Reduction In Hematological Parameters Research Articles

Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic on toxicosis of ochratoxins in broilers

his study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic effect of multistrain probiotic in drinking water, prebiotic in diet and both of them (symbiotic) when afford with a diet containing ochratoxins and fed to broiler chicks from 1 to 35 days old. The criteria of evaluation include hematological and biochemical analysis, in addition to associated lesions. A total 150 Rose day old broiler chicks were separated into five groups that each one received different diets. Ochratoxicosis group showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in hematological parameters in comparison with probiotic, prebiotic, symbiotic and control groups. The biochemical analysis of ochratoxicosis group showed considerable (P<0.05) increase in the serum uric acid and creatinine levels with reduction in serum total protein, albumin and globulins. Pathological observations in kidney of broilers in groups 3, 4 and 5 revealed no pathological changes as compared with group 2 that showing necrosis of proximal renal tubules, severe congestion and lymphocytic proliferation. Spleen of ochratoxicosis group showing poor lymphoid tissue and depletion with necrosis of lymphocytes when compared with control and treated groups (probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic) that appeared normal architecture represented by white and red pulp with mature lymphocytes, also there are germinal centers in symbiotic treated group. Normal thymus architecture in groups 3, 4 and 5 when compared with ochratoxicosis group that showed necrosis in the lymphoid follicles and hemorrhage. Finally, it was conducted that the probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic are effective in the amelioration of toxic effects of ochratoxins. Symbiotic are more effect than probiotic or prebiotic alone.

Female pattern hair loss among Saudi women and hematological changes associated with it - case controlled study

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Female pattern hair loss is a problematic condition. The availability of a rapid indicator is crucial. The current study compared female pattern hair loss patients with healthy controls regarding hematological parameters and vitamin D levels.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> We included 78 females with female pattern hair loss and 50 healthy subjects in the control group. We collected a detailed medical history and performed a systematic clinical examination. Blood samples were collected including complete blood count, serum ferritin, and vitamin D.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A significant increase in positive family history and acne among the study than the control group. Most patients had mild disease (55.1%). Female pattern hair loss was significantly associated with a reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, serum ferritin and serum vitamin D. Among the patient’s group, the disease severity was positively correlated with disease duration and patient age. The correlation with duration was moderate (r=0.366). The disease duration was positively correlated with body mass index and negatively correlated with red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red cell indices, ferritin and vitamin D. Disease duration was also inversely correlated with vitamin D levels.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Family history, body mass index, acne, hirsutism and irregular period were high among Saudi women. The disease was moderately severe. FPHL was associated with a significant reduction in hematological parameters and lower serum ferritin that indicated iron deficiency could play a crucial role in the development or progression of the disease. As a preventable etiology, restoring iron stores may provide at least an adjunct therapeutic option.</p>

Hemato-biochemical responses and histopathological alterations in the gill and kidney tissues of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) exposed to different sub-lethal unionized ammonia

Ammonia is a factor restricting production in aquaculture systems, hindering fish production adversely. A detailed study was planned and conducted using a static water system to scrutinize the toxic effects of unionized ammonia (UIA) on patho-physiological responses of O. belangeri, an important aquaculture candidate for diversification of freshwater aquaculture and endangered species, when exposed to different sub-lethal concentrations of UIA. The 96-h LC50 value of UIA on O. belangeri was found to be 1.36 mg l−1. The sub-lethal toxicity test with three UIA concentrations, i.e., 0.27, 0.68, and 0.80 mg l−1 at different exposure period of 24, 48, 72, and 96-h revealed that exposure to UIA induced a significant reduction in hematological parameters, such as total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct). Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) also substantially declined due to UIA exposure. Among biochemical parameters, blood glucose, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and Na+ and K+ ion increased significantly. In contrast, serum protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum albumin notably decreased due to ammonia exposure. Fish exposed to different UIA concentrations for 96-h displayed several histopathologic alterations in the gill and kidney tissues. Gill tissues showed several lamellar deformations, while kidney tissues showed significant changes at the level of the glomerulus and tubular epithelium. The NOEL or safe concentration of UIA for this particular fish species was found to be 0.07 mg l−1. The observed patho-physiological alterations in the present study establish the most detail insights of UIA stress in O. belangeri and will enhance the international literature on UIA toxicity.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) presents a safe and effective anti-fatigue profile in patients with chronic kidney disease: A randomized, double-blind, three-arm, controlled clinical trial

The effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana) supplementation in capsules, for 30 days, were evaluated for the following dosages: placebo, 200 mg/day, and 400 mg/day. Clinical symptomatology, hematological, biochemical, and renal function parameters were evaluated in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialytic treatment. Most patients in the groups of 200 mg/day and 400 mg/day of guarana reported increased mood/energy, decreased fatigue, and increased appetite. The rate of patients reporting increased headache, insomnia, gastric discomfort, and nausea/vomiting was higher in the 400 mg/day group, while most patients in the placebo group and 200 mg/day of guarana group did not report any changes. The 200 mg/day and 400 mg/day groups had higher hemoglobin and hematocrit values after 30 days of supplementation when compared to the placebo group. Additionally, a reduction in hematological parameters and increase in glucose were seen in the placebo group. Guarana, especially at a dosage of 200 mg/day, is safe and effective in improving clinical symptoms and maintaining hemoglobin and hematocrit values.

Toxicology of solvent extract and fractions of Alstonia boonei (DC.) Wild stem bark in Rats

Introduction: Toxic effects arising from the use of medicinal herbs have been frequently overshadowed by the therapeutic efficacy of phytomedicines. This study was carried out to assess the safety of extract and fractions of Alstonia boonei (de wild) stem bark, popularly used in the treatment of malaria especially in Africa. Methods: Rats were orally exposed to different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) of methanol extract (ME), n-hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), ethylacetate (EF) and aqueous fractions (AF) of A. boonei for 7 days. Furthermore, 10 mg/ kg body weight (bw) of chloroquine (CQN) was administered as standard drug for 7 days while, 5% tween 80 (TT) and distilled water (TW) were administered as control for 7 days. Group I (treatment group) was sacrificed after 7 days while group II (recovery group) was left for 21 days to recover and thereafter sacrificed. The effects of treatment and recovery were analyzed using serum biomarkers, hematological parameters and tissue histopathological evaluation. Results: There was reduction in hematological parameters after 7 days but recovered after 21 days. There was also increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), after 7 days. Compared to TW and TT treated groups, histopathological scores of liver and kidney were critical for all groups at 400 mg/kg bw after 21 days. Conclusion: The animals did not fully recover after 21 days, suggesting that 400 mg/kg bw of extract and fractions of A. boonei were both hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Hence this plant should be used with cautious.

Effects of Fullerene C60 and Fruit Extract of Balanites aegyptiaca Plant on the Nephrotoxicity and Hematotoxicity Induced by Doxorubicin in Diabetic Male Albino Rats.

There was a relationship between hyperglycemia and pharmakinetic of toxicity of doxorubicin that leads to increasing oxidative stress on cells. This study was aimed to detect the curative effect of some antioxidants drugs (fullerene C60 and mesocarp fruit extract of Balanites aegyptaica) on the hematological and biochemical of kidney function parameters after induced by diabetes and toxicity with doxorubicin on the rats. nine groups of adult male albino rats were established (n= 8). The first group (Gp. 1) was served as a normal group. Gp. 2 was injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) with by streptozotocin at a single dose (45 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats (Gp. 3)were injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) with doxorubicin at the dose (5mg/kg body weight)for three days.Diabetic rats (Gp. 4) was given orally fullerene C60 daily at the dose (4 mg/kg body weight).Diabetic rats (Gp. 5) treated orally bymesocarp fruit extract of Balanites aegyptaicaat dose (1.5ml/kg. body weight). Diabetic rats(Gp. 6) treated orally with fullerene C60 plus mesocarp fruit extract of Balanites aegyptaica. Diabetic rats (Gp. 7) intoxicated DOX treated orally with fullerene C60. Diabetic rats (Gp. 8) intoxicated DOX treated orally with mesocarp fruit extract of Balanites aegyptaica. Diabetic rats (Gp. 9) treated orally with fullerene C60 plus mesocarp fruit extract of Balanites aegyptaica. Whole blood and serum were collected for hematological and biochemical of kidney functions examinations, respectively. Diabetes induces, hematotoxicity was determined by a highly significant decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), blood Platelets (PLTs), haemoglobin (Hb) and PCV value, as well as nephropathy was determined by a highly significant increase in creatinne, urea and uric acid. diabetic rats intoxicated DOX showed the reduction in hematological parameters, also, there were a highly significant increase in kidney function parameters. Fullerene C60 and mesocarp fruit extract of Balanites aegyptaica meliorated hematological and kidney functions indices. It could be concluded that Fullerene C60 and Balanites aegyptiaca, clarified a modulatory role against the cellular damage produced by oxidative stress.

Safety evaluation of the administration of stem bark extract and fractions of Alstonia boonei in the treatment of malaria

Aim: This study was carried out to assess the safety of extract and fractions of Alstonia boonei (de wild) stem bark extract. Materials and Methods: Rats were grouped and treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (mg/kgbw) of methanol extract (ME), n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, aqueous fractions (HF, CF, EF and AF respectively) of A. boonei, 5 kgbw chloroquine (CQN), 5% tween 80 (TT) and water (TW) for 7 days. Group I (treatment group) was sacrificed after 7 days while group II (recovery group) was left for 21 days to recover and thereafter sacrificed. The effects of treatment and recovery were analysed using serum biomarkers, hematological parameters and tissue histopathological evaluation. Results: There was reduction in hematological parameters after 7 days but recovered after 21 days. There was also increase in serum marker enzymes after 7 days but reduced after 21 days. Compare to TW and TT treated groups, histopathological score of liver and kidney was critical for all groups at 400 mg/kgbw after 21 days. Conclusion: The animals did not fully recover after 21 days, suggesting that 400 mg/kgbw of extract and fractions of A. boonei were both hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.

The Mammalian Toxicological Hazards of Petroleum-Derived Substances

Petroleum-derived substances are complex and composed of aliphatic (normal-, iso-, and cycloparaffins), olefinic, and/or aromatic constituents. Approximately 400 of these complex substances were evaluated as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency voluntary High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge program. The substances were separated into 13 groups (categories), and all available data were assessed. Toxicology testing was conducted as necessary to fully address the end points encompassed by the HPV initiative. In a broad sense, volatile hydrocarbons may cause acute central nervous system effects, and those that are liquids at room temperature pose aspiration hazards if taken into the lungs as liquids and may also cause skin irritation. Higher boiling substances may contain polycyclic aromatic constituents (PACs) that can be mutagenic and carcinogenic and may also cause developmental effects. Substances containing PACs can also cause target organ and developmental effects. The effects of aliphatic constituents include liver enlargement and/or renal effects in male rats via an α-2u-globulin-mediated process and, in some cases, small but statistically significant reductions in hematological parameters. Crude oils may contain other constituents, particularly sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, which are removed during refining. Aside from these more generic considerations, some specific petroleum substances may contain unusually toxic constituents including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and/or n-hexane, which should also be taken into account if present at toxicologically relevant levels.

Characterization of the Noncancer Hazards of Gas Oils

Gas oils, used to manufacture diesel fuel and residential heating oil, are complex hydrocarbon substances with carbon numbers of C9-C30 and boiling ranges of approximately 150 °C to 450 °C. Target organ (liver enlargement, reduced thymus weights, and reductions in hematological parameters) and developmental (reduced fetal viability, increased resorption frequency, and reduced fetal weights) effects are associated with aromatic constituents present in some gas oils. Two types of gas oils were tested for repeated-dose and developmental toxicity following repeated dermal administration. A blend of commercial diesel fuels containing 26% aromatics, primarily single-ring compounds, did not cause either target organ or developmental effects at levels up to 600 mg/kg/d. "Cracked" gas oils containing higher levels of aromatic constituents were also tested. Because of limited sample availability, 2 cracked gas oil samples were tested, one for systemic effects and the other for developmental toxicity. The sample tested in the repeated-dose toxicity study (81% aromatics including approximately 10% 3-ring compounds) produced increased liver weights, reduced thymus weights, and reductions in hematological parameters. The overall no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 100 mg/kg/d. The sample tested for developmental toxicity (65% aromatics including approximately 5% 3-ring compounds) resulted in significant reductions in fetal survival, significant increases in resorption frequency, and significant reductions in fetal weights with an overall NOAEL of 100 mg/kg/d. In summary, gas oils may or may not cause target organ and/or developmental effects depending on the levels and types of aromatic constituents that they contain.

The Toxicological Effects of Heavy Fuel Oil Category Substances

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) category substances are used to manufacture HFO, a product used in industrial boilers and marine diesel engines. Commercial HFOs and blending stream components are substances of complex and variable composition, composed of C20 to >C50 hydrocarbons, although lower molecular weight material may be added to reduce viscosity and improve flow characteristics. An HFO blending stream (catalytically cracked clarified oil [CCCO]) was tested for target organ and developmental toxicity in rats following repeated dermal administration at doses of 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/d. In the repeated dose study, there was evidence of increased liver weights, reduced thymus weights, and reductions in hematological parameters with an overall no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg/d. In the developmental toxicity test, there were significant reductions in fetal survival, significant increases in resorption frequency, and significantly reduced fetal weights with an overall NOAEL of 5 mg/kg/d. These target organ and developmental effects are associated with the types and levels of aromatic constituents in these substances. Among HFO blending streams, CCCOs have the highest levels of aromatics and, because they produce the characteristic toxicological effects at the lowest levels, are considered as "reasonable worst-case examples" for this group of substances. Other HFO category members with lower levels of aromatics produce similar effects but have higher NOAELs. The potential for target organ and developmental effects of other HFO category members can be predicted from information on the types and levels of the aromatic constituents present in these substances.

The sub-chronic toxicity in rats of isoparaffinic solvents

Results from a 13-week inhalation study in rats on a C10–C12 isoparaffinic solvent are compared to the results of repeated inhalation and oral toxicity studies of four other isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvents. Statistically significant findings which were consistent across all studies included: nephropathy and small but significant changes in hematological parameters in male rats and liver enlargement in both male and female rats. The male rat kidney changes were due to an alpha 2u globulin process and not relevant for human health or risk assessment. The liver enlargement without pathologic changes or elevations in liver enzyme markers was considered to be an adaptive response. The reason for the reductions in hematological parameters that were observed in males only is not clear, but it is suggested that these were either due to normal variation or a secondary consequence of the nephropathy. The overall No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration (NOAEC) was the highest concentration tested in the study, >10,000mg/m3. Because of the overall pattern of response, this solvent is considered to be representative of low aromatic C9–C14 aliphatic solvents in general. The data are useful for risk assessment and other purposes including the development of occupational exposure recommendations.

Chronic toxicity and oncogenic dose–response effects of lifetime oral acrylonitrile exposure to Fischer 344 rats

Acrylonitrile (AN) was administered in the drinking water for approximately 2 years to groups of 100 male and 100 female Fischer 344 rats at nominal concentrations of 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 ppm. Two groups, each of 100 males and 100 females, were used as untreated controls. Average daily intake was 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, 2.5 or 8.4 mg AN per kg body weight per day, respectively, for treated male rats and 0.1, 0.4, 1.3, 3.7, or 10.9 mg AN per kg per body weight per day, respectively, for dosed females. Clinical biochemistry, interim necropsies, organ weights and microscopic evaluation of tissues and organs were performed on groups of ten rats per sex per group at months 6, 12, and 18 and at study termination. Females were sacrificed in the 24th month and males were terminated after 26 months of dosing. A consistent decrease in survival, lower body weight and reduced water intake, as well as small reductions in hematological parameters, were observed in both sexes of the 100 ppm group. Elevated numbers of early deaths were observed in groups of males receiving 10 ppm AN and females receiving 30 ppm AN. Organ:body weight ratios at various study intervals were consistently elevated in the high dose group and likely were related to lower body weights. At these same intervals, mean absolute weights were either comparable to controls or only slightly elevated and few changes in weight ratios were seen when organ weights were compared with brain weights. No biochemical changes suggested a treatment-related effect. An increase in urine specific gravity in 100 ppm male rats was reflective of a decrease in liquid intake at this level. The only significant non-neoplastic finding observed histologically was a dose-related increase in hyperplasia/hyperkeratosis in squamous cells of the forestomach in male and female rats given 3 ppm and higher AN. This observation correlated with the induction of treatment-related squamous cell tumors (papillomas and carcinomas) of the forestomach seen primarily in rats at 3 ppm AN and higher. Mammary gland carcinomas were observed only in female groups. Both sexes given 10 ppm AN or more in their drinking water for their lifetime had astrocytomas of the brain/spinal cord and adenomas/carcinomas of the Zymbal's gland.