Reference Volume Research Articles

Clogging Test of Drippers Watered by Surface Water Treated with Natural Coagulants and Suitability of this Water for Drip Irrigation

In the Sahel, rainfall deficits have been recorded increasingly in this portion of Africa over the last 4 decades. This situation has resulted in a remarkable decline in agricultural production and peasant income in Niger. Indeed, agriculture is essentially rain-fed, therefore sensitive to rainfall hazards. It is in this climatic context unfavorable to rainfed agriculture that the State is placing increasing emphasis on surface water with a view to developing intensive and diversified irrigated agriculture. This work aims on the one hand to analyze the hydraulics of the drippers and on the other hand to test products based on Moringa oleifera seeds (powder and cakes from these seeds) in the treatment of surface water in order to improve the physico-chemical and bacteriological qualities of the latter for use in drip irrigation systems. The methodology consists of measuring the water coming from the drippers after each irrigation. To compare the suitability of treated water in a drip irrigation system, three (3) irrigation networks were set up. The hydraulic operation of the latter was previously verified using tap water from the urban distribution network of the city of Niamey on the experimental site of the Faculty of Agronomy of Niamey. The comparison concerned water treated with almond cake and Moringa oleifera almond powders and raw water from the study pond. By carrying out irrigations for 1 hour per network made up of four (4) booms with a total of 24 drippers or 6 drippers per boom. The comparison of the different valve volumes, boom holder volumes, boom volumes, dripper volumes show that at the same pressure, the volumes obtained with treated water are statistically identical to the reference volumes established with tap water. On the other hand, the raw water presented volumes lower and statistically different from the volumes of water mentioned above. This reduction in volume is the consequence of clogging by particles suspended in this network. ...

Entropy-minimizing dynamical transport on Riemannian manifolds

Given a smooth Riemannian manifold (M, g), compact and without boundary, we analyze the dynamical optimal mass transport problem where the cost is given by the sum of the kinetic energy and the relative entropy with respect to a reference volume measure e-Vdx. Under the only assumption that the prescribed marginals lie in L1(M), and a lower bound on the Ricci curvature, we characterize the minimal curves as unique weak solutions of the optimality system coupling the continuity equation with a backward Hamilton–Jacobi equation (with source given by the logarithm of the density). We give evidence that the entropic cost enhances diffusive effects in the evolution of the optimal densities, proving L1→L∞ regularization in time for any initial-terminal data, and smoothness of the solutions whenever the marginals are positive and smooth. We use displacement convexity arguments (in the Eulerian approach) and gradient bounds from quasilinear elliptic equations. We also prove the convergence of optimal curves towards the classical Wasserstein geodesics, as the entropic term is multiplied by a vanishing parameter, showing that this kind of functionals can be used to build a smoothing approximation of the standard optimal transport related to the Wasserstein distance.

Deformation-Dependent Effective Vascular Permeability of a Biological Tissue Containing Parallel Microvessels

Abstract This study describes a micromechanics model for estimating the effective vascular permeability for a biological tissue containing parallel microvessels subjected to finite deformations. The representative volume element in the proposed model consists of a hollow cylinder with the inner radius being the microvessel radius and the outer radius determined using the volume fraction of the microvessels in the tissue. The effective vascular permeability is determined using the Poiseuille equation for the microvascular flow, Darcy's law for the homogenized porous tissue, and finite deformation of the tissue matrix modeled as a nonlinear elastic material. The numerical results show that the effective vascular permeability decreases with an increase in the applied pressure on the tissue. The effective permeability can be significantly larger than the reference permeability when the applied pressure is much smaller than the microvascular pressure. On the other hand, the effective permeability becomes less than 30% of the reference permeability when the applied pressure is greater than two times the microvascular pressure. Finally, the effective vascular permeability increases monotonically with an increasing ratio of the deformed volume to the reference volume of the tissue.

A novel personalized homogenous finite element model to predict the pull-out strength of cancellous bone screws

BackgroundOrthopedic surgeries often involve the insertion of bone screws for various fixation systems. The risk of postoperative screw loosening is usually assessed through experimental or finite element (FE) evaluations of the screw pull-out strength. FE simulations are based on either personalized complex but accurate heterogeneous modeling or non-personalized simple but relatively less accurate homogeneous modeling. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel personalized computed tomography (CT)-based homogeneous FE simulation approach to predict the pull-out force of cancellous bone screws.MethodsTwenty FE simulations of L1-L5 vertebral screw pull-out tests were conducted, i.e., 10 heterogeneous and 10 homogenous models. Screws were inserted into the lower-middle region of vertebrae. In our novel homogeneous model, the region around approximately twice the diameter of the screw was used as a bone material reference volume. Subsequently, the overall material property of this region was homogeneously attributed to the entire vertebra, and pull-out simulations were conducted.ResultsThe mean error of the predicted pull-out forces by our novel homogenous simulations was ~ 7.9% with respect to our heterogeneous model. When solely the cancellous bone was involved during the pull-out process (i.e., for L1, L2, and L3 vertebral bodies whose cortical bone in the inferior region is thin), the novel homogenous model yielded small mean error of < 6.0%. This error, however, increased to ~ 11% when the screw got involved to the cortical bone (for L4 and L5 vertebrae whose cortical bone in the inferior region is thick).ConclusionThe proposed personalized CT-based homogenous model was highly accurate in estimating the pull-out force especially when only the cancellous bone was involved with the screw.

On the trail of CBCT-guided adaptive rectal boost radiotherapy, does daily delineation require a radiation oncologist?

IntroductionDose-escalation radiotherapy for rectal tumours is increasingly considered as a non-operative approach, with online-adaptive radiotherapy (oART) supporting this approach by correcting inter-fraction tumour position errors. However, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-guided oART requires daily target volume delineation by different operators, leading to inter-operator delineation variability and potential dosimetric issues. This study aims to compare and quantify the inter-operator and inter-professional delineation variability of the rectal boost volume on CBCT, including volumes by an automatically delineated oART treatment planning system. Materials and methodsA rectal boost volume, defined as the primary tumour extended to the entire adjacent rectal wall, was delineated on 10 CBCTs from 5 patients by 15 operators: 4 expert radiation oncologists (ROs), 4 radiation therapists (RTTs) and 7 non-expert ROs. These contours were compared between the different professional groups. A comparison to the average volume of the group (ROs, RTTs, or non-expert ROs) with the lowest delineation variability was also performed for each individual volume including the volume automatically generated by an oART treatment planning system. ResultsDelineation variability was the highest in the superior (range: 2.3–6.0 mm), and inferior (2.3–12.4 mm) directions, compared to the left (0.2–4.4 mm), right (0.3–2.0 mm), anterior (0.1–2.9 mm), and posterior (0.5–4.0 mm) directions. Non-expert ROs, RTTs, and automatic oART volume showed similar ranges of delineation errors when compared to the expert ROs’ volume, which was chosen as reference volume since this professional group showed the lowest variability. DiscussionExpert ROs showed consistent results. Other professional groups exhibit similar variability, comparable to the automatic oART volume. Therefore, RTTs could safely perform the rectal boost delineation without non-expert ROs supervision in the absence of expert ROs during CBCT-based oART. Moreover, these findings provide quantitative data to compute accurate margins for the rectal boost planning target volume in a CBCT-guided oART workflow.

Validation of different automated segmentation models for target volume contouring in postoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer and regional nodal irradiation

IntroductionTarget volume delineation is routinely performed in postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer patients, but it is a time-consuming process. The aim of the present study was to validate the quality, clinical usability and institutional-specific implementation of different auto-segmentation tools into clinical routine. MethodsThree different commercially available, artificial intelligence-, ESTRO-guideline-based segmentation models (M1-3) were applied to fifty consecutive reference patients who received postoperative local RT including regional nodal irradiation for breast cancer for the delineation of clinical target volumes: the residual breast, implant or chestwall, axilla levels 1 and 2, the infra- and supraclavicular regions, the interpectoral and internal mammary nodes. Objective evaluation metrics of the created structures were conducted with the Dice similarity index (DICE) and the Hausdorff distance, and a manual evaluation of usability. ResultsThe resulting geometries of the segmentation models were compared to the reference volumes for each patient and required no or only minor corrections in 72 % (M1), 64 % (M2) and 78 % (M3) of the cases. The median DICE and Hausdorff values for the resulting planning target volumes were 0.87–0.88 and 2.96–3.55, respectively. Clinical usability was significantly correlated with the DICE index, with calculated cut-off values used to define no or minor adjustments of 0.82–0.86. Right or left sided target and breathing method (deep inspiration breath hold vs. free breathing) did not impact the quality of the resulting structures. ConclusionArtificial intelligence-based auto-segmentation programs showed high-quality accuracy and provided standardization and efficient support for guideline-based target volume contouring as a precondition for fully automated workflows in radiotherapy treatment planning.

Determination of time lag by accurate monitoring of pressure decay in a new generation constant volume system

The time-lag method is the standard approach for evaluating membrane permeability, diffusivity and solubility in a single gas permeation experiment. The conventional time-lag method relies on accurately monitoring the pressure rise in a constant volume downstream from the membrane following a change in pressure upstream from the membrane. The same information could be extracted from the upstream pressure decay in the same time-lag experiment. However, accurately monitoring the pressure decay presents a challenge due to the resolution limitations of absolute pressure transducers. If the membrane was characterized based on pressure decay, a mass spectrometer could be used to simultaneously monitor the composition of the gas permeating from the membrane, opening the time-lag method to gas mixtures. Also, the simultaneous monitoring of pressure rise and decay could provide additional information about gas transport in the membrane, which is critical for more complex membrane materials.•The resolution challenge was overcome by splitting the upstream volume into the working and reference volumes and monitoring pressure decay using a differential pressure transducer between the two volumes.•The validity of the measured pressure decay was confirmed by the unique relation between the upstream and downstream time lags for a commercial PDMS membrane.

Long-term annual estimation of forest above ground biomass, canopy cover, and height from airborne and spaceborne sensors synergies in the Iberian Peninsula

The Mediterranean Basin has experienced substantial land use changes as traditional agriculture decreased and population migrated from rural to urban areas, which have resulted in a large forest cover increase. The combination of Landsat time series, providing spectral information, with lidar, offering three-dimensional insights, has emerged as a viable option for the large-scale cartography of forest structural attributes across large time spans. Here we develop and test a comprehensive framework to map forest above ground biomass, canopy cover and forest height in two regions spanning the most representative biomes in the peninsular Spain, Mediterranean (Madrid region) and temperate (Basque Country). As reference, we used lidar-based direct estimates of stand height and forest canopy cover. The reference biomass and volume were predicted from lidar metrics. Landsat time series predictors included annual temporal profiles of band reflectance and vegetation indices for the 1985–2023 period. Additional predictor variables including synthetic aperture radar, disturbance history, topography and forest type were also evaluated to optimize forest structural attributes retrieval. The estimates were independently validated at two temporal scales, i) the year of model calibration and ii) the year of the second lidar survey. The final models used as predictor variables only Landsat based metrics and topographic information, as the available SAR time-series were relatively short (1991–2011) and disturbance information did not decrease the estimation error. Model accuracies were higher in the Mediterranean forests when compared to the temperate forests (R2 = 0.6–0.8 vs. 0.4–0.5). Between the first (1985–1989) and the last (2020–2023) decades of the monitoring period the average forest cover increased from 21 ± 2% to 32 ± 1%, mean height increased from 6.6 ± 0.43 m to 7.9 ± 0.18 m and the mean biomass from 31.9 ± 3.6 t ha−1 to 50.4 ± 1 t ha−1 for the Mediterranean forests. In temperate forests, the average canopy cover increased from 55 ± 4% to 59 ± 3%, mean height increased from 15.8 ± 0.77 m to 17.3 ± 0.21m, while the growing stock volume increased from 137.8 ± 8.2 to 151.5 ± 3.8 m3 ha−1. Our results suggest that multispectral data can be successfully linked with lidar to provide continuous information on forest height, cover, and biomass trends.

Segmentation and Multi-Timepoint Tracking of 3D Cancer Organoids from Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Deep Neural Networks.

Recent years have ushered in a transformative era in in vitro modeling with the advent of organoids, three-dimensional structures derived from stem cells or patient tumor cells. Still, fully harnessing the potential of organoids requires advanced imaging technologies and analytical tools to quantitatively monitor organoid growth. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging modality for organoid analysis due to its high-resolution, label-free, non-destructive, and real-time 3D imaging capabilities, but accurately identifying and quantifying organoids in OCT images remain challenging due to various factors. Here, we propose an automatic deep learning-based pipeline with convolutional neural networks that synergistically includes optimized preprocessing steps, the implementation of a state-of-the-art deep learning model, and ad-hoc postprocessing methods, showcasing good generalizability and tracking capabilities over an extended period of 13 days. The proposed tracking algorithm thoroughly documents organoid evolution, utilizing reference volumes, a dual branch analysis, key attribute evaluation, and probability scoring for match identification. The proposed comprehensive approach enables the accurate tracking of organoid growth and morphological changes over time, advancing organoid analysis and serving as a solid foundation for future studies for drug screening and tumor drug sensitivity detection based on organoids.

The Value of PET/CT in Particle Therapy Planning of Various Tumors with SSTR2 Receptor Expression: Comparative Interobserver Study.

The overexpression of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) is a property of various tumor types. Hybrid imaging utilizing [68Ga]1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra-acetic acid (DOTA) may improve the differentiation between tumor and healthy tissue. We conducted an experimental study on 47 anonymized patient cases including 30 meningiomas, 12 PitNET and 5 SBPGL. Four independent observers were instructed to contour the macroscopic tumor volume on planning MRI and then reassess their volumes with the additional information from DOTA-PET/CT. The conformity between observers and reference volumes was assessed. In total, 46 cases (97.9%) were DOTA-avid and included in the final analysis. In eight cases, PET/CT additional tumor volume was identified that was not detected by MRI; these PET/CT findings were potentially critical for the treatment plan in four cases. For meningiomas, the interobserver and observer to reference volume conformity indices were higher with PET/CT. For PitNET, the volumes had higher conformity between observers with MRI. With regard to SBGDL, no significant trend towards conformity with the addition of PET/CT information was observed. DOTA PET/CT supports accurate tumor recognition in meningioma and PitNET and is recommended in SSTR2-expressing tumors planned for treatment with highly conformal radiation.

Generalized 3D registration algorithm for enhancing retinal optical coherence tomography images.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as the standard of care for diagnosing and monitoring the treatment of various ocular disorders due to its noninvasive nature and in vivo volumetric acquisition capability. Despite its widespread applications in ophthalmology, motion artifacts remain a challenge in OCT imaging, adversely impacting image quality. While several multivolume registration algorithms have been developed to address this issue, they are often designed to cater to one specific OCT system or acquisition protocol. We aim to generate an OCT volume free of motion artifacts using a system-agnostic registration algorithm that is independent of system specifications or protocol. We developed a B-scan registration algorithm that removes motion and corrects for both translational eye movements and rotational angle differences between volumes. Tests were carried out on various datasets obtained from two different types of custom-built OCT systems and one commercially available system to determine the reliability of the proposed algorithm. Additionally, different system specifications were used, with variations in axial resolution, lateral resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and real-time motion tracking. The accuracy of this method has further been evaluated through mean squared error (MSE) and multiscale structural similarity index measure (MS-SSIM). The results demonstrate improvements in the overall contrast of the images, facilitating detailed visualization of retinal vasculatures in both superficial and deep vasculature plexus. Finer features of the inner and outer retina, such as photoreceptors and other pathology-specific features, are discernible after multivolume registration and averaging. Quantitative analyses affirm that increasing the number of averaged registered volumes will decrease MSE and increase MS-SSIM as compared to the reference volume. The multivolume registered data obtained from this algorithm offers significantly improved visualization of the retinal microvascular network as well as retinal morphological features. Furthermore, we have validated that the versatility of our methodology extends beyond specific OCT modalities, thereby enhancing the clinical utility of OCT for the diagnosis and monitoring of ocular pathologies.

Pressure and temperature dependent ab-initio quasi-harmonic thermoelastic properties of tungsten

We present the ab-initio temperature and pressure dependent thermoelastic properties of body-centered cubic tungsten. The temperature dependent quasi-harmonic elastic constants (ECs) are computed at several reference volumes including both the phonon and the electronic excitations contribution to the free energy and interpolated at different temperatures and pressures. Good agreement with the experimental ECs on a single crystal at ambient pressure is found. The pressure and temperature dependence of the shear sound velocity measured on polycrystalline tungsten by Qi et al is also in agreement with theory. Some discrepancies are found instead for the compressional velocity at high temperature and this is attributed to the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus, higher in theory than in experiment. These conclusions are reached both by PBE and by PBEsol functionals. The two give elastic properties with a similar pressure and temperature dependence although the latter is closer to experiment at 0 K.

McGFN-FF: an accurate force field for optimization and energetic screening of molecular crystals

Abstract This work presents a periodic extension of the GFN-FF force field for molecular crystals named mcGFN-FF. Non-covalent interactions in the force field are adjusted to reduce the systematic overbinding of the original, molecular version for molecular crystals. A diverse set of molecular crystal benchmarks for lattice energies and unit cell volumes is studied. The modified force field shows good results with a mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) of 19.9 % for lattice energies and 10.0 % for unit cell volumes. In many cases, mcGFN-FF approaches the accuracy of the GFN1-xTB quantum chemistry method which has an MARD of 18.7 % for lattice energies and 6.2 % for unit cell volumes. Further, the newly compiled mcVOL22 benchmark set is presented which features r2SCAN-D4/900 eV DFT reference volumes for molecular crystals with phosphorus-, sulfur-, and chlorine-containing compounds of various sizes. Overall, the mcGFN-FF poses an efficient tool for the optimization and energetic screening of molecular crystals containing elements up to radon.

Evaluating the relationship between contouring variability and modelled treatment outcome for prostate bed radiotherapy.

Objectives.Contouring similarity metrics are often used in studies of inter-observer variation and automatic segmentation but do not provide an assessment of clinical impact. This study focused on post-prostatectomy radiotherapy and aimed to (1) identify if there is a relationship between variations in commonly used contouring similarity metrics and resulting dosimetry and (2) identify the variation in clinical target volume (CTV) contouring that significantly impacts dosimetry.Approach.The study retrospectively analysed CT scans of 10 patients from the TROG 08.03 RAVES trial. The CTV, rectum, and bladder were contoured independently by three experienced observers. Using these contours reference simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) volumes were established. Additional CTVs were generated using an atlas algorithm based on a single benchmark case with 42 manual contours. Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment plans were generated for the observer, atlas, and reference volumes. The dosimetry was evaluated using radiobiological metrics. Correlations between contouring similarity and dosimetry metrics were calculated using Spearman coefficient (Γ). To access impact of variations in planning target volume (PTV) margin, the STAPLE PTV was uniformly contracted and expanded, with plans created for each PTV volume. STAPLE dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were exported for plans generated based on the contracted/expanded volumes, and dose-volume metrics assessed.Mainresults. The study found no strong correlations between the considered similarity metrics and modelled outcomes. Moderate correlations (0.5 <Γ< 0.7) were observed for Dice similarity coefficient, Jaccard, and mean distance to agreement metrics and rectum toxicities. The observations of this study indicate a tendency for variations in CTV contraction/expansion below 5 mm to result in minor dosimetric impacts.Significance. Contouring similarity metrics must be used with caution when interpreting them as indicators of treatment plan variation. For post-prostatectomy VMAT patients, this work showed variations in contours with an expansion/contraction of less than 5 mm did not lead to notable dosimetric differences, this should be explored in a larger dataset to assess generalisability.

Визначення об’єму насипів методом GNSS та лазерного сканування

In the modern period, the calculation of volumes of embankments plays an important role in a number of industries, starting from construction and ending with mining. This calls for the improvement of methods and technologies to ensure accurate and operational calculations of embankment volumes. One of the promising directions in this context is the use of Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) and Mesh models based on data obtained during geodetic measurements. Surveying is a large amount of accurate spatial measurement data that is necessary to create detailed geometric models of objects. The obtained geodetic data allow creating TIN and Mesh models that reflect the relief of the land surface with the necessary accuracy and detail. The use of these models to calculate the volumes of embankments becomes a key element in improving the processes of design, construction and management of natural resources. The purpose of this work is to compare the accuracy of the calculation of embankment volumes based on the data obtained by the hand-held laser scanner Stonex X120GO and the GNSS receiver Stonex S700A. Method. The method of comparing equal-precision measurements was used. Since there were no reference volumes of embankments at the site of the works, the difference between the volumes calculated on the basis of the data obtained with the hand-held laser scanner Stonex X120GO and the GNSS receiver Stonex S700A was used. Also, comparative and visual analysis was used to compare the difference between Mesh models obtained on the basis of different data sources. The results. The accuracy of determining the volumes of embankments obtained by a handheld laser scanner Stonex X120GO and a GNSS receiver Stonex S700A was studied. The average error of the differences between the determined volumes was 4.62%. Point clouds and Mesh models themselves were also analyzed (number of points, triangles, surface shape). The advantages and disadvantages of using a GNSS receiver and a hand-held laser scanner to collect data for calculating the volumes of material mounds are identified. Scientific novelty and practical significance. A technique for checking the accuracy of determining the volume of embankments without known reference values is proposed. The influence of the embankment area error on the accuracy of volume determination was studied. According to the results of the study, it is possible to assert the advantages in the detail of the received data and the speed of shooting when using a manual laser scanner, and about some difficulties associated with the desired presence of a powerful computer, a large array of data, an increase in the volume of camera work in comparison with the data obtained under the time of application of the GNSS receiver and the RTK method for determining the volumes of embankments

Exploring reliable photogrammetry techniques for 3D modeling in anatomical research and education.

In anatomical research and education, three-dimensional visualization of anatomical structures is crucial for understanding spatial relationships in diagnostics, surgical planning, and teaching. While computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer valuable insights, they are often expensive and require specialized resources. This study explores photogrammetry as an affordable and accessible approach for 3D modeling in anatomical contexts. Two photogrammetry methods were compared: conventional open-source software (Colmap) and Apple's RealityKit Object Capture. Human C3 vertebrae were imaged with a 24 MP camera, with and without a cross-polarization filter. Reconstruction times, vertex distances, surface area, and volume measurements were compared to CT scans. Results revealed that the Object Capture method surpassed the conventional approach in reconstruction speed and user-friendliness. Both methods exhibited similar vertex distance from reference mesh and volume measurements, although the conventional approach produced larger surface areas compared to CT-based models. Cross-polarization filters eliminated the need for pre-processing and improved outcomes in challenging lighting conditions. This study demonstrates that photogrammetry, especially Object Capture, as a reliable and time-efficient tool for 3D modeling in anatomical research and education. It offers accessible alternatives to traditional techniques with advantages in texture mapping. While further validation of various anatomical structures is required, the accessibility and cost-effectiveness of photogrammetry make it a valuable asset for the field. In summary, photogrammetry would have the potential to revolutionize anatomical research and education by providing cost-effective, accessible, and accurate 3D modeling. The study underscores the promise of advancing anatomical research and education through the integration of photogrammetry with ongoing improvements in user-friendliness and accessibility.

Abstract TP170: An Explainable Deep Learning Method to Quantitatively Predict Hematoma Progression After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

In patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), it is important to quickly and accurately individualize the treatment decision by quantitatively predicting the hematoma progression using medical information collected on admission. Current approaches only qualitatively predict ICH progression trends leveraging anatomical features extracted from non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) images. However, these approaches do not consider the hemodynamics of the cerebral circulation system, cannot quantitatively predict ICH progression, and lack the needed explainability. To address these technical challenges, in this work, we developed an explainable deep learning method to quantitatively predict hematoma progression after ICH, which quantitatively predicts ICH progression leveraging (i) deep anatomical features (baseline ICH lesion volume) derived from NCCT images, and (ii) deep hemodynamic features focusing veins-of-interest derived from time-resolved CT images collected on admission. A total of 73 patients categorized into the training data set (containing 58 patients) and the test data set (containing 15 patients), with 216 sets of images, were used in the development and validation of the model. For the ICH lesion volume predicted by this model, the mean difference with respect to the reference volume is -0.96 mL, and the agreement limits are [-9.64 mL, +7.71 mL] (Figure 1). In conclusions, by simultaneously leveraging deep anatomical and hemodynamic features, our model can quantitatively predict ICH progression using multimodal CT images collected on admission and hence help individualize the treatment decision during hospitalization.

Abstract TMP120: Contralesional Corticospinal Tract Reinnervates Cervical Spinal Anatomical Regions With Highest Pre-Lesion Synapse Density After Unilateral M1 Stroke in Mice

Introduction: Stroke leaves many patients with significant motor impairment. Following ischemic lesions of the rodent primary motor cortex, sprouting of the contralesional corticospinal tract (cCST) into the injured hemicord is associated with improved motor recovery. In adult mice, most corticospinal neurons project to spinal interneurons, and few synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. We examined the distribution of newly formed corticospinal synapses in the mouse spinal cord, using genetically encoded tracers, 3D microscopy, and a spinal atlas with machine learning-based automated classification and registration. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that cCST neurons innervate homotopic regions in the injured hemicord after unilateral motor cortex stroke in adult mice. Method: We induced a photothrombotic motor cortex stroke or performed sham surgery (n=4 per group) in 8-11 week old male C57/B6 mice and administered a contralesional motor cortex injection of an anterograde adeno-associated virus expressing both membrane-targeted tdTomato and synaptically-targeted eGFP. Cervical spinal cords were subjected to volumetric imaging via serial two-photon tomography (TissueCyte 1000) to characterize synaptic and axonal density of cCST collaterals in whole cervical spinal cords in both stroke and sham mice. Unbiased, global quantification of axonal and synaptic density across the entire cervical cord was accomplished by the development of a custom automated image analysis pipeline, incorporating a novel 3D spinal cord reference volume, published spinal cord annotations comprising 47 distinct anatomical regions (SpinalJ), and machine learning based pixel classification. Results: We observed cCST synapses in the 6-week post-stroke injured hemicord innervating lamina IV &amp; IX most densely at C7 &amp; C8 (See Figure). Conclusions: Contralesional CST reinnervation of the denervated hemicord is targeted to both lamina and cervical level specific.

An optical soot sizing method without prior morphology parameters

Great concern has been focused on the particle size distribution (PSD) of soot as a crucial factor of the physical and chemical properties. Optical methods are widely used to analyze the PSD of soot due to their non-invasive and real-time measurement, where the morphology parameters are essential for retrieving the PSD from optical signals. However, these parameters are difficult to obtain in field measurement. In this work, we propose a new PSD sensing method for soot without prior knowledge of the morphology parameters based on the light-scattering angular spectrum using a hybrid inverse algorithm. The light scattering angular spectrum is the intensity distribution of scattering light at different observation angles for simultaneously characterizing the PSD and the morphological parameters, which are decoupled by a hybrid inverse algorithm consisting of Tikhonov regularization and adaptive weighted particle swarm optimization (AW-PSO). A compacted and lens-free prototype sensor is designed to verify our method. The calibration experiments by spherical aerosols show that our prototype sensor provides high-precision light scattering angular spectrum measurement with maximum relative error (RE) of 14.78 %. In the tests of soot, the maximum Kullback-Leibler Divergence (DKL) of PSD is 0.28 in comparison with the reference volume equivalent PSD. The sensing method proposed in this paper provides volume equivalent PSD measurement for soot without requirement of the morphology parameters, and our prototype sensor shows great potential for soot and other non-spherical aerosol analysis in routine field measurements outside the laboratory.

Agricultural Water Productivity Using Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment Method

Water productivity is a unit of agricultural production for water decrease in the size, of crops, and trees, for livestock and fish can be evaluated. Agriculture water productivity per hectare tons of water or kg consumed kg of water the yield is consumed following) yields on the unit size of the water physical productivity disclosure of crop yields total or net present the yield period will change by value water losses or economic productivity incomplete or excluded water consumption with reference volume ( a bank water ) per unit block. Water productivity ‘ per unit crop production ’ will be used and defined as a water's number. Agricultural production systems with water the idea that productivity is ‘ the same more food with water bodies focusing on manufacturing ’ or with ‘ low water bodies production of the same amount of food does. Initially, irrigation performance of methods irrigation ability to describe or water use capacity was used. In terms of agriculture, ‘ water use capacity ’ will produce a plant as the quantity of organic matter is defined. This is, however, the terms used ‘ water use capacity ’ and ‘ performance ’ will not follow the classical concept of it, this is for input and output uses the same units. Therefore, the international water management company ( iwmi ) ‘ water use capacity ’ to ‘ water productivity ’ until the change of nomenclature is proposed. Analysis purpose, size, and domain step water productivity are many you can define more ways. one unit of water revenue equals one unit of water productivity (wp). More food, more money, a better standard of living, and improved ecosystem services result from increased water productivity. One unit of water revenue equals one unit of water productivity (wp). More food, more money, a better standard of living, and improved ecosystem services result from increased water productivity. It aims to produce contains. Crop, livestock, and water of fisheries in the domains of productivity to improve the size of the basin there is considerable opportunity. This will be used to achieve water harvesting in procedures, sub-watering, lack irrigation, precision techniques for irrigation, and practices for protecting soil and water are included. Soil fertility, pest, and disease management, and improved crop selection getting into markets from improvements like such by the interactive effects obtained water management impacts water directly with productivity related procedures. Benefits of using the Waspas technique weighted sum model (WSM) and weighted product model (WPM). Accuracy of ranking waspas alternatives is increased by integrating wsm and wpm. Wasps are an optimal at this point in the calculation of the additive parameter, which will be discussed in more depth later. The finest solution is the waspas method of analysis, which is outstanding. The long-range solution identifies a better answer than the short distance and negative-best, but a comparison of these distances is not thought to be important. Alternative is Kilograms per cubic meter, Dollars per cubic meter, Protein grams per cubic meter, Calories per cubic meter. Evaluation preference is Cereal Wheat ($0.2 per kilogram), Rice ($0.31 per kilogram), Maize ($0.11 per kilogram), Legumes Lentils ($0.3 per kilogram), Fava beans ($0.3 per kilogram). From the result it is seen that Rice ($0.31 per kilogram) is got the first rank where as is the Fava beans ($0.3 per kilogram) is having the lowest rank. .Rice ($0.31 per kilogram) is ranked first and Fava beans ($0.3 per kilogram) are ranked lowest.