Reference Fluid Research Articles

Mixture Equation of State for Water with an Associating Reference Fluid

Development of equations of state for water is challenging due to the structural transition to tetrahedral symmetry of liquid water at ambient conditions. Recently, the concept of associated reference perturbation theory (APT) was introduced. APT includes association in the reference fluid to the isotropic attractions. This allows for the structural transition of water to tetrahedral symmetry to be incorporated in the perturbation theory. APT was shown to give substantial improvements over standard SAFT approaches in the description of pure water. In this paper, we further refine this approach by including an associating reference fluid in the polar PC-SAFT equation of state. This allows for a more accurate representation of pure water thermodynamics. It is demonstrated that the new approach gives a substantial improvement in the correlation of liquid densities, hydrogen-bonded structure, and the second virial coefficient as compared to a standard polar PC-SAFT equation of state. The approach qualitativel...

Flow field investigation of high solid anaerobic digestion by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

High solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) is a promising anaerobic digestion technology. Homogenization and mixing mechanism are essential for HSAD's performance, but relative knowledge still remains poor. In order to investigate HSAD's mixing behavior, a novel flow field measuring approach was proposed as following. Firstly, laponite suspension was selected as the model fluid of HSAD digestate, because the rheological properties and material structure they displayed were highly similar. Then, water and polyacrylamide (PAAm) solution were chosen as basic reference fluid and another non-Newtonian fluid respectively. Flow fields of the three fluids under different rotation speeds were measured via Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The evolution of working fluids did induce consecutively the significant flow and mixing behavior of HSAD, because their rheological properties and complexity were getting progressively closer to the real HSAD digestate. Results indicated that the flow field of simulated HSAD fluid was quite different from those of water and PAAm solution, i.e. only the fluid around the impeller could be mixed in HSAD. Besides, increasing rotation speed could not significantly enhance the mixing area of HSAD. Thus, multilayer impellers arranged abreast were recommended for HSAD's mixing. Considering that HSAD's flow field had never been measured before, this study proposed a novel flow field measuring method for such opaque non-Newtonian fluid for the first time. The visualization of HSAD's complex hydrodynamic conditions was also firstly achieved in this study, and thus could further help improve the homogenization of HSAD.

Influence of the alkyl chain on the vibrational structure and interionic interactions in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ionic liquids

Owing to the structurally simple anion, neat 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (CnmimTfO) ionic liquids are potential reference fluids. The present study investigates how the alkyl chain length in the imidazolium cation influences the vibrational spectra and the interactions between the anion and the cation. For this purpose, IR spectroscopy is employed. The spectra reveal that the interionic hydrogen bonding is virtually unaffected by the alkyl chain. Significant frequency changes with increasing chain length, however, were found for the rocking modes involving the imidazolium nitrogen atoms. This was evident as a shape change of a peak that was previously assigned to CF stretching exclusively. Our results show that the NCH rocking signatures are notably strong and overlap to yield a complex spectroscopic behavior. From a spectroscopic viewpoint, TfO-based ILs are more suitable reference fluids compared to the common but much more complex bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide NTf2 compounds.

Modeling Thermodynamic Properties of Isomeric Alkanes with a New Branched Equation of State

In this paper we present an extension of the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) for branched molecules with a Lennard-Jones dimer reference fluid (SAFTD-LJ-Branch). The theory successfully predicts how branched architecture affects the attraction and repulsion between molecules. SAFTD-LJ-Branch takes a form similar to SAFTD-LJ with an additional parameter NB introduced to account for the branching effect. We propose an approach relating NB to the number of different types of articulation segments. The theory is used to study the effect of chain architecture on the thermodynamic properties of isomeric alkanes. SAFTD-LJ-Branch accurately predicts the phase diagram of pure butane, pentane or hexane isomers. Further, vapor pressures of n-triacontane and squalane are predicted without further fitting and shown to be in semiquantitative agreement with experimental data. Finally, SAFTD-LJ-Branch is demonstrated to be well applicable to mixtures as we model the vapor–liquid coexistence of binary alkane mixtures containing different hexane isomers and recover the experimental trends.

Density and Rheology of Tris(2-ethylhexyl) Trimellitate (TOTM)

This article presents new density data and some rheological studies on tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) which has recently been proposed as a reference fluid for viscosity at high temperatures and high pressures. The density data have been obtained with the aid of an Anton Paar DMA HP U-tube instrument, covering temperatures from 328 to 423 K and pressures up to 70 MPa, and they are aimed at extending the temperature range of previous results. They are also used to check the effect of interlot consistency of the density data for TOTM. The present density measurements are compared with previously published data. Rheological tests were carried out to complement earlier studies. Particular attention is given to the shear rate range of greatest interest for the proposed use of TOTM as an industrial reference fluid for viscosity: the tests include shear stresses up to 750 Pa and shear rates up to 4000 s–1 under atmospheric pressure. The tests were carried out using a Parallel Plate Rheometer AR1500ex10C4...

The opportunities of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of secretory otitis media

The article describes the method of in-life noninvasive examination of the middle ear structures in the normal condition and in the patients with secretory otitis media – optical coherence tomography (OCT). The authors present the opportunities of OCT in the identification of pathological exudate in the tympanic cavity and suggest the use of OCT in various measurement modes to improve the quality and informativity of the image. The article establishes the possibility of assessment of physical properties of the middle ear exudate (viscosity) based on the comparison of optical properties of the exudate and the reference fluid.

Resarch on the Key Techniques of CFD in the calculation of rowing blade

With a rowing blade is simulated, and the wind tunnel test resistance, resistance coefficient, lift, the lift coefficient and the pressure coefficient values are compared. And the influence on flow state of the different attack angles, calculation model is discussed, the calculation domain, the key link of grid, turbulence models, discrete format and so on have great influence on the calculation results. Considering the computer performance and the computational time, the study on the problem of the sub area division grid is the best choice, in to the grid refinement and unstructured grid has a certain advantage in the aspects of using computing core area; in the flow region is not complicated place can consider the appropriate grid density. Angle of attack and the state of different turbulence models on the numerical simulation accuracy of the greatest impact, the flow state is not complicated small angle of attack, the velocity vector diagram of the difference is small, but the velocity contours appear differences in change of position specific reaction speed, the convergence speed of S-A mode SST k-ω model fast; calculation of 40-60 degree angle of attack results is relatively poor, the calculation of RNG k-ε and SST k-ω model is close to the result of calculation. 70-80 degree angle of attack while the calculation of drag coefficient and lift coefficient compared with experiment data is close to the difference; 90 degree angle of attack SST k-ω model is a more ideal model. In the discussion of the computational domain can be chosen as the reference of the contents of the pressure coefficient. Computing grid and computational domain can be turbulent model, according to the above calculation reference fluid mechanics problems in the field of sports.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF THE ORE SUSPENSION SOLID PHASE PARAMETERS USING HIGH-ENERGY ULTRASOUND

Context. The authors have solved the urgent problem of controlling automatically the parameters of solid ore suspension aimed for conversion thus increasing the end product quality and facilitating the choice and adhearance to the concentration specifications. Objective. The research aims at developing the method of obtaining operational data as to iron ore characteristics while concentrating, namely distribution of solid pulp particles as to their sizes and estimated grade applying multi-channel ultrasonic measurements. Method. In order to solve the problem of controlling automatically the parameters of solid ore suspension, the authors suggest the method of measuring the intensity of high-frequency bulk ultrasonic waves covering a fixed distance in a measuring chamber containing ore suspension under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations and in case of their absence. The calculated correlations of the measured values make it possible to determine the parameters of solid ore suspension. Besides, while measuring we can observe the formation of gamma-radiation and low-frequency bulk ultrasonic waves in the ore suspension flow. It is possible to measure the intensity of gamma-radiation and lowfrequency bulk ultrasonic waves covering the fixed distance if the measuring chamber contains some reference fluid and the ore suspension flow under ultrasonic vibrations and in the absence thereof. The intensity of ultrasonic vibrations influencing the suspension flow is changed according to the relevant law. Results. The dynamic effects of high-frequency ultrasound provide a theoretical basis and a practical approval of the method controlling the solid phase of iron ore pulps in order to displace the particles of the required grain-size class to the measuring zone and to determine the grade in ore particles. The developed purpose-designed programme realizes a numerical analysis and graphical representation of simulation results of changing solid pulp particle-sizes under the controlled influence of high-energy ultrasonic radiation pressure. Conclusions. The authors have devised the method for controlling the distribution of the grade in crushed ore particle-size classes in the pulp flow by means of measuring the changes in the distribution parameters of high- and low-frequency ultrasonic waves as well as gamma-radiation. The method is different from the existing ones by the fact that in the course of measuring, the crushed ore particles of the required size and density are displaced to the measuring zone by exposing the pulps to the high-energy ultrasound influence thus increasing the measurement accuracy by 0.76%.

Viscosity of CO2-rich mixtures from 243 K to 423 K at pressures up to 155 MPa: New experimental viscosity data and modelling

Abstract The viscosities of three multi-component CO2-rich mixtures were measured using the classical capillary tube technique. The tests were conducted at pressures from 1 to 155 MPa at various temperatures from 243 to 423 K in the gas, liquid and supercritical regions. Correlative and predictive models were evaluated using the measured experimental viscosity data. The correlative model, i.e., Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC) model, was tuned to match the experimental data (CO2-LBC after tuning) and predictive models were modified by replacing the reference fluids. The predictive models in this work are based on the corresponding states (CS) theory models. The one reference fluid corresponding states model is the model originally developed by Pedersen which was modified by changing the reference fluid from methane to CO2 (called hereafter to CO2-Pedersen); two reference fluid corresponding states model is the Aasberg-Petersen (CS2) approach which was modified by selecting CO2 as reference fluid for CO2-rich fluids instead of n-decane which is suitable for hydrocarbons (CO2-CS2 model). The SUPERTRAPP predictive model, based on the extended corresponding states (ECS) theory, was also modified by changing the reference fluid propane to carbon dioxide (CO2-SUPERTRAPP). Comparisons for the investigated mixtures show that the overall Absolute Average Deviation (AAD) for the CO2-Pedersen, CO2-SUPERTRAPP, CO2-CS2 and CO2-LBC are 3.8%, 4.6%, 5.3% and 9.2%, respectively. Overall, the CO2-Pedesen viscosity model is the most accurate model when predicting the viscosity of the investigated CO2-rich mixtures. As the viscosity is a function of density, the effect of the mixture density on the mixture viscosity was investigated. Also, the viscosity reduction of pure CO2 due to the presence of impurities in each system was demonstrated.

Perturbation theory for water with an associating reference fluid.

The theoretical description of the thermodynamics of water is challenged by the structural transition towards tetrahedral symmetry at ambient conditions. As perturbation theories typically assume a spherically symmetric reference fluid, they are incapable of accurately describing the liquid properties of water at ambient conditions. In this paper we address this problem by introducing the concept of an associated reference perturbation theory (APT). In APT we treat the reference fluid as an associating hard sphere fluid which transitions to tetrahedral symmetry in the fully hydrogen bonded limit. We calculate this transition in a theoretically self-consistent manner without appealing to molecular simulations. This associated reference provides the reference fluid for a second order Barker-Henderson perturbative treatment of the long-range attractions. We demonstrate that this approach gives a significantly improved description of water as compared to standard perturbation theories.

Stability analysis of an electrospinning jet of polymeric fluids

The axisymmetric instability, which has a potential to cause bead formation along the fibers produced by electrospinning technique, is examined with the help of linear stability theory. The stability of a straight jet is analyzed under conditions corresponding to the electrospinning of two types of polymeric fluids, the PIB-based Boger fluid with low electrical conductivity and the highly conductive PEO solution in ethanol/water. For the former, the rheology is described by the Oldroyd-B model, suitable for unentangled polymers under weak elongational flow. On the other hand, the highly conductive polymer solution experiences a strong elongational flow due to very high axial electric force, for which the viscoelasticity is appropriately described using the eXtended Pom-Pom (XPP) model, the nonlinear rheological model for entangled polymeric systems. Contrary to previous studies, which oversimplifies the electrified jet as a cylindrical jet with uniform radius and other jet variables, we analyze the stability of the realistic non-uniform thinning jet as observed in electrospinning experiments. The stability of the thinning jet profile, obtained using the 1D slender body model, is examined by imposing non-periodic axisymmetric disturbances and constructing the spectrum of disturbance growth rate. The thinning jet is found to be relatively less unstable than the uniform jet, which is attributed to the stabilizing role of extensional stresses, in addition to the axial variation in surface charge density and electric field, present in the non-uniform deforming jet, but ignored in the analysis of the uniform jet. For both the reference fluids considered, the polymer addition renders the jet stable and thus, suppresses the bead formation during straight jet path of electrospinning. Also, the enhancement in fluid elasticity, characterized by the flow Deborah number, plays a stabilizing role for the thinning jet of Oldroyd-B fluid. However, for the XPP fluid, the fluid elasticity shows a rich behavior with a stabilizing effect for moderate values of Deborah number, attributed to stretching of polymer chain between the branch points, and a destabilizing effect for highly elastic fluids, due to strain rate softening. Increasing the strain hardening effect in the polymer solution, achieved by increasing number of arms at the branch point in the XPP molecule, tends to stabilize the electrospinning jet against axisymmetric disturbances potentially producing smooth bead-less fibers. While the instability in low conductivity fluid is driven by capillary forces, the instability in highly conductive fluid is an oscillatory conducting mode driven by the coupling of the surface charges and the axial electric field.

Quasichemical theory and the description of associating fluids relative to a reference: Multiple bonding of a single site solute.

We derive an expression for the chemical potential of an associating solute in a solvent relative to the value in a reference fluid using the quasichemical organization of the potential distribution theorem. The fraction of times the solute is not associated with the solvent, the monomer fraction, is expressed in terms of (a) the statistics of occupancy of the solvent around the solute in the reference fluid and (b) the Widom factors that arise because of turning on solute-solvent association. Assuming pair-additivity, we expand the Widom factor into a product of Mayer f-functions and the resulting expression is rearranged to reveal a form of the monomer fraction that is analogous to that used within the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). The present formulation avoids all graph-theoretic arguments and provides a fresh, more intuitive, perspective on Wertheim's theory and SAFT. Importantly, multi-body effects are transparently incorporated into the very foundations of the theory. We illustrate the generality of the present approach by considering examples of multiple solvent association to a colloid solute with bonding domains that range from a small patch on the sphere to a Janus particle to a solute whose entire surface is available for association.

A generalised perturbation-based equation of state for thermodynamic modelling of fluids over a wide range of density

ABSTRACTA new generalized perturbed thermodynamic nonlinear isotherm regularity (GPTNLIR) equation of state (EoS) has been proposed for the fluids over the entire density range from gas to liquid. The GPTNLIR has been derived on the basis of an effective nearest neighbor pair interaction of an extended average effective pair potential (AEPP) in the framework of the thermodynamic perturbation theory (TPT). The selected AEPP is an extended Lennard-Jones (12, 6, 3) type which considers the repulsive, dispersion, dipole-dipole and longer-range interactions between pair molecules, respectively. Based on the EoS, a non-linear relationship exists between (Z– ZCS)v2 and ρ for each isotherm of fluid, where Zis the compression factor, v=1/ρis the molar volume, ZCS is Carnahan–Starling (CS) expression for the compression factor of the reference fluid with the temperature-dependent effective hard-core diameter (σeff). The validity of EoS against the experimental p–v–Tdata were tested for a variety of fluids, including polar, non-polar, hydrogen bonded and quantum fluids. This EoS provides the estimation of σeff at T>Tc, T=Tc and T<Tc, in which Tc is critical temperature, for each real fluid using its experimental p–v–T data and the extension of TPT theory as well.

Evaluation of Property Methods for Modeling Direct-Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles

Direct supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycles are an efficient and potentially cost-effective method of capturing CO2 from fossil-fueled power plants. These cycles combust natural gas or syngas with oxygen in a high pressure (200–300 bar), heavily diluted sCO2 environment. The cycle thermal efficiency is significantly impacted by the proximity of the operating conditions to the CO2 critical point (31 °C, 73.7 bar) as well as to the level of working fluid dilution by minor components, thus it is crucial to correctly model the appropriate thermophysical properties of these sCO2 mixtures. These properties are also important for determining how water is removed from the cycle and for accurate modeling of the heat exchange within the recuperator. This paper presents a quantitative evaluation of ten different property methods that can be used for modeling direct sCO2 cycles in Aspen Plus®. Reference fluid thermodynamic and transport properties (REFPROP) is used as the de facto standard for analyzing high-purity indirect sCO2 systems, however, the addition of impurities due to the open nature of the direct sCO2 cycle introduces uncertainty to the REFPROP predictions as well as species that REFPROP cannot model. Consequently, a series of comparative analyses were performed to identify the best physical property method for use in Aspen Plus® for direct-fired sCO2 cycles. These property methods are assessed against several mixture property measurements and offer a relative comparison to the accuracy obtained with REFPROP. The Lee–Kessler–Plocker equation of state (EOS) is recommended if REFPROP cannot be used.

Co-Oriented Fluid Functional Equation for Electrostatic interactions (COFFEE)

In chemical engineering often functional groups like OH, CO, or NHx with an asymmetric charge distribution occur. Aside from polar interactions, such groups often show H-bonding interactions. The combination of both types is especially hard to describe with equations of state. This leads to the effect that including polar interactions for clearly polar pure compounds may lead to a worse description of mixtures containing this component. One possible reason for this behavior is that equations of state are usually based on perturbation theory that ignores the change in fluid structure due to interactions. This approximation is good for e.g. dispersive interactions, but is known to be bad for at least the gaseous phase of polar fluids up to moderate densities.The issue is addressed in this article by developing a perturbation theory around the target fluid rather than the reference fluid, as is usually the case. This makes it possible to include ordering effects into the equation of state and to calculate additional structural information in a fraction of the time used by typical methods like molecular simulation or integral equation theory. The perturbation theory is parameterized on the Stockmayer fluid’s structure and vapor-liquid equilibria, calculated from molecular simulation, and agrees quantitatively with them. It is verified on a second simple fluid, the shifted Stockmayer fluid, where the dipole is shifted along its axis away from the Lennard-Jones center. For this fluid also molecular simulations are performed for both structure and vapor-liquid equilibria. Both properties are predicted by the new equation of state and again agree quantitatively with simulation.The new theory is then applied to hydrogen chloride and shows improvements over models for existing theories. Namely, liquid density description is improved over a literature model for PCP-SAFT, where the dipolar nature of hydrogen chloride is considered, and vapor pressure description is improved over a literature model for PC-SAFT, where the weak H-bonding nature is considered. The number of parameters can be kept at three, as for the PCP-SAFT model, by using quantum mechanics results from literature for the dipole shift. The model shows improvements for the predicted vapor density compared to both models from literature. Aside from improving thermodynamic property description and prediction, the new theory allows the fast calculation of a fluid’s mutual orientation structure. This is useful e.g. for assessing availability of two reactant groups to each other, thereby allowing a better description of reaction kinetics. This has not been accomplished by any equation of state before.

Multi-parameter optimization of magnetorheological fluid with high on-state yield stress and viscosity

Magnetorheological fluids belong to a class of smart materials, whose rheological characteristics such as yield stress, viscosity, etc. change in the presence of applied magnetic field. In this paper, multi-response optimization of MR fluid constituents is obtained. For this, 18 samples of MR fluids are prepared using L-18 Orthogonal Array. These samples are experimentally tested on the in-house developed and fabricated electromagnet setup. The setup has been validated using a reference fluid. Yield stress of MR fluid mainly depends on the volume fraction of the iron particles and type of carrier fluid used in its preparation. An optimal combination of these input parameters with mineral oil as a carrier fluid and Fe 300 mesh (32% by volume) as an iron particle, oleic acid (0.5% by volume), and tetra-methyl-ammonium-hydroxide (0.7% by volume) has given the largest numerical values of on-state yield stress and viscosity of the MR fluid sample as 48.197 kPa and 573.0944 kPa-s, respectively, within the range of the input parameters. The yield stress of optimized MR fluid is higher than Lord MRF-122-EG fluid. Furthermore, a confirmation test on the optimized MR fluid sample has been carried out and the response parameters thus obtained are found to be matching quite well (with error less than 1%) with the statistically obtained values. This high value of the yield stress and viscosity can be used more effectively in the formulation and designing of MR devices requiring larger variation in the damping.

Assessment of thermogravimetric methods for calculating coke combustion-regeneration kinetics of deactivated catalyst

This work compares different methodologies for calculating the kinetic parameters of coke combustion, employed for catalyst regeneration, using thermogravimetric methods. A reference fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) spent catalyst was used as a representative example of the deactivated catalyst for the combustion runs, pre-used in the cracking of a vacuum gas oil at 773K and 3s. Three different types of approaches have been performed in order to obtain kinetic combustion parameters: (i) kinetic model-based, (ii) isoconversional and (iii) modulated methods. Additionally, a series of empirical modifications have been proposed to predict the kinetic behavior at different heating rates for the model-based approach. Using the best conditions and methods, the combustion activation energy of coke, deposited after the reaction mentioned, is in the order of ∼114, ∼156, and ∼162kJmol−1 for the kinetic model-based, isoconversional and modulated methods, respectively. The recommendations for measuring kinetic parameters are reported together with the benefits/disadvantages using the three mentioned approaches.

Microfluidic method for measuring viscosity using images from smartphone

The viscosity of a fluid is the most important characteristic in fluid rheology. Many microfluidic devices have been proposed for easily measuring the fluid viscosity of small samples. A hybrid system consisting of a smartphone and microfluidic device can offer a mobile laboratory for performing a wide range of detection and analysis functions related to healthcare. In this study, a new mobile sensing method based on a microfluidic device was proposed for fluid viscosity measurements. By separately delivering sample and reference fluids into the two inlets of a Y-shaped microfluidic device, an interfacial line is induced at downstream of the device. Because the interfacial width (W) between the sample and reference fluid flows was determined by their pressure ratio, the viscosity (μ) of the sample could be estimated by measuring the interfacial width. To distinguish the interfacial width of a sample, optical images of the flows at downstream of the Y-shaped microfluidic device were acquired using a smartphone. To check the measurement accuracy of the proposed method, the viscosities of glycerol mixtures were compared with those measured by a conventional viscometer. The proposed technique was applied to monitor the variations in blood and oil samples depending on storage or rancidity. We expect that this mobile sensing method based on a microfluidic device could be utilized as a viscometer with significant advantages in terms of mobility, ease-of-operation, and data management.

Autonomous Sensors for Measuring Continuously the Moisture and Salinity of a Porous Medium.

The article describes a new field sensor to monitor continuously in situ moisture and salinity of a porous medium via measurements of its dielectric permittivity, conductivity and temperature. It intends to overcome difficulties and biases encountered with sensors based on the same sensitivity principle. Permittivity and conductivity are determined simultaneously by a self-balanced bridge, which measures directly the admittance of sensor electrodes in medium. All electric biases are reduced and their residuals taken into account by a physical model of the instrument, calibrated against reference fluids. Geometry electrode is optimized to obtain a well representative sample of the medium. The sensor also permits acquiring a large amount of data at high frequency (six points every hour, and even more) and to access it rapidly, even in real time, owing to autonomy capabilities and wireless communication. Ongoing developments intend to simplify and standardize present sensors. Results of field trials of prototypes in different environments are presented.

Microfluidic system for monitoring temporal variations of hemorheological properties and platelet adhesion in LPS-injected rats

Sepsis causes multiple organs failures and eventually death. Changes in blood constituents due to sepsis lead to alterations in hemorheological properties, and cell adhesiveness. In this study, a new microfluidic system is proposed to measure temporal variations in biophysical properties of blood after injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into a rat extracorporeal model under ex vivo condition. To measure blood viscosity, the interfacial line between blood and a reference fluid is formed in a Y-shaped channel. Based on the relation between interfacial width and pressure ratio, the temporal variation in blood viscosity is estimated. Optical images of blood flows are analyzed by decreasing flow rate for examination of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation. Platelets initiated by shear acceleration around the stenosis adhere to the post-stenosed region. By applying a correlation map that visualizes the decorrelation of the streaming blood flow, the area of adhered platelets can be quantitatively attained without labeling of platelets. To assess sepsis inflammation, conventional biomarkers (PCT and IL-8) are also monitored. The increasing tendency for blood viscosity, RBC aggregation, platelet adhesion, and septic biomarkers are observed after LPS injection. This microfluidic system would be beneficial for monitoring the changes in hemorheological properties and platelet activation caused by sepsis.