Reference Values For Body Composition Research Articles

Body composition assessment in a large cohort of Olympic athletes with different training loads: possible reference values for fat mass and fat-free mass domains.

To assess body composition by means of BOD POD in the large cohort of Italian Olympic athletes of many sport disciplines (studied at the same time), and to provide possible reference values for body composition in elite athletes. 1556 elite athletes, who took part in the selection procedure for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games for the National Italian Olympic Committee (CONI), were retrospectively studied. Body composition was determined using air plethysmography-based BOD POD. We observed that Fat Mass (FM) and Fat-free Mass (FFM) should be considered as two mutually independent domains in elite athletes. By performing Principal Component Analysis, we defined two independent main domains (respectively, representing FM and FFM), which presented different trends according to gender and static or dynamic exercise load. Lastly, we reported possible reference values for FM index and FFM index, respectively, representing the largest contributors to FM domain and FFM domain, and calculated as FM or FFM (kg)/height (m2). Our findings might provide a basis to optimize the practical approach to body composition in athletes, highlighting the importance of considering indicators of fat mass and lean mass "simultaneously" and not specularly, according to different sport disciplines as well. Moreover, these data might contribute to standardize reference values for body composition in elite athletes, with a view to potentially helping to monitor and guide training regimens, prevent related detrimental practices and plan cardiometabolic prevention and rehabilitation programs.

Reference values for body composition and physical fitness of young Brazilian elite soccer players.

Objective: a) to verify whether body composition and physical fitness should be analyzed by chronological age and/or maturity stage in young Brazilian soccer players and b) to propose reference values for the evaluation of body composition and physical fitness by maturity stage in elite soccer players. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out in 206 young Brazilian soccer players (11-16years old). The sample selection was non-probabilistic by convenience. Weight and standing height were evaluated. Body composition (BC) was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BC indicators [(percent fat (%F), Fat-free mass (FFM), Fat mass (FM) and Bone mass (BM)] were extracted. For physical fitness (PF), we applied the Flexibility (cm) sit and reach tests, explosive strength tests [Counter Movement Jump CMJ (cm) and horizontal jump HJ (cm)], speed [Speed 10, 20, 30 and 40m (seconds)] and Yo-Yo endurance level I test. Percentiles were constructed for BC and PF using the LMS method [L (Lambda; skewness), M (Mu; median) and S (Sigma; coefficient of variation)]. Results: The explanatory power between chronological age (CA) with BC was: FM (R2 = 0.03%), FFM (R 2 = 0.66%) and BM (R 2 = 0.62%), while between maturity status (MS) with BC were: FM (R 2 = 0.04%), FFM (R 2 = 0.71%) and BM (R 2 = 0.66). The explanatory power between the CA with the physical fitness tests ranged from: (R 2 = 0.22-0.62%). While between MS with physical fitness the values ranged from: (R 2 = 0.23-0.64%). Percentiles per MS (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90, P95 and P97) were proposed for both BC and PF. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown that the evaluation of BC and PF of young soccer players should be performed by controlling for MS rather than for CA. The inclusion of a non-invasive method to control MS by means of percentiles during puberty may contribute to the development of retention and exclusion of young soccer players, thus, they may have a better chance of achieving sporting success.

Reference values for body composition in healthy urban Mexican children and adolescents.

Given the increasing incidence of chronic degenerative diseases related to changes in tissues, the availability of diagnostic tools with greater accuracy in the estimation of body composition (BC) has become necessary. Interpreting the BC values of individuals requires reference data obtained from a healthy population with the same ethnicity, to identify individuals at risk for the development of negative health outcomes. Generate reference values (RV) of body composition (BC) for Mexican children and adolescents. This was an urban-population-based cross-sectional study of healthy Mexican children and adolescents. BC estimations by anthropometry, multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) where used to create sex- and age-specific RV by means of generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS). We assessed 2104 subjects, and after confirming a clinically and metabolically healthy status, we measured 1659 subjects aged 5-20 years, [806 females (49%) and 853 males (51%)] by anthropometry, MF-BIA and DXA to create sex- and age- smoothed reference centiles, lambda (L), mu (M), and sigma (S) values. We also built sex- and age-smoothed graphic curves for each variable of interest. We present valid RV and curves for BC variables estimated by anthropometry, MF-BIA and DXA from clinically and metabolically healthy urban Mexican children and adolescents. These RV are different from those reported for other populations, and therefore, should be used for clinical and research purposes involving urban Mexican children and adolescents.

Reference Ranges of Body Composition Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Its Relation to Tri-Ponderal Mass Index

Introduction/background Increased body fat is related to obesity and its comorbidities later in life. To determine the amount of body fat in children and adolescents, reference intervals should be applied. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a good tool for accurately measuring body composition. Methodology The body composition reference ranges in Korean children and adolescents were determined using nationally representative cross-sectional data. The performances of the body mass index (BMI) and tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) in measuring body fat were compared using the reference percentiles derived from this analysis. Results A total of 1,661 subjects (891 boys and men and 770 girls and women) were included. Age- and sex-specific percentiles and the corresponding LMS variables for DXA-assessed parameters for the whole body and the trunk were determined. The coefficients of determination of the whole body FM SDS and FMI SDS for the BMI SDS were 0.783 and 0.784, respectively, and those for the TMI SDS were 0.685 and 0.769, respectively. Conclusion Based on the reference values for body composition, the correlation coefficients of TMI for adjusted FM measured by DXA were comparable to those of BMI. TMI estimated body fat levels more accurately than BMI in this study population.

Reference values of body composition parameters for Vietnamese men and women.

Body composition parameters are linked to cardio-metabolic risk. However, high-quality reference values of body composition are scarce, particularly in Asian population. The aim of study was to construct sex- and age-specific normative reference values of body composition for the Vietnamese population. This study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation that involved 2700 women and 1459 men aged between 20 and 90 (average 48, SD 15) who were participants in the population-based Vietnam Osteoporosis Study. Whole-body composition parameters (e.g., fat mass and lean mass) and site-specific (head, arms, trunk, and legs) parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic Horizon). Reference curves for each parameter and anatomical site were constructed using the Generalized Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape modeling technique. Overall, 8% of women and 11% of men were classified as obese (body mass index ≥ 27.5 kg/m2). Most fat mass was deposited at the trunk (~50%), followed by the leg (~33%). Women had ~10% more body fat (relative to body weight) than men. However, whole-body lean mass was higher in men than women, with the average difference being ~13 kg. Moreover, men had more bone mineral content than women (2110 vs. 1600 g). We also provided a comparison of age-related changes in body composition parameters between Vietnamese and US Whites. These data provide gender- and age-specific reference values of body composition parameters for Vietnamese population. These normative values provide health professionals and the public with a resource for interpretation of body composition data.

Low Serum Vitamin D Concentrations Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in Mexican Children and Adolescents.

Previous studies in the Mexican adult population have suggested a relationship between low levels of serum concentrations of serum vitamin D with impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, regardless of the presence of obesity. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the factors linked to insulin resistance. A total of 533 children and adolescents from the “Reference Values of Body Composition in the Pediatric Population of Mexico City” study are assessed. Body composition, dietary, and lifestyle data are obtained. Serum vitamin D, insulin, and glucose are also measured. Associations are tested using multiple linear and logistic regression models. Approximately 90% of children and adolescents in this study have sub-optimal vitamin D levels (<30 ng/mL). An inverse relationship between insulin resistance and serum vitamin D is observed (OR (odds ratios) = 2.9; 95% CI (95% confidence intervals): 1.1, 7.2; p-trend 0.03). Low serum vitamin D levels are associated with insulin resistance in the pediatric population. The present study provides additional evidence for the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. Our findings suggest the supplementation of vitamin D may be helpful in preventing insulin resistance and subsequent diabetes.

Reference values for body composition and associations with blood pressure in Kenyan adults aged \u226550 years old

Background/objectivesTo develop age- and sex-specific centile reference curves for fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) adjusted for height in an adult Kenyan population and to investigate the association between FM, FFM and blood pressure (BP).Subjects/methodsMeasures of body composition from bioimpedance analyses and BP were collected in 1995 participants aged ≥50 years in Nakuru County, Kenya. Reference curves were produced using the LMS method. Multivariable linear regression models were used to test the cross-sectional association between body composition indexes and BP.ResultsThe age- and sex-specific reference curves for body composition (FMI and FFMI) confirmed that FFMI is lower in both men and women with increasing age. FMI declines with age in women while among men the decline starts after 70 years. FFM was higher in men (47.4 ± 7.2 kg) than in women (38.8 ± 5.5 kg), while FM was lower in men (17.3 ± 8.1 kg) than in women (24.4 ± 10.2 kg). FMI, FFMI and BMI were all positively associated with systolic and diastolic BP, and after adjusting for body weight, FFMI remained positively associated with systolic BP and the FMI remained positively associated with diastolic BP. There was no evidence to suggest that FMI and FFMI were superior to measurement of BMI alone.ConclusionsThese body composition reference curves provide normative data on body composition for older adults in Kenya. Further research should consider the prospective associations with health, including frailty-related outcomes.

Reference values for body composition by DXA of male and female subjects aged 4 to 19 years of Mendoza, Argentina

Reference values for body composition by DXA of male and female subjects aged 4 to 19 years of Mendoza, Argentina

Reference values of body composition indices: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

PurposeAn increase in the prevalence of obesity has been observed in children and adolescents. As remarkable changes in body composition occur with growth during the adolescent period, it is important that changes in body composition be monitored. The purpose of this study was to propose reference percentile values for body composition indices including body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents in Korea.Materials and MethodsThis study was performed using data from the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Body composition data were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The percentile curves of body composition indices were constructed by the LMS method.ResultsA total of 2123 children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years were included in this study. We obtained the percentile curves for BMI and body composition indices.ConclusionThe reference values for body composition from this study could help with assessing body composition in Korean adolescents.

Reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes.

BackgroundDespite the importance of body composition in athletes, reference sex- and sport-specific body composition data are lacking. We aim to develop reference values for body composition and anthropometric measurements in athletes.MethodsBody weight and height were measured in 898 athletes (264 female, 634 male), anthropometric variables were assessed in 798 athletes (240 female and 558 male), and in 481 athletes (142 female and 339 male) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A total of 21 different sports were represented. Reference percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th) were calculated for each measured value, stratified by sex and sport. Because sample sizes within a sport were often very low for some outcomes, the percentiles were estimated using a parametric, empirical Bayesian framework that allowed sharing information across sports.ResultsWe derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following DXA outcomes: total (whole body scan) and regional (subtotal, trunk, and appendicular) bone mineral content, bone mineral density, absolute and percentage fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean soft tissue. Additionally, we derived reference percentiles for height-normalized indexes by dividing fat mass, fat-free mass, and appendicular lean soft tissue by height squared. We also derived sex- and sport-specific reference percentiles for the following anthropometry outcomes: weight, height, body mass index, sum of skinfold thicknesses (7 skinfolds, appendicular skinfolds, trunk skinfolds, arm skinfolds, and leg skinfolds), circumferences (hip, arm, midthigh, calf, and abdominal circumferences), and muscle circumferences (arm, thigh, and calf muscle circumferences).ConclusionsThese reference percentiles will be a helpful tool for sports professionals, in both clinical and field settings, for body composition assessment in athletes.

New Reference Values for Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in the General Population: Results From the UK Biobank

BackgroundLow fat-free mass (FFM) is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in elderly and patient populations. Therefore, measurement of FFM is important in nutritional assessment. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a convenient method to assess FFM and FFM index (FFMI; FFM/height2). Although reference values have been established for individuals with normal body weight, no specific cutoff values are available for overweight and obese populations. Also, limited studies accounted for the age-related decline in FFM. ObjectiveTo determine BMI- and age-specific reference values for abnormal low FFM(I) in white-ethnic men and women free of self-reported disease from the general population. DesignThe UK Biobank is a prospective epidemiological study of the general population from the United Kingdom. Individuals in the age category 45 to 69 years were analyzed. In addition to body weight, FFM and FFMI were measured using a Tanita BC-418MA. Also, self-reported chronic conditions and ethnic background were registered, and lung function was assessed using spirometry. ResultsAfter exclusion of all individuals with missing data, nonwhite ethnicity, self-reported disease, body mass index (BMI) less than 14 or 36 kg/m2 or higher, and/or an obstructive lung function, reference values for FFM and FFMI were derived from 186,975 individuals (45.9% men; age: 56.9 ± 6.8 years; BMI: 26.5 ± 3.6 kg/m2; FFMI 18.3 ± 2.4 kg/m2). FFM and FFMI were significantly associated with BMI and decreased with age. Percentiles 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, and 95 were calculated for FFM, FFMI, and fat mass (index), after stratification for gender, age, and BMI. ConclusionsUsing the UK Biobank dataset, new reference values for body composition assessed with BIA were determined in white-ethnic men and women aged 45 to 69 years. Because these reference values are BMI specific, they are of broad interest for overweight and obese populations.

Body composition in Egyptian Turner syndrome girls

OBJECTIVE:This cross-sectional study was undertaken to construct the new body fat % curve and provide body composition reference data for adolescent girls with Turner syndrome (TS). They diagnosed cytogenetically by blood karyotyping and not treated with growth hormone (GH).MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study included 70 TS girls from age 13 years to age 17 years. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance. Smoothed centile charts were derived by using the least mean square (LMS) method.RESULTS:The new body fat curves reflect the increase of body fat mass (FM) from age 13 years to age 17 years. Body FM % of Egyptian TS girls was lower when compared with age-matched American untreated TS girls.CONCLUSION:This study presents the new body fat curves and reference values of body composition for untreated Egyptian TS adolescent girls. The present charts can be used for direct assessment of body FM % for Egyptian TS girls and evaluation for cases on GH treatment or other growth promoting therapy.

REFERENCE VALUES OF BODY COMPOSITION FOR ADULT FEMALES WHO ARE CLASSIFIED AS NORMAL WEIGHT, OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE ACCORDING TO BODY MASS INDEX

The aim of this study was to establish reference values for body composition as measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analyser (BIA) in adult females without any endocrinological and/or metabolic disorders, according to their body mass index (BMI) grouped as normal, overweight, obese and morbid obese. This study was performed in a total of 327 adult females. In addition to the estimation of their body weight, height, waist and hip circumference, their body composition was measured by BIA. The results were statistically evaluated by a computer program using ANOVA test. Together with the increase of BMI also the percentage of body fat and basal metabolism (BM) increased significantly, while the percentage of body water, fat free mass as well as lean/fat ratio showed a significant decrease. In addition, waist and hip ratio, percentage of body fat and BM showed a significant positive corelation with BMI. These results are recommended to be used as reference values for the studies on body composition, especially to predict the degree of body fatness of obese patients and also nutritional status of patients who need nutritional supports.

Body composition in the elderly: Reference values and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy to predict total body skeletal muscle mass

To validate the bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) model against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), to develop and compare BIS estimates of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) to other prediction equations, and to report BIS reference values of body composition in a population-based sample of 75-year-old Swedes. Body composition was measured by BIS in 574 subjects, and by DXA and BIS in a subset of 98 subjects. Data from the latter group was used to develop BIS prediction equations for total body skeletal muscle mass (TBSMM). Average fat free mass (FFM) measured by DXA and BIS was comparable. FFM(BIS) for women and men was 40.6 kg and 55.8 kg, respectively. Average fat free mass index (FFMI) and body fat index (BFI) for women were 15.6 and 11.0. Average FFMI and BFI for men were 18.3 and 8.6. Existing bioelectrical impedance analysis equations to predict SMM were not valid in this cohort. A TBSMM prediction equation developed from this sample had an R(2)(pred) of 0.91, indicating that the equation would explain 91% of the variability in future observations. BIS correctly estimated average FFM in healthy elderly Swedes. For prediction of TBSMM, a population specific equation was required.

Body composition in a cohort of Swedish adolescents aged 15, 17 and 20.5 years

To assess variables of body composition and identify their correlates in a group of individuals studied from adolescence to early adulthood. Cross-sectional results were obtained from 203, 149 and 106 subjects at the respective ages. Sixty-two subjects examined at all three ages constituted the longitudinal study group. A cohort of randomly selected 15-year-old adolescents from an industrial town in Sweden was studied by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and followed up at 17 and 20.5 years. Lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM) and total body bone mineral content (TBMC) were measured by DXA. Total bone mineral density (TBMD) was calculated. Information of parental educational level, energy intake and food habits, energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) was obtained by questionnaires and diaries. LBM, TBMC and TBMD increased significantly more in males and FM more in females, from 15 to 20.5 years of age. Body weight, height, TEE, PAL and the fathers' educational level and, at age 15, also gender were identified as significant correlates of the body composition variables. New reference values for body composition at ages 15, 17 and 20.5 years are presented and also a finding about an association between the father's educational level and the adolescent's body composition.

Antropometría y valores de referencia de la composición corporal por bioimpedanciometría, en la población adulta de L'Hospitalet de Llobregat

The aim of the present study was to assess the anthropometric variables and the reference values of body composition in the adult population of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, due to the lack of epidemiological studies on this matter in Spain. We studied 234 normal subjects, 134 males, mean age 41.4 years, and 134 females, mean age 40.7 years, selected from the census of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and representative of its population in sex and age. We determined anthropometric characteristics, body weight, height, body mass index, waist-hip ratio and body composition parameters: total body water, free fat mass, fat mass and body fat by bioelectrical impedance analyzer. Twenty-four males and 33 females were obese, and out of them 2 males and 4 women presented morbid obesity. The body mass index was higher either in males (p = 0.017) or in females (p = 0. 0001) in the last decades in relation to first decade, and in women was as consequence of higher fat mass (p = 0.0001). The waist-hip ratio was 0.93 (0.08) in male and 0.79 (0.07) in female, and it was high in males in the last decades. The present study points out the high prevalence of obesity in our city and the anthropometric characteristics and reference values of body composition in the normal population of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, remarking the high body mass index in the last decades, especially in women due to an increase of fat mass. The waist-hip ratio was high in males in the last decades.

Reference values of body composition obtained by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in preterm and term neonates.

As previously reported, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry provides reliable and accurate values for bone mineralization in piglets and infants, but overestimates fat content in small infants. The purpose of the current study was to determine an appropriate equation of correction for fat mass measurement and to establish reference values of body composition of preterm and term neonates. Fat mass and chemical whole-body fat content were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in eight piglets with a body weight between 1408 and 5151 g. The results were combined with previous data obtained in 13 piglets, and two correction equations were determined according to fat mass content. Close to birth, 106 healthy appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm and term infants were scanned by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to determine bone mineral content, bone area, and fat mass. Fat mass content determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was corrected using the equations obtained in piglets after which lean body mass was recalculated. Multivariate analysis showed that dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body weight was the best predictor of bone mineral content (r2 = 0.94), bone area (r2 = 0.95), lean body mass (r2 = 0.98), and fat mass (r2 = 0.84). Gender was an additional significant independent variable for fat mass and lean body mass. Body weight related curves of percentiles for bone mineral content, bone area, fat mass, and lean body mass, were constructed. In vivo dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry values of fat mass and calcium content estimated from bone mineral content were in accordance with previously reported whole-body carcass reference values in preterm and term neonates. Normative data of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry body composition for healthy preterm and term infants are provided and can therefore be used in research and in clinical practice.