Redundant Conditions Research Articles

Redundancy can hinder adult L2 grammar learning: evidence from case markers of varying salience levels.

Grammatical redundancy is a widespread feature across languages. Although redundant cues can be seen to increase the complexity and processing burden of structures, it has been suggested that they can assist language acquisition. Here, we explored if this learning benefit can be observed from the very initial stages of second language (L2) acquisition and whether the effect of redundancy is modulated by the perceptual salience of the redundant linguistic cues. Across two experiments, three groups of adult native speakers of English were incidentally exposed to three different artificial languages; one that had a fixed word order, Verb-Object-Subject, and two in which thematic role assignment was additionally determined by a low-salient (Experiment 1) or a high-salient (Experiment 2) redundant case marker. While all groups managed to learn the novel language, our results pointed towards a hindering role of redundancy, with participants in the non-redundant condition achieving greater learning outcomes compared to those in both redundant conditions. Results also revealed that this impeding effect of redundancy on L2 learners can be attenuated by the salience of the redundant cue (Experiment 2). In conjunction with earlier findings, the present results suggest that the effect of redundancy on L2 acquisition can be differentially manifested depending on the stage of L2 development, learners' first language biases and age.

Do redundant graphical attributes reduce decision-making efficiency?

Multiple time-series graphs are commonly used for data visualisation, but few scholars have investigated the impact of graphical attributes on decision-making efficiency. This study explores the effects of graphical attributes of varying redundancy conditions on decision-making efficiency. Two experimental conditions were developed for the experiment: non-redundant (independent graphical attributes: colour, linear and marker) and redundant (combinations of two and more graphical attributes: colour and linear, colour and marker, etc.). A total of 60 people took part in both experiments and performed two tasks: maximisation and discrimination. The experiments revealed that the addition of attributes, such as colour, marker or linear, decreased response time (RT), but the combination of colour & linear & marker increased RT. This is more significant in discrimination tasks. We provide empirical evidence for the design of time-series data visualisations and encourage the combination of two of these graphical attributes, such as colour & linear, colour & marker or linear & marker, when conditions allow, to improve decision-making efficiency.

Exploring Semantic Redundancy using Backdoor Triggers: A Complementary Insight into the Challenges facing DNN-based Software Vulnerability Detection

To detect software vulnerabilities with better performance, deep neural networks (DNNs) have received extensive attention recently. However, these vulnerability detection DNN models trained with code representations are vulnerable to specific perturbations on code representations. This motivates us to rethink the bane of software vulnerability detection and find function-agnostic features during code representation which we name as semantic redundant features. This paper first identifies a tight correlation between function-agnostic triggers and semantic redundant feature space (where the redundant features reside) in these DNN models. For correlation identification, we propose a novel Backdoor-based Semantic Redundancy Exploration (BSemRE) framework. In BSemRE, the sensitivity of the trained models to function-agnostic triggers is observed to verify the existence of semantic redundancy in various code representations. Specifically, acting as the typical manifestations of semantic redundancy, naming conventions, ternary operators and identically-true conditions are exploited to generate function-agnostic triggers. Extensive comparative experiments on 1613823 samples of 8 representative vulnerability datasets and state-of-the-art code representation techniques and vulnerability detection models demonstrate that the existence of semantic redundancy determines the upper trustworthiness limit of DNN-based software vulnerability detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work exploring the bane of software vulnerability detection using backdoor triggers.

Input redundancy under input and state constraints

For a given unconstrained dynamical system, input redundancy has been recently redefined as the existence of distinct inputs producing identical output for the same initial state. By directly referring to signals, this definition readily applies to any input-to-output mapping. As an illustration of this potentiality, this paper tackles the case where input and state constraints are imposed on the system. This context is indeed of foremost importance since input redundancy has been historically regarded as a way to deal with input saturations. An example illustrating how constraints can challenge redundancy is offered right at the outset. A more complex phenomenology is highlighted. This motivates the enrichment of the existing framework on redundancy. Then, a sufficient condition for redundancy to be preserved when imposing constraints is offered in the most general context of arbitrary constraints. It is shown that redundancy can be destroyed only when input and state trajectories lie on the border of the set of constraints almost all the time. Finally, those results are specialized and expanded under the assumption that input and state constraints are linear.

The redundant target paradigm and its use as a blindsight-test: A meta-analytic study

The redundant target effect (RTE) is the well-known effect whereby a single target is detected faster when a second, redundant target is presented simultaneously. The RTE was shown in different experimental designs and applied in various clinical contexts. However, there are also studies showing non-effects or effects in the opposite direction. Our meta-analysis aims to investigate the replicability of the RTE. Herein, we focused on the clinical context within which the RTE has been applied most often and for which it gained particular prominence: The research on blindsight and other forms of residual vision in patients with damage to the neuronal visual system. The application of the RTE in clinical contexts assumes that whenever vision is present, an RTE will be found. Put differently, the RTE as a tool to uncover residual vision presumes that the RTE is a consistent feature of vision in the healthy population. We found a significant summary effect size of the RTE in healthy participants. The effect size depended on certain experimental features: task type, target configuration in the redundant condition, and how reaction times were computed in the single condition. A specific feature combination is typically used in blindsight research. Analyzing studies with this feature combination revealed a significant summary effect size in healthy participants predicting positive RTEs for future studies. A power-analysis revealed a required sample size of 14 participants to obtain an RTE with high reliability. However, the required sample size is rarely reached in blindsight research. Rather, blindsight research is mostly based on single-case studies. In summary, the RTE is a robust effect on group level but does not occur in every single individual. This means failure to obtain an RTE in a single patient should not be interpreted as evidence for the absence of residual vision in this patient.

Notes on alpha-cross-migrativity of t-conorms over fuzzy implications

Although Fang provided a systematic characterization of the α-cross-migrativity property of t-conorms over fuzzy implications, there are some faults in the results obtained by Fang, such as insufficient conditions, redundant conditions, false proofs and faulty conclusions. Thus we rectify those conclusions to remedy those defects in this paper. For the convenience of readers, we also present a table to show the correspondences between those faulty results obtained by Fang and the corrected conclusions.

LPPA-RCM: A lightweight privacy-preserving authentication scheme for road condition monitoring in fog-based VANETs

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), vehicles can upload current road conditions to a traffic management agency (TMA) to improve traffic condition. However, road conditions submitted by different vehicles may be identical, which brings an extra workload on TMA. Filtering redundant road conditions is a possible solution, but road conditions are usually encrypted. It is time-consuming to filter ciphertext. This paper proposes a lightweight privacy-preserving authentication scheme for road condition monitoring (LPPA-RCM), which adopts a lightweight equality test method on ciphertexts. This method uses Lagrange interpolation to filter redundant road conditions. In addition, there is only one Lookup operation of the Cuckoo filter to determine redundant road condition, which is more efficient than comparing all stored messages one by one. Finally, security analysis demonstrates that LPPA-RCM satisfies the security requirements of VANETs. Besides, performance analysis demonstrates that LPPA-RCM is more efficient.

Влияние дружественной и враждебной информации в условиях геополитического противостояния на экономическое поведение

The article considers a set of reasons for influencing the information field on an individual’s and a group’s economic behaviour in conditions of information redundancy. The authors proceed from the general hypothesis that the phenomenon of trust in the information source is at the heart of the data impact that causes rush demand. Based on analysing objective economic information and economic and psychological monitoring, the context of expectations and work with information is highlighted. According to the context, a working experimental hypothesis is formed that the subjective level of trust in sources of economic information correlates with increasing a brain activity in the frontal parts of the brain in delta and theta rhythms, as well as in functional asymmetry. On the basis of the experimental data, it is established that there is some relationship between the left hemispheric asymmetry when perceiving a source with a low level of confidence and a decrease in asymmetry when perceiving a source with a subjectively positive level of confidence. The individual’s attitude to the information source is positively correlated with the level of trust. The study result is a set of theses that fake news and information channels that do not inspire confidence: a) do not cause negative emotions in the information recipient, and therefore are not blocked as the information field components; b) contribute to a person’s inclination to continue tracking even the information that he obviously perceives as unreliable despite the data redundancy in general and his crisis state. Consequently, hostile and friendly information equally comes to the recipient, and the lack of trust is not a tool for personal rejection of its consumption.

Влияние дружественной и враждебной информации в условиях геополитического противостояния на экономическое поведение

The article considers a set of reasons for influencing the information field on an individual’s and a group’s economic behaviour in conditions of information redundancy. The authors proceed from the general hypothesis that the phenomenon of trust in the information source is at the heart of the data impact that causes rush demand. Based on analysing objective economic information and economic and psychological monitoring, the context of expectations and work with information is highlighted. According to the context, a working experimental hypothesis is formed that the subjective level of trust in sources of economic information correlates with increasing a brain activity in the frontal parts of the brain in delta and theta rhythms, as well as in functional asymmetry. On the basis of the experimental data, it is established that there is some relationship between the left hemispheric asymmetry when perceiving a source with a low level of confidence and a decrease in asymmetry when perceiving a source with a subjectively positive level of confidence. The individual’s attitude to the information source is positively correlated with the level of trust. The study result is a set of theses that fake news and information channels that do not inspire confidence: a) do not cause negative emotions in the information recipient, and therefore are not blocked as the information field components; b) contribute to a person’s inclination to continue tracking even the information that he obviously perceives as unreliable despite the data redundancy in general and his crisis state. Consequently, hostile and friendly information equally comes to the recipient, and the lack of trust is not a tool for personal rejection of its consumption.

Becoming flood insecure: Lessons from village level experiences in Tana Delta, Kenya

Floods affect the human security conditions of floodplain residents. The aim of this paper is to explore how residents of the Tana River Delta in Kenya become flood insecure. This paper utilises assemblage theory, particularly the principles of rhizomatic multiplicity to explain the concept of becoming flood insecure. It combines these rhizomatic multiplicity principles with disruptions to the pillars of human security which are becoming afraid, becoming wanting and becoming undignified and their composite conditions of human insecurity to create an analytical framework with which to understand becoming flood insecure. The study sources its data from Focus Group Discussions in 10 sampled villages in the Tana River Delta. The results reveal that becoming flood insecure is a rhizomatic multiplicity and that the pillars and conditions of human security that comprise it are heterogenous and interconnected. The results reveal the conditions of human insecurity in the Tana River Delta as personal, food, water, fuel, housing, health, environment, and political. They also reveal that while children become more flood insecure, they are also the most adaptive. Additionally, the results show that there are transitory conditions of human insecurity, food, housing health, to which people attempt to find local solutions and redundant conditions of human insecurity, political, health, water, personal and environment, to which people cannot find local solutions and public action is required.

PSYCHOLOGICAL SOVEREIGNTY OF AN INDIVIDUAL AS A REGULATOR OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO THE BOUNDARIES OF DIRECT AND VIRTUAL COMMUNICATION

In modern conditions of information and communication redundancy, IT technologies become a means of unauthorized interference in private life; a person tries to maintain a sense of ontological security by developing and manifesting sovereignty. The rapid development of the Internet has led to the fact that the problem of loss of privacy has become defined as one of the main risks of the information society. In the virtual world, the spatial understanding of boundaries is transformed and gradually loses its significance. The article presents a theoretical review of foreign and domestic research devoted to the study of psychological sovereignty of an individual in the aspect of regulation of communicative activity in relation to the boundaries of direct and virtual communication. In the context of the problems of sovereignty, the basic concepts reflecting the issues of privacy, psychological space, personality boundaries, personal autonomy are revealed. The relevance and practical significance of the study of the role of the sovereignty of social ties in the regulation of communicative activity in relation to the boundaries of direct communication and communication in the Internet space is indicated. The problems of safe communication on the Internet, the preservation of privacy, the sovereignty of an individual from the standpoint of the psychology of the subject are raised. The results of the study will contribute to the formation of value orientations regarding respect for personal space, preservation of sovereign existence in conditions of information saturation and risk-taking social existence. They can become the basis for the development of programs for psychological prevention and reduction of communicative deviations.

Matrix methods for perfect signal recovery underlying range space of operators

The most important purpose of this article is to investigate perfect reconstruction underlying range space of operators in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces by a new matrix method. To this end, first, we obtain more structures of the canonical ‐dual. Then, we survey the problem of recovering and robustness of signals when the erasure set satisfies the minimal redundancy condition or the ‐frame is maximal robust. Furthermore, we show that the error rate is reduced under erasures if the ‐frame is of uniform excess. Toward the protection of encoding frame (K‐dual) against erasures, we introduce a new concept so called ‐matrix to recover lost data and solve the perfect recovery problem via matrix equations. Moreover, we discuss the existence of such matrices by using minimal redundancy condition on decoding frames for operators. We exhibit several examples that illustrate the advantage of using the new matrix method with respect to the previous approaches in existence construction. And finally, we provide the numerical results to confirm the main results in the case noise‐free and test sensitivity of the method with respect to noise.

Redundancy configuration strategy and condition maintenance arrangement of converter valves for MMC-HVDC transmission systems considering both reliability and economy

The converter valve is a key equipment in the flexible DC transmission system, and in order to coordinate its reliability and economy, the redundant configuration strategy and condition maintenance arrangement of the converter valve are studied. Firstly, the reliability model of the converter valve bridge arm is established based on the half-bridge sub-module topology and k/n(G) model, and the Markov method is used to model the fault state transfer process of the converter valve bridge arm sub-module; secondly, for the condition maintenance problem, the impact of condition evaluation and the service age rollback effect brought by the maintenance are quantified, and the sub-module state difference caused by the maintenance is also considered, and the redundant configuration and condition maintenance Finally, the cycle time and average cost of condition maintenance under different redundancy degrees are derived by means of calculation examples. The results show that increasing the redundancy configuration can effectively extend the maintenance cycle and reduce the average cost. The strategy can provide a reference for the redundancy configuration and condition maintenance of the converter valve.

A method for determining elastic constants and boundary conditions of three-dimensional hyperelastic materials

Although there have been many studies on the identification of elastic constants and boundary conditions, it is still challenging to simultaneously estimate the unknown elastic constants and boundary conditions of a three-dimensional hyperelastic material under locally observed boundary conditions with noise. In this paper, a novel inverse method based on two different objective functions is proposed. The first objective function is constructed by a “dual fields” construction method, which utilizes redundant Cauchy boundary conditions (displacement boundary conditions and force boundary conditions) on the observable boundary. The second objective function is based on the gap between measured and calculated displacements of the observable boundary. The inverse analysis is conducted by an adjoint method and a linear approximation method based on the theories of continuum mechanics and finite element method to obtain the Jacobian matrices of the objective functions with respect to different variables. An alternating iterative algorithm based on Gauss–Newton method is proposed to minimize the objective functions. The proposed inverse algorithm is tested using nearly incompressible Neo-Hookean and nearly incompressible Mooney–Rivlin hyperelastic model in numerical experiments and physical experiments with a silicone-based tissue-mimicking material. The results of both numerical and physical experiments show the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method.

Redundancy can benefit learning: Evidence from word order and case marking

The prevalence of redundancy in the world languages has long puzzled language researchers. It is especially surprising in light of the growing evidence on speakers' tendency to avoid redundant elements in production (omitting or reducing more predictable elements). Here, we propose that redundancy can be functional for learning. In particular, we argue that redundant cues can facilitate learning, even when they make the language system more complicated. This prediction is further motivated by the Linguistic Niche Hypothesis (Lupyan & Dale, 2010), which suggests that morphological complexity can arise due to the advantage redundancy might confer for child learners. We test these hypotheses in an artificial language learning study with children and adults, where either word order alone or both word order and case marking serve as cues for thematic assignment in a novel construction. We predict, and find, that children learning the redundant language learn to produce it, and show better comprehension of the novel thematic assignment than children learning the non-redundant language, despite having to learn an additional morpheme. Children in both conditions were similarly accurate in producing the novel word order, suggesting redundancy might have a differential effect on comprehension and production. Adults did not show better learning in the redundant condition, most likely because they were at ceiling in both conditions. We discuss implications for theories of language learning and language change.

Genetic and epigenetic re-programming in the progression of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is portrayed as deleterious and redundant condition. Its point-by-point progression is as yet indistinct, albeit accessible proof proposes that perplexing cooperation between inherited tendencies, ecological variable elements, and contorted and heartless responses are the causes behind the advancement of IBD. Late disclosures concerning its innate characteristics have offered a huge effect on the muddled genetic reason, be that as it may, the perceived innate legacy. The components shed light on the overall contrast in malady. It is bit by bit uncovering itself. It is discernible to say, the epigenetic parts can interpose in the association between genetic characteristics and conditions, leading to accepting an essential job in the progression of the ailment. This review encompasses the late inherited and epigenetic disclosures and jobs in IBD, with consideration regarding epigenetic changes noteworthiness in ineptitude because of illness, development, conduct, and colorectal malignant growth (CRC) and its inert capacity translational applications.

A model of interaction in the digital age and post-modernism

Communications mediated by digital devices acquire moral, ethical and axiological significance. It is necessary to find out how live human communication is being transformed into the digital age. What communication model is typical for our time? Is culture being deconstructed or does it still retain the honorable right to generate meanings? Postmodern philosophy as a methodological principle can be applied to study the processes of transformation of the communication and technological landscape of our time. Modern culture can be described as mosaic. Like hypertext systems, it does not have a center-forming principle. In conditions of information redundancy, we are doomed to a constant search for values. Maybe in order to comprehend the meaning, we need to bring the process of disintegration of the text to its logical end, disassemble and reassemble it. Having designated the "absence" of strict meanings, come to a unified view of the world. Key words: text, hypertext, culture, postmodernism, communication

Static-feedback guaranteed cost control for linear systems with outage and loss of effectiveness actuator faults

This paper investigates the static-feedback guaranteed cost control problem for linear systems with actuator faults including outage and loss of effectiveness. Under the actuator redundancy condition, theoretical analysis shows that a static-feedback guaranteed cost controller can always be well designed to ensure that the resulting closed-loop system is stable with desirable quadratic performance. In particular, the feedback gain can be determined through the solution of a modified algebraic Riccati equation. Furthermore, extension to the system with uncertainties is further studied. Compared with the dynamic feedback controller, the static-feedback controller consists only of logical gates/modules and it does not require any memory element, and hence it is simplest in a design perspective. Different from the existing results, the severe and time-varying actuator outage faults can be handled very well by the proposed control strategy. Finally, simulation on a linearised reduced-order aircraft system is provided for verifying the theoretical results.

Signalling Three-Way Intersections: Is Redundancy Better Than Only Mandatory or Prohibitory Signs?

At intersections, drivers need to infer which ways are allowed by interpreting mandatory and/or prohibitory traffic signs. Time and accuracy in this decision-making process are crucial factors to avoid accidents. Previous studies show that integrating information from prohibitory signs is generally more difficult than from mandatory signs. In Study 1, we compare combined redundant signalling conditions to simple sign conditions at three-way intersections. In Study 2, we carried out a survey among professionals responsible for signposting to test whether common practices are consistent with experimental research. In Study 1, an experimental task was applied (n=24), and in Study 2, the survey response rate was 17%. These included the main cities in Spain such as Madrid and Barcelona. Study 1 showed that inferences with mandatory signs are faster than those with prohibitory signs, and redundant information is an improvement only on prohibitory signs. In Study 2, prohibitory signs were those most frequently chosen by professionals responsible for signposting. In conclusion, the most used signs, according to the laboratory study, were not the best ones for signposting because the faster responses were obtained for mandatory signs, and in second place for redundant signs.

Модификация метода Прони спектрального анализа многочастотных сигналов.

The issues of digital spectral analysis of signals were considered. The possibility of accurate representation of a complex discrete sequence in the form of a linear combination of multiple harmonics without attenuation has been proved and implemented. A finite algorithm modifying the Prony's method was proposed, with a guaranteed arrangement of the poles of the corresponding autoregressive model on the circle of a unit radius. A scheme of economization of the order of the model in conditions of data redundancy in relation to the estimated limited number of harmonic components of the signal was developed.