Refeeding Group Research Articles

Impact of dietary restriction on development, mating, and reproduction in the natural predator Pardosa pseudoannulata.

Dietary restriction-influenced biological performance is found in many animal species. Pardosa pseudoannulata is a dominant spider species in agricultural fields and is important for controlling pests. In this study, three groups - a control group (CK group), a re-feeding group (RF group), and a dietary restriction group (RT group) - were used to explore development, mating, reproduction, and the expression levels of Vg (vitellogenin) and VgR (vitellogenin receptor) genes in the spider. The findings indicated that when subjected to dietary restriction, the carapace size, weight of the spiderlings, and weight of the adults exhibited a decrease. Furthermore, the preoviposition period and egg stage were observed to be prolonged, while the number of spiderlings decreased. It was also observed that re-feeding reduced cannibalism rates and extended the preoviposition period. Dietary restriction also affected the expression of the Vg-3 gene in the spider. These results will contribute to the understanding of the impact of dietary restriction in predators of pest control, as well as provide a theoretical foundation for the artificial rearing and utilisation of the dominant spider in the field.

Comparative analysis of energy homeostasis regulation at different altitudes in Hengduan Mountain of red-backed vole, Eothenomys miletus, during high-fat diet acclimation: examining gut microbial and physiological interactions.

The study aimed to explore the similarities and differences in gut microorganisms and their functions in regulating body mass in Eothenomys miletus across different altitudes in the Hengduan Mountains when exposed to a high-fat diet. Eothenomys miletus specimens were gathered from Dali (DL) and Xianggelila (XGLL) in Yunnan Province, China, and categorized into control, high-fat (1 week of high-fat diet), and re-feeding groups (1 week of high-fat diet followed by 2 weeks of standard food). The analysis utilized 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the diversity and structure of intestinal microbial communities in E. miletus. The investigation focused on the impact of high-fat diet consumption and different altitudes on gut microbial diversity, structure, and physiological markers. Results revealed that a high-fat diet influenced the beta diversity of gut microorganisms in E. miletus, leading to variations in microbial community structure between the two regions with different altitudes. High-fat food significantly affected body mass, white adipose tissue mass, triglycerides, and leptin levels, but not food intake. Specific intestinal microorganisms were observed in the high-fat groups, aiding in food digestion and being enriched in particular flora. In particular, microbial genera like Lactobacillus and Hylemonella were enriched in the high-fat group of DL. The enriched microbiota in the control group was associated with plant polysaccharide and cellulose decomposition. Following a high-fat diet, gut microbiota adapted to support lipid metabolism and energy supply, while upon re-feeding, the focus shifted back to cellulose digestion. These findings suggested that alterations in gut microbial composition, alongside physiological markers, play a vital role in adaptation of E. miletus to the diverse habitats of the Hengduan Mountains at varying altitudes.

Characterization of three lamp genes from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): molecular cloning, expression patterns, and their transcriptional levels in response to fast and refeeding strategy.

Lysosomes-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs), a family of glycosylated proteins and major constituents of the lysosomal membranes, play a dominant role in various cellular processes, including phagocytosis, autophagy and immunity in mammals. However, their roles in aquatic species remain poorly known. In the present study, three lamp genes were cloned and characterized from Micropterus salmoides. Subsequently, their transcriptional levels in response to different nutritional status were investigated. The full-length coding sequences of lamp1, lamp2 and lamp3 were 1251bp, 1224bp and 771bp, encoding 416, 407 and 256 amino acids, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment showed that LAMP1-3 were highly conserved among the different fish species, respectively. 3-D structure prediction, genomic survey, and phylogenetic analysis were further confirmed that these genes are widely existed in vertebrates. The mRNA expression of the three genes was ubiquitously expressed in all selected tissues, including liver, brain, gill, heart, muscle, spleen, kidney, stomach, adipose and intestine, lamp1 shows highly transcript levels in brain and muscle, lamp2 displays highly expression level in heart, muscle and spleen, but lamp3 shows highly transcript level in spleen, liver and kidney. To analyze the function of the three genes under starvation stress in largemouth bass, three experimental treatment groups (fasted group and refeeding group, control group) were established in the current study. The results indicated that the expression of lamp1 was significant induced after starvation, and then returned to normal levels after refeeding in the liver. The expression of lamp2 and lamp3 exhibited the same trend in the liver. In addition, in the spleen and the kidney, the transcript level of lamp1 and lamp2 was remarkably increased in the fasted treatment group and slightly decreased in the refed treatment group, respectively. Collectively, our findings suggest that three lamp genes may have differential function in the immune and energetic organism in largemouth bass, which is helpful in understanding roles of lamps in aquatic species.

Cloning grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) ccdc3 and its expression affected by nutrition state, insulin, and glucagon.

As an adipokine, coiled-coil domain-containing 3 (CCDC3) plays multiple physiological roles in fatty liver, lipid metabolism, and abdominal obesity. Grass carp was selected as the experimental animal in this study to investigate the roles of Ccdc3 in teleosts. Results showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of cloned ccdc3 was 831 bp and encoded 276 amino acids. Three N-glycosylation sites and a predicted coiled-coil domain motif were located in the identified Ccdc3. Moreover, a nuclear localization signal (NLS) was contained in the coiled-coil domain motif of the identified Ccdc3. The results on tissue distribution revealed that ccdc3 was highly detected in grass carp fat and brain tissue. In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the expression of ccdc3 increased remarkably in the brain, hypothalamus, and visceral fat in the glucose treatment group. In the fasting and refeeding experiment, the ccdc3 expression levels were remarkably reduced in the brain, hypothalamus, and visceral fat after 14 days of fasting. In the refeeding group, the ccdc3 expression levels were considerably elevated compared with those in the fasting group. In the induced overfeeding experiment, the ccdc3 expression increased remarkably in the hepatopancreas, brain, and visceral fat tissues. The ccdc3 expression in the primary hepatocytes was remarkably increased with glucose, oleic acid, and insulin treatment. However, ccdc3 expression was markedly decreased with glucagon treatment. In conclusion, these results indicate that Ccdc3 is involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism of teleosts.

Change and Regulation of Nutritional Metabolism in Silver Pomfret During Compensatory Growth.

Compensatory growth (CG) in fish is heavily influenced by nutrient metabolism. However, there are limited studies examining how nutrient metabolism is regulated during this process. For silver pomfret, an important commercial marine fish, it's crucial to establish effective starvation and re-feeding strategies to ensure good water quality and fast growth. To identify the complete compensatory growth model of silver pomfret, we conducted an experiment with a control group (normal feeding) and three starvation/re-feeding groups. We observed that the recovery of weight and condition factor in the 14-day starvation and 14-day re-feeding groups was significantly faster than other groups, indicating full compensatory growth. Thus, we selected this group for the next experiment. We performed untargeted metabolomics and transcriptome analysis of muscle tissue on Day 14, 21 and 28 (CG process), and examined the key regulatory genes of nutrient metabolism on Day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 (starvation and re-feeding process). Our data revealed that during starvation, silver pomfret first utilized carbohydrates and short-chain lipids, followed by proteins and long-chain lipids. After re-feeding, lipids accumulated first, resulting in rapid growth, followed by the recovery of protein content in muscle. During starvation, the expression of anabolic-related genes such as TER and CALR decreased, and catabolic-related genes such as TSC2 and MLYCD increased, promoting the AMPK pathway. During re-feeding, anabolic-related gene expression increased without AMPK inhibition. Our findings provide insights into the energy utilization strategies of fish and molecular regulation during compensatory growth in fish.

Structural characteristics of orexin receptor type 2 in Pacific abalone and its diurnal expression pattern after fasting and re-feeding

Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) is a typical nocturnal organism. To examine the circadian expression pattern of orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) and its potential effect on the feeding behavior of abalone, the coding region sequence of OX2R that is 1215 bp in length and encodes 404 amino acids was first cloned using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. A recombinant expression vector was constructed for H. discus hannai based on the OX2R protein, obtaining a recombinant protein with a molecular weight of 46 kDa. Polyclonal antibody was prepared with the purified recombinant protein used as the antigen, and the antibody titer of ≥512 K was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of OX2R determined using western blotting were highest in the intestinal tract (P < 0.05), but they were not significantly different from the levels in the pedal. Immunofluorescence experiments affirmed that OX2R was widely expressed in the columnar cells of the intestinal mucosal epithelium. To further account for the relationship between the onset of feeding behavior and the expression level of OX2R in abalone, the circadian expression characteristics of OX2R were analyzed by dissecting the intestinal tissues after three days of normal feeding and fasting and following the refeeding treatment. The expression levels of OX2R in the refeeding group were significantly higher than those in the normal feeding and fasting groups at any time point (P < 0.05). The cosine curve analysis revealed that the expression levels of OX2R lost rhythmicity after fasting. Based on the quantification of behavioral data for abalone after fasting and refeeding, the cumulative movement distance and movement duration in each group followed a significant cosine rhythm (P < 0.05), which is consistent with abalone's nocturnal ecological habits. However, the cumulative movement distance and movement duration in the fasting group were significantly lower than those in the normal feeding and refeeding groups (P < 0.05). The peak phases of the cumulative movement distance and movement duration in the refeeding group (ZT08:22 and ZT08:44) shifted backward compared to the normal feeding group (ZT07:33 and ZT07:39). The above results first identified the structural characteristics and circadian expression patterns of OX2R in the marine mollusk abalone, which may reveal the molecular mechanism behind the generation of a feeding rhythm in marine nocturnal organisms and serve as a tool helping to maintain the diversity of marine benthic resources.

Molecular Characterization of Grass Carp GIPR and Effect of Nutrition States, Insulin, and Glucagon on Its Expression.

GIP plays an important regulatory role in glucose and lipid metabolism. As the specific receptor, GIPR is involved in this physiological process. To assess the roles of GIPR in teleost, the GIPR gene was cloned from grass carp. The ORF of cloned GIPR gene was 1560 bp, encoding 519 amino acids. The grass carp GIPR was the G-protein-coupled receptor which contains seven predicted transmembrane domains. In addition, two predicted glycosylation sites were contained in the grass carp GIPR. The grass carp GIPR expression is in multiple tissues and is highly expressed in the kidney, brain regions, and visceral fat tissue. In the OGTT experiment, the GIPR expression is markedly decreased in the kidney, visceral fat, and brain by treatment with glucose for 1 and 3 h. In the fast and refeeding experiment, the GIPR expression in the kidney and visceral fat tissue was significantly induced in the fast groups. In addition, the GIPR expression levels were markedly decreased in the refeeding groups. In the present study, the visceral fat accumulation of grass carp was induced by overfed. The GIPR expression was significantly decreased in the brain, kidney, and visceral fat tissue of overfed grass carp. In primary hepatocytes, the GIPR expression was promoted by treatment with oleic acid and insulin. The GIPR mRNA levels were significantly reduced by treatment with glucose and glucagon in the grass carp primary hepatocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first time the biological role of GIPR is unveiled in teleost.

비만유도 흰쥐에서 반복적 절식과 운동부하가 골격근내 세포사멸 및 당수송체에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to rely on an extremely limited diet weight loss is a heavy negative effect on intracellular lipid metabolism and reduced insulin secretion induced by inhibition of intracellular homeostasis was thought to be a factor. For therefore investigate the physiological effects of exercise was conducted. Twenty-two Sparague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: high fat diet group(HF, n=8), high fat diet with repeated fasting and refeeding group (HFFR, n=8), repeated fasting and refeeding and exercise after high fat diet group(HFFR＋EX, n=8) and pair feding to HFFR group (HFFR＋PF, n=8). Diet-induced obesity was fed a high-fat for 8 weeks, and obesity intervention was drived by treadmill running exercise program or food intake restriction. As a result, through repeated food restriction were decreased body weight, body fat reduction and improvement blood lipid profiles. And when combined exercise training was confirmed this trend more pronounced(p.05). Furthermore, the expression of GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle decreases due to restricted movement, but it was confirmed to be increased through exercise training. Expression of apoptosis-related CHOP mRNA were combined exercise and dietary restriction significantly decreased. In conclusion, the results of this study, including obesity, diabetes and other metabolic syndrome disorders in a course of treatment being carried out mainly in the dietary restriction and exercise programs to the specific direction is expected to be present.

Starvation and refeeding influence the growth, biochemical index, intestinal microbiota, and transcriptomic profiles of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

Starvation is a common stress in fish that is caused by environmental changes, and refeeding after starvation is believed to cause compensatory growth. Here, we evaluated the impacts of starvation for 7 d, followed by refeeding for 7 d on growth, gut microbiome, biochemical indices, liver transcriptome, and immune response in golden pompanos (Trachinotus ovatus). Starvation induced hypoglycemia, reduced triglyceride concentration, and considerably affected the activities of glycolysis related enzymes, including glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and fructokinase 6-phosphate (PFK). Additionally, starvation for 7 d increased the concentrations of oxidative stress indicators, including cortisol (COR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT) and non-specific immunity parameters, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme (LYZ). parameters to normal levels. Moreover, starvation affected the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of T. ovatus. At the phylum level, the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Tenericutes, while the dominant genera were Brevinema, Haematospirillum, and Mycoplasma. Transcriptome analysis of liver tissues showed that the mRNA expression of GK, PK, and PFK, were altered by starvation, and the trends were consistent with the activity levels of the enzymes. A total of 2,287 DEGs were identified among the control, starvation, and refeeding groups. DEGs in starvation (ST7) vs. control (CK) groups were mainly involved in cell cycle, DNA replication, and mitosis, whereas those in the refeeding (RT7) vs. ST7 groups were associated with stimulus responses and carbohydrate metabolism. Overall, most starvation-induced changes in enzyme activity, intestinal microbiome, immune response, and liver transcriptome were gradually restored to normal after refeeding for 7 d. These data provide a theoretical reference for the farming of T. ovatus during periods of feed scarcity.

Hepatic metabolite responses to 4-day complete fasting and subsequent refeeding in rats.

BackgroundFasting has been widely used to improve various metabolic diseases in humans. Adaptive fasting is necessary for metabolic adaptation during prolonged fasting, which could overcome the great advantages of short-term fasting. The liver is the main organ responsible for energy metabolism and metabolic homeostasis. To date, we lack literature that describes the physiologically relevant adaptations of the liver during prolonged fasting and refeeding. For that reason, this study aims to evaluate the response of the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to prolonged fasting and refeeding.MethodsSixty-six male SD rats were divided into the fasting groups, which were fasted for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, or 96 h, and the refeeding groups, which were refed for 1, 3, or 6 days after 96 h of fasting. Serum glucose, TG, FFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, glucagon, leptin, adiponectin and FGF21 levels were assessed. The glucose content, PEPCK activity, TG concentration and FFA content were measured in liver tissue, and the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis (PEPCK and G6Pase), ketogenesis (PPARα, CPT-1a and HMGCS2) and the protein expression of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK, mTOR and SIRT1) were determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively.ResultsFasting significantly decreased the body weight, which was totally recovered to baseline after 3 days of refeeding. A 4-day fast triggered an energy metabolic substrate shift from glucose to ketones and caused serum hormone changes and changes in the protein expression levels of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules. Glycogenolysis served as the primary fuel source during the first 24 h of fasting, while gluconeogenesis supplied the most glucose thereafter. Serum FFA concentrations increased significantly with 48 h of fasting. Serum FFAs partly caused high serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels, which became an important energy source with the prolongation of the fasting duration. One day of refeeding quickly reversed the energy substrate switch. Nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK and SIRT1 but not mTOR signaling) were highly expressed at the beginning of fasting (in the first 4 h). Serum insulin and leptin decreased with fasting initiation, and serum glucagon increased, but adiponectin and FGF21 showed no significant changes. Herein, we depicted in detail the timing of the metabolic response and adaptation of the liver to a 4-day water-only fast and subsequent refeeding in rats, which provides helpful support for the design of safe prolonged and intermittent fasting regimens.

Myonectin in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Molecular cloning and effect of nutrition state, insulin and glucagon on myonectin expression

As an endocrine organ, skeletal muscle secretes multiple myokines. Myonectin, a myokine, participates in lipid and glucose metabolism. To explore the functions of myonectin in teleosts, the myonectin gene was cloned from the brain tissue of grass carp. The open reading frame (ORF) of isolated myonectin was 813 bp, encoding 270 amino acids. Grass carp myonectin has four predicted domains: signal peptide, N-terminal domain (NTD), collagen protein domain, and C1q/TNF-like domain. In addition, four predicted glycosylation sites and four conserved cysteine residues were located in grass carp myonectin. Myonectin mRNA was detected in multiple tissues of grass carp and was highly expressed in the brain region, heart and kidney. In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), myonectin mRNA levels were significantly induced in the kidney, hypothalamus, muscle and brain after treatment with glucose. In the fast and refeeding experiment, the serum glucose level was decreased in the fast group. However, serum glucose levels were increased in the refeeding group. The myonectin mRNA levels in the kidney, heart, brain and liver were significantly reduced in the fast groups. Moreover, the myonectin expression was markedly increased in the refeeding groups. In grass carp primary hepatocytes, myonectin mRNA levels were induced by treatment with glucose and oleic acid for 12 or 24 h. Myonectin expression was dramatically promoted by treatment with insulin. Moreover, myonectin expression was markedly decreased with glucagon treatment in primary hepatocytes. The results of this study will provide a basis for exploring the roles of grass carp myonectin in the future.

Overnight fasting affects avoidance learning and relief

ABSTRACT Objectives: prolonged fasting influences threat and reward processing, two fundamental systems underpinning adaptive behaviors. In animals, overnight fasting sensitizes the mesolimbic-dopaminergic activity governing avoidance, reward, and fearextinction learning. Despite evidence that overnight fasting may also affect reward and fear learning in humans, effects on human avoidance learning have not been studied yet. Here, we examined the effects of 16 h-overnight fasting on instrumental avoidance and relief from threat omission. Methods: to this end, 50 healthy women were randomly assigned to a Fasting (N = 25) or a Re-feeding group (N = 25) and performed an Avoidance-Relief Task. Results: we found that fasting decreases unnecessary avoidance during signaled safety; this effect was mediated via a reduction in relief pleasantness during signaled absence of threat. A fasting-induced reduction in relief was also found during fear extinction learning. Discussion: we conclude that fasting optimizes avoidance and safety learning. Future studies should test whether these effects also hold for anxious individuals.

The insulin gene as an energy homeostasis biomarker in Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus).

Insulin plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis and has the potential to be an indicator of energy homeostasis in the Yangtze sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus. In this study, the Yangtze sturgeon insulin (Adinsulin) was cloned and characterized. To evaluate the possibility of insulin as an energy state assessment indicator, quantification real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate expression changes in different tissues (the whole brain, esophagus, cardiac stomach, pyloric stomach, pyloric caeca, duodenum, valvula intestine, rectum, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, heart, muscle, gill and eye) from 6 fish (average weight 325.7 ± 22.3g) and in three experiments including postprandial, fasting and re-feeding, and glucose tolerance treatment in which fish were divided into two groups including a group that administered a glucose solution (1 ul/g body weight) and another group that administered sterile water as control. In these three experiments, 6 fish were sampled, respectively, then been used to evaluate expression changes of insulin. All fish in feeding groups were fed in tanks (60.0cm × 50.0cm × 40.0cm) with a commercial diet (crude protein ≥ 40%, crude fat ≥ 12%, coarse fiber ≤ 6%, crude ash ≤ 18%; TONGWEI CO., LTD, China) once a day at 16:00. The result showed that Adinsulin was highly expressed in the pancreas, which was the basis for the next experiment to use the pancreas as the test target. Adinsulin expression significantly increased 1h after feeding and decreased rapidly after 3h of feeding, but it was still significantly higher than that of the group without feeding (P < 0.01). Compared to the feeding group, the expression of Adinsulin was significantly reduced in the fasting group of 3days (P < 0.01), 6days (P < 0.01), 10days (P < 0.05), 11days (P < 0.05) and 13days (P < 0.01) and was no significant difference in re-feeding for 1st day, 2nd day and 4th day, but there was difference between re-feeding group and fasting group. After glucose tolerance treatment, serum glucose levels increased significantly (P < 0.05), accompanied by a significant increase (P < 0.001) in insulin expression. This study result shows that insulin has the capacity to measure the energy homeostasis of Yangtze sturgeon. Further development of detection methods for sturgeon plasma or serum insulin will avoid slaughtering animals and is more practical in energy homeostasis assessment.

Metabolic responses of hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus ) induced by different feeding modes: Effects on growth, serum biochemical indices, intestinal digestion and hepatic metabolism of glucose and lipid

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate metabolic responses of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus) induced by different feeding modes. The experimental groupers were divided into three feeding modes as follows: continuous feeding group (8 weeks, C group), prolonged starvation group (8 weeks, S group) and refeeding group (starving for 4 weeks + refeeding for 4 weeks, R group). The results show that prolonged starvation had negative effect on growth, yet refeeding caused compensatory growth (p < .05). Serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity decreased in S group; triglycerides and total cholesterol reduced in R group; insulin-like growth factor-1 and its gene expression both increased in S and R groups (p < .05). Both glycogen content and intestinal digestive enzymes activity decreased in S group (p < .05). Prolonged starvation caused decrease in hepatic enzymes activity of glycolysis and lipogenesis, while enhanced enzymes activity and genes expression of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis (p < .05). The glycolytic enzymes activity and genes expression improved in R group (p < .05), which may be a solution to compensatory growth. Thus, grouper performed more efficient and active glycolysis in the metabolism of hepatic glucose and lipid. Besides grouper obtained a certain ability to resist prolonged starvation.

SIRT3-mediated mitochondrial autophagy in refeeding syndrome-related myocardial injury in sepsis rats.

BackgroundMyocardial injury induced by refeeding syndrome (RFS) is one of the important causes of deterioration in critically ill patients. Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) has been shown to regulate mitochondrial autophagy in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, the role of mitochondrial autophagy on RFS-related myocardial injury in patients in critical condition has not been reported on.MethodsThirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 3 groups (n=10 each group): the control group; the standard calorie refeeding (SCR) group; and the low calorie refeeding (LCR) group. The rats were weighed every third or four days from day 1 to day 14. On day 14, all rats were anesthetized and received an echocardiography test. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected and tested for arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardiac troponin 1 (cTnI), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. The histopathological change of hearts and lungs were evaluated, and lung injury score was calculated. Mitochondrial autophagy related proteins (including Beclin1, LC3, mitofusin-2, Mfn2, PINK1, Parkin, and SIRT3) were analyzed using a Western blot. To evaluate the effect of SIRT3, 20 rats were divided into 2 groups (n=10 each group): The adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9-Nc) group; and the AAV9-SIRT3 overexpression (AAV9-SIRT3) group. The protocols for rats were the same as the SCR group since day 22 after injection of AAV9. The protein expressions of PINK1, Parkin, and SIRT3 were compared between the AAV9-Nc group and AAV9-SIRT3 group.ResultsSCR caused significant decline in cardiac contractility and increased inflammatory cell infiltration in myocardial tissue. Meanwhile, Beclin1, LC3, PINK1, Parkin, and SIRT3 levels decreased, while Mfn2 showed no significant change. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were also found between SIRT3 and P, PINK1, and Parkin, and significant negative correlations were found between SIRT3 and CK-MB, LDH, and cTnI. Overexpression of SIRT3 activated the PINK1/Parkin mediated mitochondrial autophagy.ConclusionsSIRT3 has an essential role in RFS-related myocardial injury during LPS induced chronic sepsis in rats, probably via regulating mitochondrial autophagy.

Immediate enteral nutrition can accelerate recovery and be safe in mild acute pancreatitis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ObjectivesThe effect of early enteral nutrition (EN) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) has been confirmed. In recent years, some researchers provided new strategy that immediate EN was offered after admission. The effect and safety of immediate EN was unclear because of the different results among studies. The study aimed to implement the meta analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to confirm the effect and safety between the immediate EN group and the early refeeding group. MethodsFour electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) were searched from inception to July 2021. Endnote X7.0 software was used to manage all the relevant citations. Then data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias for included studies were performed after initial selection and full-text selection. All statistical analyses were performed by Review Manager 5.3 version software. Results5 randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving 372 patients were included in the present study. The meta analysis revealed that immediate EN after admission in patients with AP could significantly decrease the length of hospital stay (LOHS) (Mean difference [MD] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41–4.72) and the intolerance of feeding (risk ratio [RR] = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.63–0.95), compared with early refeeding. But immediate EN couldn't significantly decrease the incidence of readmission after discharging (RR = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.12–2.27), the incidence of progression to severe pancreatitis (RR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.15–3.76), the incidence of complications (RR = 1.12, 95%CI = 0.50–2.49) and the values of C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocyte counts (MD = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.15–2.26 and MD = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.59–0.80), compared with early refeeding. ConclusionsCompared with early refeeding, immediate EN after admission could safely reduce LOHS and intolerance of feeding in patients with AP.

Exercise or Dietotherapy Is Not Better than Returning to a Regular Diet to Rebuild Lipid Homeostasis of Rats.

Our aim was to explore the effects of dietary and behavior interventions on lipometabolism caused by an unhealthy high-fat diet and the best method to rebuild lipid homeostasis of this lifestyle. Apart from normal diet rats, 34 rats were fed with high-fat emulsion for 4 weeks and then intervened for another 4 weeks. Eight of them were classified into high-fat control group, and 9 were sorted into high-fat diet with rice vinegar group. Meanwhile, 10 were put into high-fat diet in swimming group, and 7 were just for refeeding normal diet group. Then, the data of body weight was recorded and analyzed. Indexes of serum samples were tested by kits. AMPKα, HNF1α, and CTRP6 in pancreas, liver, cardiac, and epididymis adipose tissues were detected by western blot. According to our experiments, swimming and refeeding groups reflected a better regulation on lipid homeostasis mainly by upregulating the expression of pancreas AMPKα. To be more specific, the refeeding rats showed lower T-CHO (P < 0.001) and LDL-C (P < 0.05), but higher weight gain (P < 0.001), insulin level (P < 0.01), and pancreas AMPKα (P < 0.01) than high-fat control rats. Compared with rats intervened by swimming or rice vinegar, they showed higher weight gain (P < 0.001), insulin level (P < 0.01), and HNF1α, but lower of CTRP6. In summary, refeeding diet functioned better in regulating the lipometabolic level after high-fat diet. Whatever approach mentioned above we adopted to intervene, the best policy to keep the balance of lipid homeostasis is to maintain a healthy diet.

Effects of an alternating linseed oil-fish oil feeding strategy on growth, fatty acid restoration and expression of lipid related genes in black seabream (A. schlegelii)

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of an alternating linseed oil (LO) and fish oil (FO) feeding strategy in black seabream A. schlegelii (initial weight, 8.49 ± 0.01 g). Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic feeds were formulated to contain FO or LO, and used to enable three feeding strategy treatments termed FO (feeding the FO diet for 8 weeks), LO (feeding the LO diet for 8 weeks) and FO re-feeding (feeding LO for 4 weeks then FO for 4 weeks). Fish in the FO re-feeding and FO groups had significantly higher final body weights (FBW), weight gains (WG), specific growth rates (SGR) but lower muscle lipid content than fish in the LO group. In muscle, the FO re-feeding strategy restored eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid contents to 82.67% and 83.84%, respectively, of those in fish fed the FO treatment. In addition, the FO re-feeding strategy significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes related to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis and lipogenesis, including fatty acyl desaturase (fads2), elongase of very long-chain fatty acids 4a (elovl4a) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp-1) compared to fish fed the LO treatment. Similarly, the hepatic Srebp-1c concentration in fish in the FO re-feeding group was markedly lower than in fish in the LO treatment group. Expression of the lipid catabolism gene adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl) was up-regulated in fish in the FO re-feeding group compared with fish in the LO group. Overall, the present study indicated that a strategy of re-feeding FO following feeding LO for four-week promoted growth, mitigated lipid accumulation in muscle, and effectively restored muscle n-3 LC-PUFA levels in A. schlegelii.

Fasting and Refeeding Affect the Goose Liver Transcriptome Mainly Through the PPAR Signaling Pathway.

Nutrition and energy are essential for poultry growth and production performance. Fasting and refeeding have been widely used to study the effects of nutrition, energy, and related mechanisms in chicken. Previous studies have shown that geese have a strong capacity for fat synthesis and storage; thus, changes in the goose liver transcriptome may be different from those in chicken assessed with a model of fasting and refeeding. However, the responses of the goose liver transcriptome to fasting and refeeding have not yet been addressed. In this study, 36 70-day-old Si Ji geese with similar body weight were randomly assigned to three groups: control (ad libitum feeding), fasting (fasted for 24 h), and refeeding (fast for 24 h followed by 2-h feeding) groups. After treatment, eight geese per group were sacrificed for sample collection. Liver samples from four geese in each group were subjected to transcriptome analysis, followed by validation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction with the remaining samples. As a result, 155 DEGs (73 up-regulated) were identified between the control and fasting groups, and 651 DEGs (321 up-regulated) were identified between the fasting and refeeding groups. The enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways showed that fasting mainly influenced material metabolism in the liver, especially lipid metabolism; in contrast, refeeding affected not only lipid metabolism but also glucose and amino acid metabolism. In addition, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway may play an important role in lipid metabolism. In conclusion, fasting and refeeding have a strong effect on lipid metabolism in the goose liver; specifically, fasting promotes fatty acid oxidation and inhibits fatty acid synthesis, and refeeding has the opposite effect. The model of fasting and refeeding is suitable for goose nutrition studies.

Earlier re-initiation of enteral feeding after necrotizing enterocolitis decreases recurrence or stricture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo assess the effects of earlier vs. later re-initiation of enteral feeds after necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).Study designWe reviewed the literature to assess timing of enteral feeding after NEC using fixed effects models.ResultsThree studies met inclusion criteria; no randomized trials. After removal of Bell’s Stage I infants, the earlier refeeding group (<5–7 or median 4 days) included 79 infants and later refeeding group (≥5–7 or median 10 days) included 119 infants. Pooled analysis revealed earlier re-initiation reduced the incidence in the composite outcome of recurrent NEC and/or post-NEC stricture (OR = 0.27; 95% Cl = 0.10–0.75; p = 0.012). Individually, NEC recurrence (pooled OR = 0.34; 95% Cl = 0.09–1.29; p = 0.112) or stricture (OR = 0.34; 95% Cl = 0.09–1.26; p = 1.06) did not differ between groups.ConclusionsThere was no increase in negative outcomes with earlier refeeding after NEC. Earlier initiation of enteral feeds resulted in a significantly lower risk for the combined outcome of recurrent NEC and/or post-NEC stricture.