Word Reference Research Articles

An Efficient Data Mining Technique for Structural Strength Monitoring System

A fundamental target of strength monitoring frameworks for different structures is to analyze the condition of the structure and to assess its conceivable danger and furthermore to investigation, identification, and characterization of danger in complex structures is a critical part of auxiliary strength checking. The capacities are browsed as lexicon of time-recurrence movement and scaled variants of a basic Gaussian hypothesis work. This word reference is likewise adjusted to utilize genuine estimated information. Characterization is then accomplished by coordinating the removed damage includes in the time-frequency. In this paper, we utilize our model to assess our information mining approach for the fault checking. The balanced scratch-off and high-pass sifting strategies are consolidated adequately to take care of basic issues in numerical reconciliation signs gathered from sensors are disintegrated into direct blends of very confined Gaussian capacities utilizing the coordinating significance decay calculation. The combination exactness is enhanced and contrasted with former numerical integrators. Rough set analysis uses only internal knowledge and does not rely on prior model assumption as fuzzy set methods or probabilistic models do. In this manuscript a novel hybrid algorithm combining the features of Rough set Support vector machine (Rs-SVM) classified structures and Rough set Artificial Neural Network (Rs-ANN) classified structures are used. At long last the vertices of the structure of different types are connected and analysed by the Hybrid algorithm and furthermore to additionally enhance order execution, the data gathered from numerous sensors is incorporated utilizing a Bayesian sensor combination approach.

Execution of Password Authentication Encrypted Negative Password using MD5

Hypothetical Secure mystery express accumulating is a crucial perspective in systems considering secret expression affirmation, which is at this point the most extensively used approval method, disregarding its some security abandons. In this paper, we propose a mysterious key affirmation structure that is expected for secure mystery key storing and could be adequately organized into existing approval systems. In our construction, first, they got plain mystery word from a client is worked out a cryptographic hash work (e.g., SHA-256). By then, the hashed secret expression is changed over into a negative mystery state. Finally, the negative mystery key is encoded into an Encrypted Negative Password (contracted as ENP) using a symmetric-key computation (e.g., AES), and multi activity encryption could be used to furthermore improve security. The cryptographic hash work and symmetric encryption make it difficult to break passwords from ENPs. Furthermore, there are lots of relating ENPs for ensured plain mystery word, which makes pre-computation attacks (e.g., question table attack and rainbow table attack) infeasible. The count multifaceted nature examinations and relationships show that the ENP could go against inquiry table attack and give more grounded secret word security under word reference attack. It merits referring to that the ENP doesn't present extra segments (e.g., salt); other than this, the ENP could regardless face precomputation attacks. Most importantly, the ENP is the primary mystery state confirmation plot that joins the cryptographic hash work, the negative mystery key and the symmetric-key computation, without the necessity for additional information.

An Analysis of Deixis on Comment Speech By Indonesian Diplomat in United Nation (PBB) 75th General Assembly Meeting 2020

Deixis is a human language phenomenon in which particular expression referential depends on context use (Williams, 2019). By knowing deixis, a speaker knows alternate reference words depending on the interlocutor, places and time conversation takes place. The study investigates deixis and its context used by diplomats and representatives from Indonesia, Silvany Pasaribu of human rights cases of Vanuatu and Papua. This study's data source was the comment speech of an Indonesian diplomat, consisting of three types of deixis based on Levinson's theory. The video was collected from YouTube. Further, to analyse the data through several processes, the researchers firstly collected all deictic expressions found in transcription, classified the deictic word into each category of deixis. The result of this study shows thirty five deixis from comment speech of Indonesian diplomat. There were twenty three personal deixis consisting of a first, second, and third person, seven spatial deixis, and five temporal deixis. Person deixis generally be delivered by person grammatical type, which replaces personal pronoun encode like community, appropriate names, and the individual pronoun compound. Spatial or place deixis based on result which expresses by the speaker on their speech were location. Temporal deixis is used to the pointing of time context speech. Further research is suggested to analyze all kinds of deixis, such as social deixis and its context.

The Effect of the Number of Labeled Objects on Novel Referent Selection Across Short and Long Time Delays

ABSTRACT Children often hear many new words in one conversation, and yet word learning research overwhelmingly focuses on how children learn and retrieve the meanings of single words. The current experiment tests how the number of labeled objects affects preschoolers’ novel word referent selection immediately after encoding and after a one-week delay. Seventy 3- to 6-year-olds were exposed to four novel objects. Half of the participants were given novel labels for two of the objects and half were given novel labels for all four. Label-referent mapping was tested with a four alternative forced-choice pointing task both immediately after exposure and one week later. Children performed worse overall after a week delay, replicating past work on novel word retention. While children performed significantly worse overall in the Four-Label condition, exploratory analyses revealed that this effect was driven solely by the second test trial immediately after exposure. Analyses suggest that referent selection is strongly influenced by in-the-moment constraints, such as label salience and pragmatic biases, and that these constraints are strongest immediately after novel word exposure.

What Is the Buzz About Iconicity? How Iconicity in Caregiver Speech Supports Children's Word Learning.

One cue that may facilitate children's word learning is iconicity, or the correspondence between a word's form and meaning. Some have even proposed that iconicity in the early lexicon may serve to help children learn how to learn words, supporting the acquisition of even noniconic, or arbitrary, word-referent associations. However, this proposal remains untested. Here, we investigate the iconicity of caregivers' speech to young children during a naturalistic free-play session with novel stimuli and ask whether the iconicity of caregivers' speech facilitates children's learning of the noniconic novel names of those stimuli. Thirty-four 1.5-2-year-olds (19 girls; half monolingual English learners and half bilingual English-Spanish learners) participated in a naturalistic free-play task with their caregivers followed by a test of word-referent retention. We found that caregivers' use of iconicity, particularly in utterances in which they named the novel stimuli, was associated with the likelihood that children learned that novel name. This result held even when controlling for other factors associated with word learning, such as the concreteness and frequency of words in caregiver speech. Together, the results demonstrate that iconicity not only can serve to help children identify the referent of novel words (as in previous research) but can also support their ability to retain even noniconic word-referent mappings.

The role of orthographic cues to stress in Italian visual word recognition

In this study, stress diacritics were used to investigate the processing of stress information in lexical decision. We ran two experiments in Italian, a language in which stress position is not predictable by rule and only final stress—that is, the less common pattern—is orthographically marked with a diacritic. In Experiment 1, a lexical decision task, two factors were manipulated: the stress pattern of words—antepenultimate (nondominant) and penultimate (dominant)—and the presence/absence of the diacritics, signalling the stress position. Participants were faster to categorise stimuli as words when they bear dominant than nondominant stress. However, the advantage disappeared when the diacritic was used. In Experiment 2, a same-different verification task was used in which participants had to decide if a referent word and a target were same (carota-CAROTA, /ka’rɔta/; tavolo-TAVOLO, /’tavolo/) or different. We compared two conditions requiring a “different” response, in which referent and target with dominant and nondominant stress were congruent (caròta-CAROTA; tàvolo-TAVOLO) or incongruent (càrota-CAROTA; tavòlo-TAVOLO) with the word’s stress. For words with dominant stress, “different” responses were faster in the incongruent condition than the congruent condition. This congruency effect was not observed for words with nondominant stress pattern. Overall, the data suggest that stress information is based on lexical phonology, and the stress dominance effect has a lexical base in word recognition.

Learning from mistakes: Improving spelling correction performance with automatic generation of realistic misspellings

AbstractSequence to sequence models (seq2seq) require a large amount of labelled training data to learn the mapping between the input and output. A large set of misspelled words together with their corrections is needed to train a seq2seq spelling correction system. Low‐resource languages such as Turkish usually lack such large annotated datasets. Although misspelling‐reference pairs can be synthesized with a random procedure, the generated dataset may not well match to genuine human‐made misspellings. This might degrade the performance in realistic test scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel procedure to automatically introduce human‐like misspellings to legitimate words in Turkish language. Generated human‐like misspellings are used to improve the performance of a seq2seq spelling correction system. The proposed system consists of two separate models; a misspelling generator and a spelling corrector. The generator is trained using a relatively small number of human‐made misspellings and their manual corrections. Reference words and their misspellings are used as inputs and outputs of the generator, respectively. As a result, it is trained to add realistic spelling errors to the valid words. Training data of the spelling corrector is augmented by the generator's human‐like misspellings. In the experiments, we observe that the data augmentation significantly improves the spelling correction performance. Our proposed method yields 5% absolute improvement over the state‐of‐the‐art Turkish spelling correction systems in a test set which contains human‐made misspellings from Twitter messages.

Caregivers use gesture contingently to support word learning.

Children learn words in environments where there is considerable variability, both in terms of the number of possible referents for novel words, and the availability of cues to support word-referent mappings. How caregivers adapt their gestural cues to referential uncertainty has not yet been explored. We tested a computational model of cross-situational word learning that examined the value of a variable gesture cue during training across conditions of varying referential uncertainty. We found that gesture had a greater benefit for referential uncertainty, but unexpectedly also found that learning was best when there was variability in both the environment (number of referents) and gestural cue use. We demonstrated that these results are reflected behaviourally in an experimental word-learning study involving children aged 18-24-month-olds and their caregivers. Under similar conditions to the computational model, caregivers not only used gesture more when there were more potential referents for novel words, but children also learned best when there was some referential ambiguity for words. Thus, caregivers are sensitive to referential uncertainty in the environment and adapt their gestures accordingly, and children are able to respond to environmental variability to learn more robustly. These results imply that training under variable circumstances may actually benefit learning, rather than hinder it.

The challenge of relational referents in early word extensions: Evidence from noun-noun compounds.

Young children struggle more with mapping novel words onto relational referents (e.g., verbs) compared to non-relational referents (e.g., nouns). We present further evidence for this notion by investigating children's extensions of noun-noun compounds, which map onto combinations of non-relational referents, i.e., objects (e.g., baby and bottle for baby bottle), and relations (e.g., a bottle FOR babies). We tested two- to five-year-olds' and adults' generalisations of novel compounds composed of novel (e.g., kig donka) or familiar (e.g., star hat) nouns that were combined by one of two relations (e.g., donka that has a kig attached (=attachment relation) versus donka that stores a kig (=function relation)). Participants chose between a relational (shared relation) and a non-relational (same colour) match. Results showed a developmental shift from encoding non-relational aspects (colour) towards relations of compound referents, supporting the challenge of relational word referents. Also, attachment relations were more frequently encoded than function relations.

About semantic and syntactic compression, or What do we mean when we don’t say something out loud?

The purpose of the article is to analyze cases of semantic and syntactic compression (contraction, constriction) in the Russian language. From the surface side the syntactic compression is a reduction of the phrase, due to the tendency to save speech effort. In fact – it is an actual method of compacting and packaging information, in which the internal structure of the utterance is transformed, some words get new functions, and others are omitted and reduced. Colloquial speech plays a special role in the spread and legalization of such cases of compression. Examples from fiction and journalism in Russian are given – such as archeology instead of archaeological excavations or sports instead of s ports motorcycle . The article analyzes cases of complex, multi-component transformations, during which the structure of the phrase is significantly reduced and «condensed», for example: the richest people in Russia, recorded in the magazine «Forbes» → Russian «Forbes» . Nouns (or noun groups) are usually used as key (reference) words that remain in the course of contraction. The article shows that the addressee (reader), as a rule, adequately perceives and understands such statements, based: 1) on previous speech experience (including standard models of metonymy); 2) on verbal and situational context; 3) on the rules of common sense. It is concluded that the analysis of utterances that include facts of semantic and syntactic contraction (as an element of «dynamic» grammar) helps to demonstrate the rich capabilities of the Russian language in terms of processing and packaging of thought.

The Role of Audiovisual Speech in Fast-Mapping and Novel Word Retention in Monolingual and Bilingual 24-Month-Olds.

Three experiments examined the role of audiovisual speech on 24-month-old monolingual and bilinguals’ performance in a fast-mapping task. In all three experiments, toddlers were exposed to familiar trials which tested their knowledge of known word–referent pairs, disambiguation trials in which novel word–referent pairs were indirectly learned, and retention trials which probed their recognition of the newly-learned word–referent pairs. In Experiment 1 (n = 48), lip movements were present during familiar and disambiguation trials, but not retention trials. In Experiment 2 (n = 48), lip movements were present during all three trial types. In Experiment 3 (bilinguals only, n = 24), a still face with no lip movements was present in all three trial types. While toddlers succeeded in the familiar and disambiguation trials of every experiment, success in the retention trials was only found in Experiment 2. This work suggests that the extra-linguistic support provided by lip movements improved the learning and recognition of the novel words.

Адаптація запозиченого компонента «арт» у сучасній українській мові

The article examines the features of grammatical adaptation of the borrowing “art” in the modern Ukrainian language, identifies typical violations of current spelling rules in words with this component, suggests the correct options and clarifies the feasibility of its frequent use in modern Ukrainian speech. It has been found that the English borrowed component “art” is well adapted to the recipient language. This is evidenced by its active use in both oral and written speech, the ability to be used independently with a fixed meaning, high word-forming productivity. It is revealed in the texts of the mass media that English borrowing “art” functions in the modern Ukrainian as a inflective masculine noun of the second declension of the hard group with the semantics “art, fine arts”. It is observed that having entered the modern Ukrainian lexical system, it takes an active part in word formation, showing high productivity in the process of forming compound nouns. Two models of forming new nouns with the component “art” are differentiated, in which “art” with the meaning “artistic” is the first part of a compound word and “art” with the semantics “art” is the second part of a new lexeme. It is established that the first model is the most productive because of the largest number of these nouns in Ukrainian. It is proved that according to their grammatical nature lexemes with “art” as a reference word are not Ukrainian juxtaposites, as they are not formed on the basis of the Ukrainian, but are borrowed in it like ready-to-use integral lexical units, which speakers adapted to the grammatical structure of modern Ukrainian. In accordance with the current spelling rules the nouns with borrowed component “art” have to be written together. Found in the texts of mass media and oral speech the new lexemes with two prepositive foreign attributives are classified as juxtaposites with a declension of the second part; it is recommended to write them in accordance with the norms of the current “Ukrainian spelling” with a hyphen. It was found that the names of establishments, events, places of cultural events, etc., which consist of proper names or abbreviations combined with borrowing “art”, completely copied from the English word formation, are not typical for Ukrainian and artificially adapted to it in violation of current spelling rules. The article offers their alternative names that meet the grammatical and spelling rules. The analysis of the peculiarities of the adaptation of English borrowed component “art” in the modern Ukrainian will promote a faster study of the grammatical nature of borrowings, their word-forming potential, the correct linguistic qualification of new derivatives and their further normalization.

АББРЕВИАТУРА В ГРАММАТИКЕ ГОВОРЯЩЕГО: ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ

The article presents the results of a directed associative experiment carried out with high school students of secondary schools. The purpose of the article is to reveal the relationship between the structural and semantic features of the utterance and the strategies of the respondents’ choice of a linguistic sign (word/abbreviation) in the context of a directed associative experiment. The analysis of the experimental material made it possible to draw conclusions about the peculiarities of using the initial abbreviation as an associate; about the possibility of the abbreviation of stable and individual, situational associative links; about the strategies for choosing a linguistic sign (words, abbreviations, phrases) depending on the semantics of the reference word and the type of grammatical structure of the experimental sentence; on the consolidation of initial abbreviations in the linguistic consciousness of native speakers of the Russian language, which is associated with the strengthening of the law of economy of linguistic means in modern speech communication.

Transpositional features of the word ala «potty, spotted, piebald» (about the color of animals); «motley, multi-colored; spotted»; «light» in the Turkic languages (based on Bashkir and Karachay-Balkarian languages)

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the lexico-semantic, derivational, word-composition, inflectional features of the attributive component of descriptive phrases, the indicator of variegated color designation, the term-forming unit of the word ala «potty, spotted, piebald» (about the color of animals) (Bashkir); «motley, multicolored, spotted; light» (Karachay-Balkarian) in Bashkir and Karachay-Balkarian languages, participating in the categorization of mixed segments of the lingua-color space. It examines the features of free and lexicalized phrases, idioms of a phraseological type, paired-repeated constructions formed as a result of combining the word «ala» with denotative and abstract nouns, with asemantic analogues that repeat the second syllable of the reference word and are its phonetically modified version without lexical meaning. It examines the distinctive and integrating features of the noted syntactic structures from the point of view of functioning in various language levels and lexicographic interpretation. The article analyzes the features of a selective combination of «double names» with inventory units of morphology in the process of further morphologization of two-syllable attributive-nominal bases, which, depending on the contextual environment, express an adverbial feature and belong to the category of «rolling» words.

Дифференциальные и интегрирующие особенности лексемы ола/ ала в тюркских языках (на материале узбекского и карачаево-балкарского языков)

Introduction. The article provides a comprehensive study of free and lexicalized phrases, idioms of phraseological type, paired-repeated and complex constructions formed using the indicator designating variegated color, the term-forming onomastic component of the word ola / ala — ‘variegated’; ‘spotted’, ‘pockmarked’; ‘piebald’ (about animal coat colors); ‘multicolor stripped’, ‘striped’; ‘multicolored’ — participating in the categorization of mixed segments of the linguo-color space. It identifies certain distinctive and integrating features thereof in terms of different language levels and lexicographic interpretation. Goals. The work seeks to examine combinations of the attributive component ola / ala with denotative nouns and non-semantic components in descriptive phrases, expressing (depending on respective contextual environments) both an adverbial feature and words referred to as ‘transitional’. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes materials of the Uzbek and Karachay-Balkar languages. To identify the differential and integrating features of the lexeme ola / ala, the paper analyzes the lexical-semantic, lexical-grammatical, word-formation properties of secondary nomination syntactic units formed as a result of selective combination with some inventory units of morphology, their functional and stylistic features in terms of stylistic structures of examined texts. The main research methods are descriptive and comparative ones, as well as that of contextual analysis. Results. The insight into issues related to the formation and development of the lexicalsemantic structure of paired-repeated constructions formed according to the full repetition model used in the common nominative sense reveals that the repeated component — which is a phonetically modified version of the reference word — only partially affects the formation of the semantic content of ‘doubled names’, strengthening their semantic structure to a certain extent.

L2 Vocabulary Teaching by Social Robots: The Role of Gestures and On-Screen Cues as Scaffolds

Social robots are receiving an ever-increasing interest in popular media and scientific literature. Yet, empirical evaluation of the educational use of social robots remains limited. In the current paper, we focus on how different scaffolds (co-speech hand gestures vs. visual cues presented on the screen) influence the effectiveness of a robot second language (L2) tutor. In two studies, Turkish-speaking 5-year-olds (n = 72) learned English measurement terms (e.g., big, wide) either from a robot or a human tutor. We asked whether (1) the robot tutor can be as effective as the human tutor when they follow the same protocol, (2) the scaffolds differ in how they support L2 vocabulary learning, and (3) the types of hand gestures affect the effectiveness of teaching. In all conditions, children learned new L2 words equally successfully from the robot tutor and the human tutor. However, the tutors were more effective when teaching was supported by the on-screen cues that directed children's attention to the referents of target words, compared to when the tutor performed co-speech hand gestures representing the target words (i.e., iconic gestures) or pointing at the referents (i.e., deictic gestures). The types of gestures did not significantly influence learning. These findings support the potential of social robots as a supplementary tool to help young children learn language but suggest that the specifics of implementation need to be carefully considered to maximize learning gains. Broader theoretical and practical issues regarding the use of educational robots are also discussed.

An Analysis of Swear Words in “Once Upon a Time... In Hollywood” Film

Swear words are one of the linguistic choices which show cultural aspects. Found in both oral and written forms. Swear words represent emotions and convey powerful messages. Some people utter swear words because of specific reasons, and they occasionally ignore their literal meaning. The phenomenon of swearing also happens in films. Based on the film Once Upon a Time... in Hollywood, this qualitative research addressed the semantic referents of swear words and the motives of swearing. By employing content analysis, the results show that (a) 59 swear words are classified into nine semantic referents, consisting of offensive slang (17%) as the main referent, followed by profane or blasphemous (15%), psychological-physical-social deviations (15%), scatological and disgusting objects (15%), sexual references (12%), substandard vulgar terms (10%), ethnic-racial-gender slurs (7%), animal names (5%), and ancestral allusions (4%) and (b) swearing are caused by three motives, namely psychological, social, and linguistic. The study concludes that the film contains severe and various swear words, and particular situations can lead the characters to swear. General readers are hoped to be more considerate in expressing themselves and be wiser in determining their word choices

Visual and haptic responses as measures of word comprehension and speed of processing in toddlers: Relative predictive utility

Early vocabulary knowledge and speed of word processing are important foundational skills for the development of preschool and school-age language and cognition. However, the variance in outcomes accounted for by parent-reported receptive or expressive vocabulary is generally modest. Recent research suggests that directly assessed, decontextualized vocabulary predicts developmental outcomes, including general language ability and kindergarten readiness, accounting for additional variance above and beyond parent-reported vocabulary. The current research extends this finding by exploring prediction from both decontextualized vocabulary and speed of word processing at 2 years of age to vocabulary during the preschool period. At age 2, children completed a two-alternative forced-choice task that yielded a measure of decontextualized vocabulary (number of correct touch responses) and two measures of speed of processing: latency to fixate the target (visual response latency) and latency to touch (haptic response latency). Results reveal that age 2 vocabulary and visual response latency, but not haptic response latency, independently predict vocabulary at ages 3 and 4. Furthermore, only decontextualized vocabulary remains a significant predictor when controlling for speed of processing, but not vice versa. This suggests that the number of early, stable word–referent associations and the efficiency with which these are processed are important to vocabulary outcomes. However, it also suggests that decontextualized vocabulary may be a more robust unique predictor of downstream outcomes.

Learning vocabulary and grammar from cross-situational statistics

Across multiple situations, child and adult learners are sensitive to co-occurrences between individual words and their referents in the environment, which provide a means by which the ambiguity of word-world mappings may be resolved (Monaghan & Mattock, 2012; Scott & Fisher, 2012; Smith & Yu, 2008; Yu & Smith, 2007). In three studies, we tested whether cross-situational learning is sufficiently powerful to support simultaneous learning the referents for words from multiple grammatical categories, a more realistic reflection of more complex natural language learning situations. In Experiment 1, adult learners heard sentences comprising nouns, verbs, adjectives, and grammatical markers indicating subject and object roles, and viewed a dynamic scene to which the sentence referred. In Experiments 2 and 3, we further increased the uncertainty of the referents by presenting two scenes alongside each sentence. In all studies, we found that cross-situational statistical learning was sufficiently powerful to facilitate acquisition of both vocabulary and grammar from complex sentence-to-scene correspondences, simulating the situations that more closely resemble the challenge facing the language learner.

Dynamics of Word Production in the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood.

Changes in word production occur across the lifespan. Previous studies have shown electrophysiological, temporal, and functional differences between children and adults accompanying behavioral changes in picture-naming tasks (Laganaro, Tzieropoulos, Fraunfelder, & Zesiger, 2015). Thus, a shift toward adult-like processes in referential word production occurs somewhere between the ages of 13 and 20. Our aim was to investigate when and how children develop adult-like behavior and brain activation in word production. Toward this aim, performance and event-related potentials (ERP) in a referential word production task were recorded and compared for two groups of adolescents (aged 14 to 16 and 17 to 18), children (aged 10 to 13), and young adults (aged 20 to 30). Both groups of adolescents displayed adult-like production latencies, which were longer only for children, while accuracy was lower in the younger adolescents and in children, compared to adults. ERP waveform analysis and topographic pattern analysis revealed significant intergroup differences in key time-windows on stimulus-locked ERPs, both early (150-220 ms)-associated with pre-linguistic processes-and late (280-330 ms)-associated with lexical processes. The results indicate that brain activation underlying referential word production is completely adult-like in 17-year-old adolescents, whereas an intermediate pattern is still observed in adolescents aged 14 to 16 years old, although their production speed, but not their accuracy, is already adult-like.