Reflective Teaching Strategies Research Articles

Effects of teaching strategies on students’ learning engagement and knowledge construction in asynchronous online learning

With the development of technology and the normalization of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control, asynchronous online learning is becoming popular. However, it is still to be explored on how to enhance students’ learning engagement and knowledge construction. Based on this, we used content analysis to explore the roles of teaching strategies (i.e., contextual teaching strategy, organization teaching strategy, task-driven teaching strategy, and reflective teaching strategy) in students’ learning engagement and knowledge construction (i.e., questioning level and explaining level). The comparative analysis results indicate that: (1) task-driven teaching strategy could be used to increase students’ learning engagement. (2) task-driven teaching strategy could be used to enhance students’ questioning level. (3) reflective teaching strategies could be used to improve students’ explaining level. The findings could provide theoretical and practical implications for asynchronous online learning. It is helpful to optimize online teaching design and improve the effectiveness of asynchronous online learning.

Reflective Teaching Impact Upon Pre-Service English Teachers’ Professional Development: A Systematic Review

This systematic review aims to document, analyze and synthesize the latest research related to reflective teaching and professional development in pre-service English teachers. The reasoning behind this review is to substantiate that acquiring a reflective teaching practice can be the best alternative for novice teachers to open their minds, renovate their teaching methodologies and knowledge, and adapt their teaching practice to be able to become outstanding language educators. Thirteen articles have been systematically reviewed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline and five exploration issues emerged: (a) the relation between reflective teaching and professional development, (b) reflective teaching benefits, (c) the efficacy of reflective teaching, (d) the continuity of reflective teaching and (e) reflective teaching strategies. The obtained results show different advantageous benefits such as learning from peers by sharing similar experiences, structure and restructure of new teaching knowledge, and the development of continuous resilience to deal with and overcome difficulties in the professional practice. This review suggests that future research should concentrate on programs addressing the importance of being reflective by introducing the topic before teaching practicum which is key for faster integrated professional development.

The Impact of Contemplative Teaching on Fostering Iraqi (High) School Students Willingness to Communicate (WTC) and Speaking Fluency

This study investigates how contemplative education and teaching backs up Iraqi EFL learners to become more willing to speak in class. After data analysis and interpretation of the performance of 72 young Iraqi students in two language schools in Iraq, the researchers found how recruited participants responded to contemplative teaching strategies in their speaking class and developed a higher willingness to interact with their teacher and their cohort Based on the results, those students who received instruction through contemplative teaching did better than students who received the traditional speech program. Moreover, those students who had more communication skills proved to be more fluent than those who had less. Based on the results and the discussion of pre-test and post-test results, the willingness of students to communicate in questionnaires, analysis of student behavior and the classroom behavior of teachers, the researchers concluded that the reflective teaching strategies and techniques used in this study have a positive impact on student’s desire to communicate and speak fluent intermediate level language skills.

The Employment of EFL English Teachers’ Reflective Teaching: Types and Tools for Assessing Oneself

Reflecting on the teaching and learning process has been carried out as an important way of assessing oneself to improve teachers’ competence and professionalism. During blended learning in EFL classroom context, the results of the reflective teaching should be informative for teachers to know their teaching quality as well as to understand the students’ need and expectation in their learning. Thus, various reflective teaching strategies have been employed to enhance teachers’ reflective practice. This descriptive study is aimed to analyze the reflective teaching types and the strategies employed by the EFL English teachers in reflecting on their teaching. 17 secondary experienced English teachers were involved as the participants. Questionnaire and unstructured interview guide were administered to gather the data and the results were analyzed descriptively. The findings show that the English teachers tended to do reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. They implemented various reflective teaching strategies such as students’ feedback, workshop or seminar, video recording, reflective journal writing, study-group, and class walk-through observation. Among those strategies, class walk-through observation done by the school supervisor was considered to be the least effective strategy. Portfolio, action-research, survey/questionnaire, and peer-observation were never conducted due to certain reasons. However, the discussion about the implementation of those reflective teaching strategies was limited in term of data collection in this study. Thus, several suggestions in relation to the limitation of the data findings are provided in this study.

EFL Teachers' Reflective Teaching Practices amid the Covid-19 Pandemic

Purpose: The current survey portrays English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ familiarity with the concept of reflective teaching and the extent that they carry out reflective teaching practices especially during their first experience with online teaching amid the Covid-19 Pandemic.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: In the current descriptive study, a varied sample of Turkish EFL teachers (N=117) filled out the online survey at the end of the first academic semester with an emergency online education period induced by the Covid-19 pandemic. 
 Findings: The study indicated that nearly forty per cent of the participants were unfamiliar with the concept of reflective teaching. While metacognitive and affective practices were more commonly performed by the participants, the critical, practical and cognitive practices were rather less preferred. The participants hardly ever think of writing articles regarding their experiences, asking their colleagues to observe their teaching and also, relatively less contemplate on the socio-political sides of their teaching and their influences. 
 Highlights: The notion of reflection and the reflective teaching strategies should be revisited, and accordingly, the scales or inventories should be reformulated by taking the premises of online education into consideration.

İngilizce’yi Yabancı Dil olarak Öğreten Öğretmenlerin Pandemi Sırasındaki Yansıtıcı Öğretim Uygulamaları

Purpose: The current survey portrays English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ familiarity with the concept of reflective teaching and the extentthat they carry out reflective teaching practices especially during their first experience with online teaching amid the Covid-19 Pandemic.
 Design/Methodology/Approach:In the current descriptive study, a varied sample of Turkish EFL teachers (N=117) filled out the online survey at the end of the first academic semester with an emergency online education period induced by the Covid-19 pandemic. 
 Findings: The study indicated that nearly forty per cent of the participants were unfamiliar with the concept of reflective teaching. While metacognitive and affective practices were more commonly performed by the participants, the critical, practical and cognitive practices were rather less preferred. The participants hardly ever think of writing articles regarding their experiences, asking their colleagues to observe their teaching and also, relatively less contemplate on the socio-political sides of their teaching and their influences. 
 Highlights: The notion of reflection and the reflective teaching strategies should be revisited, and accordingly, the scales or inventories should be reformulated by taking the premises of online education into consideration.

Exploring English as a Foreign Language High School Teachers’ Perceptions of Reflective Teaching Strategies in Language Teaching

<p style="text-align: justify;">This study aimed at exploring teachers’ perceptions of reflective teaching strategies in their teaching practice and the barriers that hinder the implementation of reflective teaching strategies. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained by using a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The study took place in the context of high schools in most of the provinces in the Mekong Delta. The respondents involved in this research were fifty English as a foreign language (EFL) high-school teachers. The results revealed that most teachers have positive perceptions of the significance of reflective teaching strategies in their teaching. At the same time, the participants found barriers preventing them from implementing reflective teaching strategies in their language teaching such as lack of awareness of reflective teaching strategies, time or workload limitations as well as some obstacles related to the application of peer observation as a strategy of the reflective process. Finally, accordingly, the findings gained from two types of research tools, some pedagogical implications, and research suggestions on the effectiveness of EFL teachers’ application of self-reflection strategies in the teaching-learning process were proposed in the study.</p>

Identities in the Era of Globalisation

Aims: This article analyses the reflections of a range of student teachers on their international experiences for their impact on the students’ personality, comfort, and effectiveness in diverse environments. We will describe the process of identity formation during the time that student teachers are exposed to such environments. We see international experience and raising awareness of diversity as a personal and social developmental part of their professional preparation.This may be seen as contributing to the transformation of the school climate towards inclusive and culturally responsive education. Methods: The main research question was how the internationalisation of education enhances student teachers’ cultural sensitivity to diversity. The qualitative investigation focuses on aspects of the international experience of student teachers concerning teaching practice. Ten semi-structured interviews with student teachers who have had international experience provided the data. Findings: Experiencing different socio-cultural environments, we found, impacts on the construction of multiple/hybrid identities and engenders empathy for diversity. The implications for inclusive practice were identified, including reflective teaching strategies, the development of culturally sensitive attitudes, and awareness of others’ perspectives and cultural habits. Conclusion: A positive benefit for student teachers from grasping and understanding diversity in such an environment is the enhancement of the effectiveness of teaching. The internationalisation of the curriculum expands the student teachers’ responsiveness.

Análise de um programa federativo para a formação continuada de treinadores de basquetebol

Objetivo: Programas para a formação de treinadores esportivos vêm passando por reformulações em uma escala global para melhor capacitar profissionais da área e atender às necessidades do campo prático. Assim, este estudo buscou analisar o programa de formação continuada de treinadores de basquetebol, oferecido por uma federação esportiva, no que tange a estrutura curricular, as estratégias de ensino e as percepções dos participantes. Metodologia: Participaram 68 treinadores de basquetebol e quatro instrutores. Dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram coletados a partir de anotações em diário de campo e aplicação de questionários. A análise dos dados se deu por meio de estatística descritiva e por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados e discussão: O programa foi organizado a partir de dois cursos e a estrutura curricular baseou-se na apresentação de temáticas aplicadas ao desenvolvimento e atuação do treinador esportivo por meio de estratégias de ensino diretivas, interativas e reflexivas. O relato predominantemente positivo dos treinadores sugere a contribuição do programa na capacitação dos indivíduos para o aprimoramento da prática profissional. Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância da organização de programas federativos para a formação de treinadores a partir de um currículo voltado às demandas práticas de treinadores e por meio de estratégias de ensino ativas.

Flipping Out and Digging in: Combining the Flipped Class and Project-Based Learning to Teach Adult Development.

The urgent need for a worldwide workforce trained in gerontology (Silverstein, N. M., & Fitzgerald, K. G. (2017). Educating a new generation of professionals in agingworldwide. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 38, 1-4) has lead for a call by gerontology educators to employ creative, innovative, novel, and engaging pedagogy in gerontological education (Brown,P. P. (2016). From pedagogy to practice: Adventures in student engagement. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 37, 105-107; Niles-Yokum, K., & Howe, J. L. (2015). Making aging real through reflective teaching and learning strategies. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 36, 107-108; Siegal, B., & Kagan, S. (2012). Teaching psychological and social gerontology to millennial undergraduates. Educational Gerontology, 38, 20-29). This article outlines a novel approach to teaching-combining the flipped classroom with project-based learning-that not only fosters deep learning but also fosters the development of skills applicable to real life. This article describes how to turn traditional lectures into online lectures to "flip" the classroom and also provides a guide for setting up project-based learning, providing suggestions for group formation, project topics, and examples of project contracts and evaluation sheets. When employed together, these powerful teaching tools can provide students with an active, participatory, class experience with the potential to inspire a lifelong interest in adult development and gerontology.

Engaging EFL Teachers in Reflective Practice as A Way to Pursue Sustained Professional Development

<p>Reflective practice has become a significant aspect in determining good teaching and learning practices and is an important part of professional practice and professional growth. However, English teachers in Indonesia has not been able to perform reflection on their teaching in order to improve their teaching practice. This study reports the results of an intensive training held by PKM UNS to help teachers develop a reflective teaching habit. The participants were 30 English teachers of Islamic Senior High School in Solo Raya. Observation field notes and teacher assignments were used as the main data collection method. From this program, it was found that the English teachers encountered plethora of challenges in developing reflective practice due to their lack of understanding of reflective teaching. However, the teachers show an improvement in implementing reflective teaching strategies after their participation in the training. Recommendations to include reflective practices in teacher professional development programs is drawn based on the findings.</p>

A Training Case of the Theory of Protective Factors of Monogamy

Practicing monogamy to avoid infidelity is a common relationship dynamic and expectation. Even so, few people are taught monogamy strategies. Instead, they might just receive the message of “Just don’t do it.” This article is training and pedagogically based and is intended to help educators and supervisors integrate the theory of protective factors of monogamy with their marriage/couple and family curriculum. A brief review of the theory is presented in addition to a case and detailed reflective and application teaching strategies.

أثر استخدام استراتيجيات التدريس التأملي على تطوير الأداء الصفي للطالبات المعلمات تخصص اللغة الإنجليزية في جامعة الأقصى

الملخص: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى بحث أثر استخدام استراتيجيات التدريس التأملي على تطوير الأداء الصفي للطالبات المعلمات، تخصص اللغة الانجليزية. ولقد تبنت الدراسة المنهج شبه التجريبي. وتكونت عينة الدراسة من(٣٢) طالبة مقيدة بالمستوى الرابع في تخصص اللغة الانجليزية واساليب تدريسها بكلية التربية في جامعة الاقصى بغزة، وتم تقسيمهن عشوائيا إلى مجموعتين (ضابطة وتجريبية). اعتمدت المجموعة الضابطة على الطريقة المعتادة في أدائها، وهي تعليقات المشرفين فقط، بينما استخدمت المجموعة التجريبية استراتيجيات التدريس التأملي في فترة التربية العملية (2) حيث تم تدريب المجموعة التجريبية على استخدام استراتيجيتين للتدريس التأملي وهي: المذكرات اليومية، وملاحظة الزملاء أو الرفاق. ولقد تمت الاستعانة في هذا البحث بوسائل جمع البيانات وهي: قائمة ملاحظة بممارسات وأداء التدريس الصفي، ومقياس (متدرج) لتحليل وتقدير استراتيجيات التدريس التأملي. تم تحليل البيانات كميا وكيفيا. واستخدمت الدراسة الإحصاء الوصفي (المتوسطات، والانحرافات المعيارية، والتكرارات، والرتب، والنسب المئوية واختبار ت في تحليل البيانات. ولمعرفة حجم التأثير الناتج عن استخدام استراتيجيات التدريس التأملي (المتغير المستقل) على الأداء الصفي للطالبات المعلمات (المتغير التابع) تم الاستعانة بمربع إيتا. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة اهم ممارسات الأداء الصفي التي تحتاجها الطالبات المعلمات داخل الغرفة الصفية. كما اوضحت النتائج تحسنا ملحوظا في الأداء الصفي للمجموعة التجريبية. وعلاوة على ذلك، اظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى 0.01) ) بين متوسطي درجات المجموعتين (التجريبية والضابطة) في التطبيق البعدي لقائمة معايير الأداء الصفي ككل وفي كل محور من المحاور الستة (توجيه التعليمات، استخدام تقنيات طرح الأسئلة المحفزة، استخدام التقنيات المناسبة لتصحيح الأخطاء، تعزيز الإجابات الصحيحة، الاستخدام المنظم للسبورة، واستخدام مصادر المعلومات والوسائل المتوفرة) لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. كذلك وتوصلت الدراسة إلى وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند المستوى بين متوسط درجات المجموعة التجريبية في التطبيق القبلي والبعدي لقائمة معايير الأداء الصفي ككل وفي 0.01) ) كل محور من المحاور الستة السابق ذكرها وذلك لصالح التطبيق البعدي. وخلصت الدراسة إلى فعالية استخدام استراتيجيات التدريس التأملي خلال التربية العملية في تحسين الأداء الصفي للطالبات المعلمات تخصص اللغة الانجليزية واساليب تدريسها. وفي ضوء النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها، جاءت بعض التوصيات ومنها: وجوب دمج استراتيجيات التدريس التأملي في برامج إعداد معلمة اللغة الانجليزية، وفي مقررات طرق تدريس اللغة الانجليزية خاصة. وأنه من الضروري أن تتعرف الطالبة المعلمة على أساليب وطرق مختلفة ومتعددة للتأمل ٠ وقد أوصت الدراسة بإمكانية تطوير أداء المعلمات أثناء الخدمة باستخدام التدريس التأملي وأنشطته، بالإضافة إلى وجوب تدريب الطالبات المعلمات على استخدام الأدوات التي تدعم التفكير التأملي. الكلمات الدلالية: التدريس التأملي، الأداء الصفي ، الطالبات المعلمات، اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة اجنبية

Cultural connection: Approaches to cultural education through Latin American dance

Latin Dance Party refers to a tertiary cultural dance unit in Brisbane, Australia, that combines technical/social Latin American dance with cultural perspectives. This article explores the recommendations from two research projects carried out in this unit, over two years, to investigate team-building and cultural authenticity within teaching and learning pedagogies. As a result of these recommendations, the researchers have explored approaches that enhance teacher-student relationships, the development of online contextual resources, and reflective teaching and learning strategies. These approaches have implications for future research into the integration of cultural contexts into dance teaching methodology in university settings.

Influences and Outcomes: A Systematised Review of Reflective Teaching Strategies in Student Healthcare Placements

The development of reflection in tertiary students benefits from facilitation. Educators commonly facilitate the development of affective, cognitive, and meta-cognitive skills associated with reflection. Reflective teaching strategies, that is, guiding comments or questions used within an activity to stimulate cognitive processes, are strategies used by educators to facilitate reflection. This systematised review focuses on the approaches used to measure influences and outcomes of the teaching of reflection in order to enhance educators’ understanding of recent evidence for use in the placement setting. The review explores what outcome measures are used in current research, and how the evidence incorporates contextual factors such as time, safety, mentorship, supervision, and emotional and intellectual support to develop reflection in students. Systematised searching of CINAHL®, ProQuest, ERIC, OvidSP, Scopus®, and Web of Science™ databases for the period 2005 to 2015 identified 26 studies, from a pool of 6968 that met the inclusion criteria. Results indicate that a range of reflective teaching strategies are being used by allied and oral health, nursing, and the medical professions that assist movement towards critical reflection. No direct connection between this movement and the presence of contextual factors was established. Review outcomes are limited by the variable quality of the included studies and the lack of high quality tools for measurement of teaching effect on the development of reflection. We recommend that future studies into the use of reflective teaching strategies continue to incorporate contextual factors in combination with valid and reliable measurement practices in the workplace.

Diversity Education for Future Family Science Professionals: Interactive and Reflective Teaching Implications based on Hollinger’s Model

The purpose of this study was to examine how an undergraduate family diversity course supported students to enhance undergraduate students’ understanding of diversity issues and cultural competence that are necessary to work with diverse families and children as future family science professionals. We collected qualitative research data from 108 students who were enrolled in five sections of an undergraduate-level diversity course, Working with Diverse Families and Children, using nine open-ended questions. In the current study, we specifically focused on four questions in relevant to what undergraduate students learned and what they desired to learn more about diversity issues in families grounded in Hollinger’s developmental model of ethical reflection. Using inductive and deductive iterative processes and triangulation, we conducted thematic analysis. Overall, our findings showed that undergraduate students understood the core concepts of diversity and cultural competence. However, they understood these issues at different stages of Hollinger’s model of ethical reflection after taking the course. Most undergraduate students accomplished their cognitive and empathetic understanding of diversity and were primarily in Stages 1 and 2. We suggest interactive and reflective teaching strategies that may be effective for undergraduate students to challenge their own biases, practice ethical decision, and prepare for social actions as family science professionals.

Strategies of Developing General Competencies of Pre-service Teachers of Music

According to the Lithuanian and foreign experience of educationalists, the present article discusses possibilities of developing general competencies of pre-service teachers of music by applying the project method. The research is related to analysis of opportunities to improve students’ competencies of reflection and learning to learn, as well as communication and cooperation.
 The problem of the research formulated: in what way and what impact project activities can exert on general competencies of future teachers of music; what are the basic strategies for developing general competencies of students involved in music pedagogy.
 The purpose of the research is to highlight basic strategies of developing general competencies of pre - service teachers of music.
 The methods of the research are as follows: analysis of scientific literature and documents, educational project, written student reflections, qualitative content analysis.
 Conclusions: The most important strategies connected with future music teacher general competencies by means of musical activity are related to the following: 1) promotion of students’ independent involvement in musical project activities (by strengthening the practice of socially important musical activities); 2) strengthening of teacher - student cooperation; 3) encouragement of learners to reflect and self - assess their own activities.
 Application of strategies related to development of general competencies during the educational project helped to fi various features connected with development of the competencies discussed above. It can be stated that the application of foreseen education strategies in project activities could have influenced the development of general competencies of future music teachers.
 While improving the study programmes for future music teachers, it is important to pay more attention to reflective teaching (learning) strategies and methods. While organizing project activities, it is advised to use the partnership based principles of pedagogy, which are validated on esteem, confidence and cooperation. While enhancing the independent student‘s involvement into musical project activities, it is advised to give the alternatives for students of activity selection.

Reflection-in-Action Teaching Strategies Used by Faculty to Enhance Teaching and Learning

Scholars have suggested that reflective strategies are vital to teaching and learning (Brookfield, 1998; Dewey, 1964; Rogers, 2001; Schön, 1983, 1987; Zeichner, 1996). Additionally, accrediting institutions recognize the importance of reflective practice and include the requirement in their standards. However, little direction is given to faculty regarding reflective methods and processes, and it is unclear how faculty members apply the process of reflection. To elucidate these processes, this study explored the phenomenon of reflection-in-action regarding teaching from the perspectives of faculty from institutions accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), using Schön’s (1983, 1987) concept of reflection-in-action as the conceptual framework and interviewing as the primary method of data collection. Analysis of the data allowed for determination that the participants practiced the reflective teaching strategies of (a) note taking, (b) requesting feedback, (c) setting up checkpoints, and (d) adjusting to improve practices while performing observation in practice. Participants also noted that partaking in the NCATE accreditation process encouraged reflective strategies for the improvement of teaching and learning.

A Theory-based Faculty Development Program for Clinician—Educators

This essay describes the development, implementation, and evaluation of a theory-based faculty development program for physician-educators in medicine and pediatrics at The Cleveland Clinic. The program comprises a 12-hour course (focused on skills in precepting, bedside teaching, leading small-group discussions, giving lectures, designing curricula, and giving effective feedback); onsite coaching of teaching (on wards, in outpatient clinics, or in formal lectures); and innovative projects in clinical medical education. The program advocates and demonstrates a tailored-teaching approach combined with learner-centered, interactive, experiential, and reflective teaching strategies. The evaluation of the program includes satisfaction ratings, self-assessment of teaching competencies, and independent ratings of teaching effectiveness by the participants' trainees (medical students, residents, and fellows). The program is rated highly, shows significant improvements in teaching skills as measured by both participants' self assessments and independent ratings by participants' trainees, and is ongoing.

The use of examinations for revealing and distinguishing between students' misconceptions, misunderstandings and “no conceptions” in college chemistry

Students at all ages hold a wide variety of scientifically faulty knowledge structures called “misconceptions”. As far as misconceptions in chemistry are concerned, college science students are no exception. Systematic administration to freshman biology majors of specially-designed mid-term and term higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS)-oriented examinations within the courses “General and Inorganic Chemistry” and “Introduction to Modern Organic Chemistry” proved these examinations to be very effective in revealing and distinguishing between students'misconceptions, misunderstandings, and“no conceptions”. Several of these have never been mentioned before in the relevant research literature. Accordingly, reflective teaching strategies to overcome this “misconceptions problem” and affect meaningfully subsequent learning have been explored and implemented within our longitudinal effort to develop students' HOCS. The study results combined with accumulated experience indicate that properly designed HOCS-oriented examinations may be very effective for revealing, but notper se for overcoming, students' misconceptions. However, within HOCS-oriented chemistry teaching, the assessment of students by such examinations is very useful particularly for providing data for remediation purposes via appropriate modification of the teaching strategies. Eventually, this leads to gains in students' HOCS which is in line with the overall goal of the current reform in science education.