the Musha Incident (Japanese transcription; Wushe in Mandarin), the massacre of more than 100 Japanese colonisers by the Sedeq aboriginals led by Mona Rudao (1882-1930) on a sports field in 1930, followed by terrible retaliation by the Japanese colonial authorities, who resorted to aerial bombing and the use of toxic gas. The remaining Sedeq (many had committed mass suicide) were interned in camps. The Japanese also instigated a retaliatory massacre by another tribe, theTuuda, in 1931, an event known as the Second Musha Incident.The is structured around the figure of a narrator who rents a house in Qingliu, a village near Puli, previously named Chuanzhongdao (or Kawanakajima in Japanese, the Island Between Rivers), where the few dozen families of Sedeq survivors of the 1931 events were eventually resettled, and where the narrator tries to steep himself in the culture of the moun* tain people. As the progresses, however, it appears that the historical investigation takes place less by recording memories of the events than through a collage of both discursive and narrative fragments of history. Although Wu He, in an interview with Lin Li-ju, mentions the French nouveau roman as a source of inspiration (the fragmented history of Claude Simon comes to mind), his novel is in fact more discourse than narration, sifting various interpretations of history through the critical lens of a reflexive judgment. …

Review of Narrating Evil: a post-metaphysical theory of reflexive judgment, by Pia-Lara María

Review of Narrating Evil: a post-metaphysical theory of reflexive judgment, by Pia-Lara María

An emergent cosmopolitan paradigm? Asylum, welfare and human rights1

This paper addresses the recognition in cosmopolitan debate of a possible disjuncture between the normative ideal of cosmopolitanism and its realization in practice. Taking as its focus the potential conflict between human rights commitments and national concern about immigration control, it reflects on a series of legal challenges to UK government attempts to withdraw support from asylum seekers who do not claim on entry into the country. Set in the context of socio-legal theory, these cases are analysed for signs of a 'national' or 'cosmopolitan' paradigm in judicial interpretation, and considered as a possible instance of reflexive judgment, espoused as a feature of cosmopolitanism.

Recordação de eventos pessoais: memória autobiográfica, consciência e julgamento

A recordação de eventos pessoais marcantes é acompanhada de julgamentos relativos ao evento recuperado (reflexivos) e ao ato de lembrar em si (heurísticos). O presente estudo teve por objetivo explorar relações e distinções entre esses tipos de julgamentos na atribuição de importância pessoal a eventos autobiográficos. Para tanto, solicitou-se a 208 estudantes universitários (170 mulheres) que recordassem um evento marcante de vida e respondessem a um Questionário de Memória Autobiográfica, composto de 16 escalas. Em uma análise de componentes principais, o primeiro agrupou 10 variáveis referentes a qualidades fenomenais e a modalidades de imaginação. Um segundo componente agrupou seis variáveis referentes a julgamentos reflexivos. A importância atribuída ao evento encontrou-se mais relacionada a julgamentos reflexivos por meio dos quais o indivíduo atribui características ao evento de forma retroativa do que a qualidades fenomenais da experiência imediata de lembrar.

Self-Knowledge and Knowledge of Content

The question of content externalism's compatibility with a plausible account of self-knowledge has been the subject of much debate in recent years. If the very content of my thoughts depends on external factors beyond me, factors that can only be known a posteriori, what happens to the traditional assumption that we know our own thoughts directly, without having to rely on any empirical investigations of the environment?Two decades ago, Tyler Burge presented what has become the standard compatibilist reply to this challenge. Burge focused on a certain class of judgments, what he calls ‘basic self-knowledge,’ such as I think (with this very thought) that water is wet. Exploiting the fact that reflexive judgments of this sort reemploy the content of the first-order thought, such that no ‘content mistakes’ are possible, Burge argued that externalism is perfectly compatible with the traditional view that we know our own thoughts directly and authoritatively.

Evolutionary Universal Aesthetics in Ecological Rationality

We contend that individual reactions to universal aesthetics were critical in adapting human brain structure and evolutionary cognition. Emotional responses to aesthetics and reflexive judgments by prehistoric people may have evolved an ecological rationality with intimate pragmatics of survival. In North American Pacific Northwest ecosystems, complex indigenous societies flourished for millennia, developing strategies that allowed them to co-adapt with locally varying, productive landscapes. They evolved ‘societal phenotypes’ based on cultural belief systems fostering ecosystem balance. Their detailed contemplation and experience of natural phenomena, including other organisms’ behaviors, were formalized as traditional ecological knowledge. For example, pre-contact Pacific Northwest societies co-evolved with periodic salmon migrations and blooming gardens of camas lilies, aesthetic events that we suggest inspired awe, captured attention, and motivated memory in individuals. Sharing and collectively storing this ecological information as traditional knowledge enhanced the group’s survival. The natural endowment of judging the sublime and the beautiful through an aesthetic or spiritual connection with the place likely contributed to the success of these indigenous societies, before reservations disrupted their local environmental relationships and cultural transmission of millennial place-based knowledge. Today, the subjective experience of evolutionary universal aesthetics may drive human affinities for natural phenomena and scientists’ preferences in ecological research. We motivate an argument for such unique adaptations by proposing an evolutionary relationship between the biophysical environment, aesthetic responses, and cultural belief systems.