Integration Of Reflexes Research Articles

Reflex Profile of Children with Down Syndrome Improvement of Neurosensorimotor Development Using the MNRI® Reflex Integration Program

A reflex profile of children with Down Syndrome (n=48) has been created based on an Assessment of their reflex patterns. This profile and its analysis demonstrate that dysfunctional patterns intrude upon the neurodevelopment of children in this group significantly, and cause more delays in their neurosensorimotor integration, motor coordination, and other areas. The MNRI® (Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration) therapy modality which comprises of techniques and exercises of repatterning, was used for children participating in this research. It has proved its optimizing effect on sensory (tactile, visual-auditory) perception, motor programming and control, and proprioceptive awareness. The MNRI® concept of reflex integration differs from other traditional theories of reflex inhibition/extinction of retained reflexes. The MNRI® approach with immature or dysfunctional reflex circuits is based on activating the sensory-motor patterns encoded in a human nervous system on the genetic level. Non-invasive exercises and techniques in the MNRI® Program are aimed at the development of proper connectivity between sensory and motor neurons in neurophysiological circuits, and at strengthening and coordinating the links between different reflex patterns. The MNRI® process proposes exercises that remind the body-brain system of reflex patterns in a delicate and safe way, sometimes through the use of games and play. These techniques can be easily used by parents, caregivers, and specialists working with Down syndrome children. Statistic analysis of five paramers of a reflex pattern: sensory-motor coordination, direction of a response, intensity (muscle tone regulation), latency/dynamics, and symmetry before and after the MNRI® therapy process (based on synthesized Z function; A. Krefft algorythm) allowed for an objective scientific approach of the effectiveness of the MNRI® processes. The therapy program and evaluations were conducted during 11 day therapy-rehabilitation camps with 48 children from different countries (Poland, USA, Canada, and Russia). The feedback reports by parents and specialists on the motor and cognitive function changes in children with Down syndrome after the MNRI® program show certain improvements.

Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration (MNRI) as a New Form of Manual Neuromodulation Technique

Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration (MNRI) as a New Form of Manual Neuromodulation Technique

Progress with Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Progress with Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Excitatory amino acid transporters tonically restrain nTS synaptic and neuronal activity to modulate cardiorespiratory function.

The nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS) is the initial central termination site for visceral afferents and is important for modulation and integration of multiple reflexes including cardiorespiratory reflexes. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the nTS and is removed from the extracellular milieu by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of EAATs in the nTS on basal synaptic and neuronal function and cardiorespiratory regulation. The majority of glutamate clearance in the central nervous system is believed to be mediated by astrocytic EAAT 1 and 2. We confirmed the presence of EAAT 1 and 2 within the nTS and their colocalization with astrocytic markers. EAAT blockade withdl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid (TBOA) produced a concentration-related depolarization, increased spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) frequency, and enhanced action potential discharge in nTS neurons. Solitary tract-evoked EPSCs were significantly reduced by EAAT blockade. Microinjection of TBOA into the nTS of anesthetized rats induced apneic, sympathoinhibitory, depressor, and bradycardic responses. These effects mimicked the response to microinjection of exogenous glutamate, and glutamate responses were enhanced by EAAT blockade. Together these data indicate that EAATs tonically restrain nTS excitability to modulate cardiorespiratory function.

Identifying Croatian museums’ indigenous visitors in a post-war era: perceptual examinations of one's own heritage

The paper focuses on the consumption of the past by indigenous people through the museum or heritage site within post-war Croatia. Through the application of an inductive, qualitative methodology, ‘Critical Ethnography’, an integrated theory of individual identity formation, which is both social and psychological in nature, is presented. The paper, which is the culmination of theory building, has been guided by in-depth interviews, observation of behaviour and the incorporation of theoretically sensitising literature. As a result of reflexive integration of both the data and the literature, three categories, which constitute the developed theory are derived and analysed in relation to the different ways of constructing meaning and experiences within the museum/heritage context. The labels assigned to each of the developed categories, the ‘Fragmented self’, the ‘Paraphrenic self’ and the ‘Enlightened self’ are a reflection of a part of the self, which identifies to varying extents with the ascribed post-war identity of ‘Croat’. Furthermore, the three explanatory categories of behaviour look into the various ways with which the individual subject reflects upon and interprets his/her own past in relation to the formation of an acceptable post-war conception of his/her individual identity. The paper concludes that in order for a nation to project its cultural heritage worldwide through its museums and cultural sites, it needs first to understand and incorporate the indigenous’ views of their own heritage and then to develop and communicate cultural heritage products through other industries, such as tourism.

Análise dos reflexos em prematuros submetidos ao posicionamento funcional em Terapia Intensiva Neonatal

Objetivo: Verificar se prematuros extremos, submetidos ao posicionamento funcional, conseguem adquirir integração dos reflexos primitivos quando comparados aos prematuros. Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de série de oito casos constituído de prematuros extremos e prematuros. Os bebês foram submetidos ao posicionamento funcional na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, na postura prona, supina e decúbito lateral, utilizando-se coxins para assegurar a contenção e oferecer a sensação de segurança, três vezes por dia, durante a internação. Os reflexos dos bebês foram avaliados no 30º e 60º dias de nascimento, de junho a outubro de 2012, por meio do Teste de Performance Infanto Motora (TIMP). Resultados: Observaram-se diferenças entre os escores das avaliações no TIMP após o 30º dia de vida entre os grupos; contudo, não se verificaram diferenças na avaliação aos 60 dias. Conclusão: Os bebês submetidos ao posicionamento funcional precoce, adquiriram adequada integração dos reflexos primitivos após 60 dias de vida.

Immunological Effects of Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration in Children with Recurrent Obstructive Bronchitis

Immunological Effects of Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration in Children with Recurrent Obstructive Bronchitis

Influence of Neuro-Sensory-Motor Reflex Integration Technique on Immune Response of Patients with Herpes-Associated Multiforme Erythema

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Immunological Efficiency of MNRI Program at Treatment of Respiratory Diseases

Immunological Efficiency of MNRI Program at Treatment of Respiratory Diseases

Use of a Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration Program to Improve Reflex Patterns of Children with Down Syndrome

A novel and non-invasive method for evaluating and improving neurodevelopmental delays in children with Down syndrome was evaluated. Changes in the reflex patterns of children (6 months to 18 years old) (n=54) with Down syndrome were used as objective measures for comparing before and after participation in a Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration exercise program. Majority number of reflex patterns showed substantial improvement after children’s completion of the exercise program, although not to the level of development comparable to that of children with typical development. This success indicates that the neurodevelopment and overall functioning of Down syndrome children is not static and can be improved with this novel Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration (NRI) exercise program. This research also show the fact that the changes in reflex patterns happen in children with mild, moderate and severe disabilities on significant level.

Exposure to a high fat diet during the perinatal period alters vagal motoneurone excitability, even in the absence of obesity.

Obesity is recognized as being multifactorial in origin, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The perinatal period is known to be critically important in the development of neural circuits responsible for energy homeostasis and the integration of autonomic reflexes. Diet-induced obesity alters the biophysical, pharmacological and morphological properties of vagal neurocircuits regulating upper gastrointestinal tract functions, including satiety. Less information is available, however, regarding the effects of a high fat diet (HFD) itself on the properties of vagal neurocircuits. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that exposure to a HFD during the perinatal period alters the electrophysiological, pharmacological and morphological properties of vagal efferent motoneurones innervating the stomach. Our data indicate that perinatal HFD decreases the excitability of gastric-projecting dorsal motor nucleus neurones and dysregulates neurotransmitter release from synaptic inputs and that these alterations occur prior to the development of obesity. These findings represent the first direct evidence that exposure to a HFD modulates the processing of central vagal neurocircuits even in the absence of obesity. The perinatal period is critically important to the development of autonomic neural circuits responsible for energy homeostasis. Vagal neurocircuits are vital to the regulation of upper gastrointestinal functions, including satiety. Diet-induced obesity modulates the excitability and responsiveness of both peripheral vagal afferents and central vagal efferents but less information is available regarding the effects of diet per se on vagal neurocircuit functions. The aims of this study were to investigate whether perinatal exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) dysregulated dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones, prior to the development of obesity. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from gastric-projecting DMV neurones in thin brainstem slices from rats that were exposed to either a control diet or HFD from pregnancy day 13. Our data demonstrate that following perinatal HFD: (i) DMV neurones had decreased excitability and input resistance with a reduced ability to fire action potentials; (ii) the proportion of DMV neurones excited by cholecystokinin (CCK) was unaltered but the proportion of neurones in which CCK increased excitatory glutamatergic synaptic inputs was reduced; (iii) the tonic activation of presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors on inhibitory nerve terminals was attenuated, allowing modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission; and (iv) the size and dendritic arborization of gastric-projecting DMV neurones was increased. These results suggest that perinatal HFD exposure compromises the excitability and responsiveness of gastric-projecting DMV neurones, even in the absence of obesity, suggesting that attenuation of vago-vagal reflex signalling may precede the development of obesity.

Severe hemorrhage attenuates cardiopulmonary chemoreflex control of regional sympathetic outputs via NTS adenosine receptors.

Selective stimulation of inhibitory A1 and facilitatory A2a adenosine receptor subtypes located in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) powerfully inhibits cardiopulmonary chemoreflex (CCR) control of regional sympathetic outputs via different mechanisms: direct inhibition of glutamate release and facilitation of an inhibitory neurotransmitter release, respectively. However, it remains unknown whether adenosine naturally released into the NTS has similar inhibitory effects on the CCR as the exogenous agonists do. Our previous study showed that adenosine is released into the NTS during severe hemorrhage and contributes to reciprocal changes of renal (decreases) and adrenal (increases) sympathetic nerve activity observed in this setting. Both A1 and A2a adenosine receptors are involved. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that, during severe hemorrhage, CCR control of the two sympathetic outputs is attenuated by adenosine naturally released into the NTS. We compared renal and adrenal sympathoinhibitory responses evoked by right atrial injections of 5HT3 receptor agonist phenylbiguanide (2-8 μg/kg) under control conditions, during hemorrhage, and during hemorrhage preceded by blockade of NTS adenosine receptors with bilateral microinjections of 8-(p-sulfophenyl) theophylline (1 nmol/100 nl) in urethane/chloralose anesthetized rats. CCR-mediated inhibition of renal and adrenal sympathetic activity was significantly attenuated during severe hemorrhage despite reciprocal changes in the baseline activity levels, and this attenuation was removed by bilateral blockade of adenosine receptors in the caudal NTS. This confirmed that adenosine endogenously released into the NTS has a similar modulatory effect on integration of cardiovascular reflexes as stimulation of NTS adenosine receptors with exogenous agonists.

An Approach for Adaptive Limbless Locomotion Using a CPG-Based Reflex Mechanism

Animals' free movement in natural environments has attracted many researchers to explore control methods for bio-inspired robots. This paper presents a novel reflex mechanism based on a Central Pattern Generator (CPG) for adaptive locomotion of limbless robots. First, inspired by the concept of reflex arc, the reflex mechanism is designed on a connectionist CPG model. Since the CPG model inspired by the spinal cord of lampreys is developed at the neuron level, it provides a possible natural solution for sensory reflex integration. Therefore, sensory neurons that bridge the external stimuli and the CPG model, together with the concept of reflex arc, are utilized for designing the sensory reflex mechanism. Then, a border reflex and a body reflex are further developed and applied on the ends and the middle part of a limbless robot, respectively. Finally, a ball hitting scenario and a corridor passing scenario are designed to verify the proposed method. Results of simulations and on-site experiments show the feasibility and effectiveness of the reflex mechanism in realizing fast response and adaptive limbless locomotion.

Mapping the cellular electrophysiology of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurones to their roles in cardiorespiratory reflex integration: a whole cell recording study in situ

Sympathetic preganglionic neurones (SPNs) convey sympathetic activity flowing from the CNS to the periphery to reach the target organs. Although previous in vivo and in vitro cell recording studies have explored their electrophysiological characteristics, it has not been possible to relate these characteristics to their roles in cardiorespiratory reflex integration. We used the working heart–brainstem preparation to make whole cell patch clamp recordings from T3–4 SPNs (n = 98). These SPNs were classified by their distinct responses to activation of the peripheral chemoreflex, diving response and arterial baroreflex, allowing the discrimination of muscle vasoconstrictor-like (MVClike, 39%) from cutaneous vasoconstrictor-like (CVClike, 28%) SPNs. The MVClike SPNs have higher baseline firing frequencies (2.52 ± 0.33 Hz vs. CVClike 1.34 ± 0.17 Hz, P = 0.007). The CVClike have longer after-hyperpolarisations (314 ± 36 ms vs. MVClike 191 ± 13 ms, P < 0.001) and lower input resistance (346 ± 49 MΩ vs. MVClike 496 ± 41 MΩ, P < 0.05). MVClike firing was respiratory-modulated with peak discharge in the late inspiratory/early expiratory phase and this activity was generated by both a tonic and respiratory-modulated barrage of synaptic events that were blocked by intrathecal kynurenate. In contrast, the activity of CVClike SPNs was underpinned by rhythmical membrane potential oscillations suggestive of gap junctional coupling. Thus, we have related the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of two classes of SPNs in situ to their roles in cardiorespiratory reflex integration and have shown that they deploy different cellular mechanisms that are likely to influence how they integrate and shape the distinctive sympathetic outputs.

The Relation between Postural Movement and Bilateral Motor Integration: Comment on Lin, et al. (2012)

In a recent study, Lin, Wu, Lin, Wu, Wu, and Kuo (2012) contributed to the theory of sensory integration by showing a high correlation between postural movement and bilateral motor integration. However, in their analysis, the authors excluded a subscale measuring reflex integration, since they regarded its items as being unconnected to postural movement and bilateral motor integration. This comment offers a complementary view and suggests that there may be a connection with reflex integration.

Spectral brain mapping in children with cerebral palsy treated by the Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration method

Background: Rehabilitation in children with neuromotor impairment disorders can be carried out with the use of effective therapeutic methods. The new one is the Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration (MNRI®) method.

Clinical-immunological assessment of therapy effect of the neuro-sensory-motor integration program of reflex patterns in airway chronic inflammatory diseases

Event Abstract Back to Event Clinical-immunological assessment of therapy effect of the neuro-sensory-motor integration program of reflex patterns in airway chronic inflammatory diseases Svetlana K. Masgutova1, Nelly K. Akhmatova2 and Olga V. Lebedinskaya3* 1 Educational Institute for Neuro-Sensory-Motor and Reflex Integration, United States 2 I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera,, Russia 3 Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Russia Airway chronic inflammatory diseases and recurrent exacerbations are mainly caused by damage of immune regulation mechanisms. Treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of respiratory tract in children and adults was carried out by combining complimentary therapy using the method of neuro-sensory-motor reflex patterns integration (NRI), which works with primary motor system activation and conventional treatment; the parameters of the immune status and the cortisol level in children suffering from of a recurrent obstructive bronchitis are studied, as well as the assessment of therapy efficiency based on NRI method is done. It is established that combining the therapy using primary motor system/reflex integration with the conventional treatment allows correcting the immune system mechanisms’ damage to a certain extent mainly to normalize the amount of Т lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8) and NK-cells, metabolic function of leukocytes, the level of regulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The therapy based on neuro-sensory-motor reflex patterns integration (NRI) improves the effect of standard therapy on immune system cells and strengthens the polarization of immune response to Th-1 type. It decreases the frequency of airway viral inflammatory diseases, leads to positive dynamics of chronic respiratory diseases and prolongs their remission. Keywords: Airway chronic inflammatory diseases, damage of immune regulation, neuro-sensory-motor reflex patterns integration, chronic respiratory diseases, remission Conference: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI), Milan, Italy, 22 Aug - 27 Aug, 2013. Presentation Type: Abstract Topic: Immune-mediated disease pathogenesis Citation: Masgutova SK, Akhmatova NK and Lebedinskaya OV (2013). Clinical-immunological assessment of therapy effect of the neuro-sensory-motor integration program of reflex patterns in airway chronic inflammatory diseases. Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: 15th International Congress of Immunology (ICI). doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2013.02.00865 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 20 Jun 2013; Published Online: 22 Aug 2013. * Correspondence: Ms. Olga V Lebedinskaya, Acad. E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Perm, Russia, lebedinska@mail.ru Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Svetlana K Masgutova Nelly K Akhmatova Olga V Lebedinskaya Google Svetlana K Masgutova Nelly K Akhmatova Olga V Lebedinskaya Google Scholar Svetlana K Masgutova Nelly K Akhmatova Olga V Lebedinskaya PubMed Svetlana K Masgutova Nelly K Akhmatova Olga V Lebedinskaya Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

VARIABILIDADE DA FREQUÊNCIA CARDÍACA COMO MARCADOR FUNCIONAL DO DESENVOLVIMENTO

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The Effects of a Sensory Integration Programme with Applied Interactive Metronome Training for Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Pilot Study

Objective To assess the effects of a sensory integration programme involving applied interactive metronome training in a group of children with developmental disabilities. Methods Ten children with various developmental disabilities participated in this study. Participants received sensory integration treatment in a group programme with applied interactive metronome training for 45 minutes a day for 4 weeks, exclusive of Saturday and Sunday. The treatments consisted of stimulations of the vestibular and tactile senses, and proprioceptive applied metronome training. Results The effects of the programme were evaluated via measurements of short sensory profile, Corner's teacher rating scale, and DeGangi-Berk test. The data obtained before and after the treatment were analyzed using Wilcoxon's test. The findings of this study were that there were significantly positive effects on sensory processing, concentration, motor control, bilateral coordination, and reflex integration in the study group. Conclusion Our results indicated that the sensory integration programme with applied interactive metronome training might be useful and improved the performance of the children with developmental disabilities. The results demonstrated the efficacy of this new approach. This pilot study provides new insights into the effective treatment of children with developmental disabilities.

Ultrastructural transneuronal degeneration study of axonal elements within the paratrigeminal nucleus in sinoaortic deafferented rats

Morphological study that searched to authenticate the presence of sinoaortic baroreceptor inputs within the dorsolateral medullary nucleus under electron microscopy analysis. After a 5-day survival period, 9 baroreceptor-denervated rats deeply anaesthetized with equithesin were transcardially perfused and their brains were histologically processed. The neuronal cytoarchitecture of the paratrigeminal nucleus comprehends afferent projections from other nuclei that have a distributive character regarding visceral and nociceptive functions in the cardiovascular reflex integration response. The medial portion of the nucleus receives afferent projections of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, as shown by retrograde neurotracing studies. The present results show that the medial extent of the paratrigeminal nucleus contains degenerated axoplasmic cellular components in sinoaortic deafferented rats. The number of degenerated axonal fibers was also larger in this area of the nucleus.