Solid Waste Reduction Research Articles

Towards carbon sequestration using stainless steel slag via phase modification and co-extraction of calcium and magnesium

Iron– and steelmaking processes produce a large quantities of greenhouse gas and metallurgical slag. Using Ca/Mg–rich phases in the slag to capture and bind the CO2 via mineral carbonation is a promising approach to reduction of emissions and solid wastes to be landfilled. However, Cr–bearing stainless steel slag (SSS) cannot straightforwardly be employed for carbon capture and storage (CCS) or rather carbon capture and utilization (CCU). For the dual–purpose of chromium immobilization and co–extraction of calcium and magnesium, a slag modification using added MnO is performed followed by an acid leaching treatment. Results show that the MnO content has a significant influence on the phase composition and element distribution of SSS. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) based acid leaching treatment of SSS is investigated and optimized. Second-order polynomial regression models that reveal a functional relationship between processing parameters and leaching yields of calcium and magnesium are established and verified by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Model calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The direct (linear) and cross-correlated effects of the processing parameters on the leaching yields are illustrated by three-dimensional (3D) response surfaces. The maximum leaching yields of calcium and magnesium obtained in this work are 65 % and 55 %, respectively, while for chromium the leached amounts are well below legislative limits.

The role of waste banks in the reduction of solid waste sent to landfill in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

Approximately 1,000 tonnes of solid waste are generated in Semarang every day, only 850 tonnes of which are transferred to the Jatibarang Landfill. Solid waste that is not transferred to the landfill can trigger environmental and health problems. With the help of community groups, reduction of solid waste is achievable using ‘the three Rs’ of waste reduction and the implementation of waste banks. Waste banks could act as mediums for depositing waste, improve the socio-economic status of local residents, and develop community connections. Waste banks improve the volume of waste reduction and reduce landfilled waste, helping to extend the operational life of landfills. This study examined the role of waste banks in Semarang and the potential to improve waste management based on the sampling of solid waste generation and composition. This topic was investigated with a purposive sampling method. Results showed that the existing system of waste banks in Semarang is ineffective in reducing waste. However, the system could be improved by increasing waste bank usage, including for various types of valuable waste in Semarang.

Solid Waste Management and Reduction of Agricultural Post-harvest Losses Using Cold-storage: Perceptions of Farmers in Benguet, Philippines

Vegetable harvest in the Philippines are wasted due to spoilage (~42%) posing a challenge to the country’s food security and solid waste management. The study aims to determine current vegetable farming practices and farmer perceptions on the use of cold storage facilities in Benguet Philippines for reducing vegetable waste in the post-handling process system. Specifically, this aims to: identify common high-value crops available and acceptable to farmers for storing in cold storage facilities by developing the actual cropping calendars (planting and harvest schedules) of these high-value crops; quantify waste generated on-farm and during marketing and identify current farmer practices and perceptions on post-harvest handling. Common high value crops for possible cold-storing are green-leafy vegetables since these command high prices when they are available off-season. Waste generated is 7.5% of total produce during harvest while 20-50% is further lost during the marketing. The three main issues of farmers are price, market and the harvesting process. Timely information dissemination on market demands and prevailing vegetable prices, availability and access to storage and cold-storage facilities are necessary to encourage farmers to minimize vegetable waste generated and optimize farmer income.

Mapping of Municipal Solid Waste Transportation System, Case Studies Seberang Ulu Region Palembang City

One of the human activities that affect the state of the environment is the domestic waste disposal. Palembang with economic growth and rapid population does not have adequate solid waste management, which is characterized by wild rubbish heaps in several locations, one of which is in the region Seberang Ulu. The results of this study show that the volume of solid waste generated in the research area by 2.98 liters/person/day. In planning for the needs of solid waste transportation systems, solid waste reduction activities such as solid waste bank unit and the 3R system (TPS 3R) need to be considered, with a target of solid waste reduction was 20%. Solid waste reduction can ultimately extend the life of the landfill. Projected needs garbage container (capacity 6 m3) and garbage trucks (capacity 8 m3 with 5-6 rit/day) in 2027 was 166 and 25 units, with the requirement of solid waste reduction in solid waste bank and 3R unit 29.93 m3/day. The volume of solid waste generated is directly proportional to the increase in population, and solid waste reduction greatly influenced the community’s active role as a producer of garbage.

Effects of Source Separation Education on Solid Waste Reduction in Developing Countries (A Case Study: Ardabil, Iran)

The aim of the present study was to create a source separation and waste reduction culture in Ardabil city in a randomized systematic way. The present semi-experimental study was conducted in two regions of Ardabil city. The number of sample in each region was 100 (50 as control, 50 as case population). In order to determine the effect of the profile of households in regions 1 and 2 and the effect of training on the amount of produced waste and the increase of awareness on source waste separation, two-step sampling, before and after training, was conducted in both groups. Beside a questionnaire also was completed before and after training. The results showed the statistically significant relationship between the income and reduction of produced waste in region 1 and 2. In the case group, level of awareness in regions 1 and 2 was changed from low-medium (first step) to medium-high (second step). Also, amount of produced waste was reduced in second steps in the case group. This result indicates the effect of training as an intervention factor, on waste management. Therefore, the desirable education system should be selected according to the status of society and the cultural, social, and economic conditions of each region and it is advisable to use specialized staff with health and environmental views to train citizens in order to source waste separation and waste management.

Performance Characterization of Waste to Electric Prototype Uses a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine and a Multi-Stage Downdraft Gasification Reactor

In this research, the characterization of waste to electric prototype performance using dual fuel diesel engine and multi stage downdraft gasification reactor was conducted. Syn-gas was produced by gasification process using downdraft gasification reactor with municipal solid waste feeding. The gasification system consists of feeding system, gasification reactor, gas refinery unit, dual fuel engine generator set and system control. Before entering the gasification reactor, municipal solid waste undergoes pre-treatment process, which consists of crusher, mixing and compacting into pellets of solid waste municipal. Municipal solid waste downdraft gasifier reactor converted pellets municipal solid waste throught drying, pyrolisis, partial oxidation and reduction processes to raw syn-gas. Using syn gas refinery unit, content dust and particles on raw syn gas was cleaned by water in current mode in water scrubber, where its also acts like a cooler unit. Syn gas is further used as fuel in dual fuel diesel engines with an input mechanism using a ventury mixer. The ventury mixer mechanism was used to manage the ratio of syn gas and combustion air. Yanmar diesel engine was modified with dual fuel that used air gas integration model and coupled with generator to resulted electrical power output. Downdraft gasification reactor resulted syn gas with efficiency to 66 % with gas composition CO, CH4 and H2 are 18.01%, 1.12% and 12.55% (vol%) and heating value of 4 MJ/Kg. Multistage mechanism can reduce the tar content until only 60 mg/Nm3. Engine performance on dual fuel mode operation with specific fuel consumption 0,17 kg/kwh of diesel fuel and 8 kg/kwh of msw pellets at 80% engine load. Overall, in this dual fuel system, syn gas from gasification process is able to substitute diesel consumption up to 44%.

Study on the Solid Waste Properties and Disposal Methods of Island at Home and Abroad

In order to promote the rational development and utilization of the islands in China, the characteristics and disposal methods of the solid waste of the islands at home and abroad were summarized in this paper, and several proposals for island solid waste management and Chinese island development were mainly discussed in view of the problems. The results show that the island solid waste per capita output was generally higher than the mainland area, and the total output varied with seasons. The organic content of solid waste was higher in the island that mainly developed planting and breeding, while the paper and plastics content of solid waste was higher in the island that mainly developed tourism. Due to the remote location, the cost of solid waste collection and transportation was high. It was difficulty to select landfill site because of the lack of land, and the incineration and compost on islands were not mature enough, and the technique of waste-to-biofuels was still under exploration. Base on the characteristics of island solid waste and the difficulties in the disposal process, solid waste reduction and treatment process improvement on islands were recommended. Three ways of island solid waste disposal were summarized so as to provide reference for sustainable development of Chinese islands.

Waste Management in a Hot Laboratory of Japan Atomic Energy Agency – 3: Volume Reduction and Stabilization of Solid Waste

Waste Management in a Hot Laboratory of Japan Atomic Energy Agency – 3: Volume Reduction and Stabilization of Solid Waste

Effects of Preservation Technology Investment on Waste Generation in a Two-Echelon Supply Chain Model

This study develops an integrated production-inventory model for a two-echelon supply chain network with controllable probabilistic deterioration. The investment in preservation technology is considered a decision variable to control the deteriorated quantity of an integrated system. The objective of the study is to optimize preservation investment, the number of shipments and shipment quantity, so that the total cost per unit of time of the supply chain is minimized. The study proposes a solution method, and the results show that investment in preservation technology reduces the total supply chain cost by 13%. Additionally, preservation increases the lot size, thus increasing the production cycle length, which reduces the ordering cost of the system. Furthermore, this study shows that preservation leads to a reduction of solid waste from deteriorated products. Total deteriorated products reduced to 8 units from 235 units, hence, preservation generates positive environmental benefits along with economic impacts. The robustness of the proposed model is illustrated with a numerical example, sensitivity analysis, and graphical representations. Moreover, comparative study and managerial insights are given to extract significant insights from the model.

Implementation of waste banks for reduction of solid waste in South Surabaya

Surabaya has become one of the cities in Indonesia with the largest volume of solid waste. One way to reduce waste generation in Surabaya City is through waste banks. The number of waste banks in Surabaya is 374 units since 2012, with 0.55 ton/day or a 0.05% reduction effort against total waste. The non-organic municipal waste potential that can be utilized is 40% and the total waste reduction for non-organic waste is 0.13%. The unit price of each type of solid waste is one of the main factors in people’s willingness to sell their solid waste. The higher the price of the waste, the more revenue they will earn. This research is focused in South Surabaya where the greatest number of waste banks is located. Based on typical mass balance analysis, the total waste that can be reduced is 20% for compostable waste and 18.24% for non-compostable waste. Meanwhile, based on research, the total waste is reduced by 10.16% for compostable waste and only 0.343% for non-compostable waste. The reduction potential occurring through the waste bank activities is 0.146% of the total generation of 237,801.9 kg/day. The reduction percentage needs to be increased so that the volume of municipal waste can be suppressed. Therefore, there must be an effort to improve the performance of waste banks or to increase the number of waste bank units.

Development of natural fibre for environmental and sustainable advancement

The increasing attention on renewable resources for a sustainable environment has led to the expansion in the development of high-performance products made from natural resources. Natural fibres that are diffused in the environment in abundance are economical, making this characteristic a value-added engineering, as they exhibit lower cost and can produce lighter composites, as compared to the existing fibreglass reinforced polymer composites. In this study, the involvement of kenaf fibre in chemical treatment on morphological and mechanical properties of the thermoset polyurethane (PU)-(PUKf) composites was firstly proposed and trialled. The results of chemical treatment on kenaf fibre highlight the improvement on the impact strength although the hardness of kenaf composites is reduced. This is compared with different samples, which are pure thermoset PU and kenaf fibre without chemical treatment. Overall, the developments of natural fibre in engineering and energy sectors could significantly enhance the reduction of solid waste and environmental pollution.

Cost Benefit Analysis of Hotel Recycling Practices in India

Waste reduction practices like recycling are not only beneficial to the environment but can provide economic benefits and enhance the image of the Hoteliers. There is a need for more studies on the economic benefits of recycling practices to the hoteliers. This study investigated the cost and benefit analysis of solid waste reduction via recycling in India, by exploring eight highly rated hotels and assessing the average recycling benefits attributed to these hotels in India. The result indicated that by practicing recycling, the hospitality industry would protect the environment while generating economic benefits from waste reduction.

Evaluation of anaerobic digestibility of energy crops and agricultural by-products

Abundant wastes from the food and drink supply chain are valuable and infrequently used as anaerobic digestion (AD) substrates. This study quantifies their biomethane potential to contribute to solid waste reduction and energy production. 29 organic materials were evaluated: energy crops (6), pre-treated agricultural by-products (5), livestock slurries (3), agro-industrial wastes (7), fruit and vegetable wastes (4) and co-digestion mixtures of chicken litter (CL) and fruit wastes (4). Results showed highest biogas yields for rendered fat washings (1379 ± 125 mL/g VSfeedstock), fish waste (898 ± 107 mL/g VSfeedstock) and potato waste (768 ± 27 mL/g VSfeedstock). Synergistic benefits of co-digestion were evidenced. CL (20%) with avocado pulp (80%) led to 84% higher biogas than expected from contribution of single substrates.

Gestão da cadeia de suprimento verde em turismo: percepção de professores universitários

The article is an attempt to understand the percpetions of the lecturers at the Universities of Piaui, Maranhao and Rio Grande do Norte with respect to green supply chain management in the hospitality industry. The methodology used was exploratory qualitative research with the application of three questionnaires relating to environmental practices in the hospitality industry to the tourism lecturers in said Universities. The results of the study indicated that the lecturers fully understand best environmental practice in the hospitality industry, such as the efficient use of water and energy and the reduction of solid waste but that this knowledge does not filter through to the business sector, thus precluding green supply chain management in practice.

Cultura ciudadana para el manejo de residuos sólidos mediante la investigación como estrategia pedagógica

espanolA nivel mundial, en America latina y el Caribe, la cultura ciudadana para el manejo de residuos solidos es una debilidad a nivel poblacional y cultural que termina contaminando el medio. El estudio tuvo como proposito fomentar la cultura ciudadana para el manejo de residuos solidos mediante la investigacion como estrategia pedagogica. La metodologia se oriento bajo el enfoque cualitativo, utilizando el tipo de investigacion accion, desde un diseno descriptivo, exploratorio. Para la recoleccion de datos se utilizaron tecnicas como; observacion participante y diario de campo. La poblacion estuvo conformada por sesenta (60) estudiantes de la IED Tercera Mixta del municipio de Fundacion Magdalena. Dando como resultado el diseno de actividades pedagogicas para identificar las concepciones y habitos de los estudiantes con respecto al manejo de los residuos solidos generados en la institucion propiciando conductas pro ambientales como reciclaje, reutilizacion y reduccion de residuos solidos generados en la institucion y sus alrededores. EnglishAt the global level, in Latin America and the Caribbean, the citizen culture for solid waste management is a weakness at the population and cultural level that ends up contaminating the environment. The purpose of the study was to promote citizen culture for solid waste management through research as a pedagogical strategy. The methodology was oriented under the qualitative approach, using the type of action research, from a descriptive, exploratory design. For the collection of data, techniques such as; participant observation and field diary. The population was conformed by sixty (60) students of the Third Mixed IED of the municipality of Magdalena Foundation. Resulting in the design of pedagogical activities to identify the conceptions and habits of students regarding the management of solid waste generated in the institution, promoting pro environmental behaviors such as recycling, reuse and reduction of solid waste generated in the institution and its surroundings.

FAKTOR PENDORONG KEBERLANJUTAN PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH RUMAH TANGGA BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI KOTA BALIKPAPAN DAN BOGOR

Abstract Solid waste reduction and handling efforts require full community participation. Governments and stakeholders continue to improve solid waste reduction and handling. From 71 million tons of waste was produced, it was only capable of carrying out waste reduction of 6.5 million tons (10%) in 2015. The 3 R movement also has not shown significant result, it was only 7.5% of waste that is processed into compost and recycle, 10% still in the grave in the ground, 5% was burned, and 8.5% unmanaged. As much as 69% of the total waste was dumped into the waste landfill. For that we need an assessment the driving factors of sustainability of community-based solid waste management. This paper aims to analyze the driving factors of sustainability community-based solid waste management in the cities of Bogor and Balikpapan. The approach used in the form of qualitative research methods through the process of description, tendency, and interpretation. The results showed that there are 6 (six) driving factors that play a major role in the sustainability of community-based solid waste management in the cities of Bogor and Balikpapan. The driving factors include the role of community leaders, economic benefits, social benefits, environmental benefits, the management network, and the stimulation and facilitation of local government. Â Keywords: driving, sustainability, domestic waste, and community participation

Effect of Sludge Concentration and Crude Glycerol Matrix as a Substrate on the Production of Single-Cell Oil by Oleaginous Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica SKY7

The disposal of excess crude glycerol produced by the booming biodiesel industry and wastewater sludge solid waste has become a severe problem, and alternate routes of use and valorization of these waste byproducts are needed. The use of cheaply available wastewater sludge solids in fermentation media is very much desirable to reduce the cost of production. The strains of Yarrowia lipolytica can assimilate a wide array of waste substrates, such as crude glycerol, waste cooking oil, starch wastewater, and cellulosic. This study optimized the concentration of wastewater sludge solids (5–35 g/L) to be used with crude glycerol in fermentation media to produce microbial oil as feedstock for biodiesel production. The results indicated that 20 g/L of sludge solids with 40 g/L of crude glycerol resulted in highest lipid content of 29.35% in 96 h. Further, assuming wet extraction of lipids, it was found that at least 11.2% or higher lipid content is required for this process to have an overall positive net solid waste reduction. Insignificant inhibition was observed by the crude glycerol used in this study as compared to pure glycerol, which proves it to be an adequate source of carbon substrate for lipid production.

Review on the innovative uses of steel slag for waste minimization

Piles of steel slag, a solid waste generated from the iron and steel industry, could be seen due to no utility found for the past century. Steel slag has now gained much attention because of its new applications. The properties of slag greatly influence its use and thus had got varied applications. The chemical composition of steel slag varies as the mineral composition of raw material such as iron ore and limestone varies. This paper reviews the characteristics of steel slag and its usage. The paper reviews recent developments in well-known applications to the steel slag such as aggregate in bituminous mixes, cement ingredient, concrete aggregate, antiskid aggregate, and rail road ballast. This paper also reviews novel uses such as mechanomutable asphalt binders, building material, green artificial reefs, thermal insulator, catalyst and ceramic Ingredient. The review is also done on utilization of solid waste for waste management by the novel methods like landfill daily cover material, sand capping, carbon sequestration, water treatment and solid waste management. Review also shows recovery of pure calcium carbonate and heavy metals from slag, providing opportunity for revenue generation. Steel slag once traded as free to use by steel industries is now sold in the market at some price. Its utilization is of great economic significance as it also contributes to the reduction of solid waste.

The potential of household solid waste reduction in Sukomanunggal District, Surabaya

The rapid population growth affects the amount of waste generated. Sukomanunggal Subdistrict is the densest area in West Surabaya which has a population of 100,602 inhabitants with a total area of 11.2 km2. The population growth significantly affects the problem of limited land for landfill facilities (final processing sites). According to the prevailing regulations, solid waste management solutions include the solid waste reduction and management. This study aims to determine the potential reduction of household solid waste at the sources. Household solid waste samplings were performed for eight consecutive days. The samples were then analyzed to obtain the generation rate, density, and composition so that the household solid waste reduction potential for the next 20 years could be devised. Results of the analysis showed that the value of waste is 0.27 kg/person/day, while the total household solid waste generation amounted to 27,162.58 kg/day or 187.70 m3/day. Concerning the technical aspects, the current solid waste reduction in Sukomanunggal Subdistrict has reached 2.1% through the application of waste bank, composting, and scavenging activities at the dumping sites by the garbage collectors. In the year of 2036, the potential reduction of household solid waste in Sukomanunggal Subdistrict has been estimated to reach 28.0%.

Potential reduction of non-residential solid waste in Sukomanunggal district West Surabaya

Sukomanunggal district a development unit 8 with the designation as a regional trade and services, industrial, education, healthcare, offices, and shopping center. The development of this region will make an increasing solid waste generation, especially waste from non-residential facilities. The aims of this research to know the potential reduction of waste source. The method used is the Likert scale questionnaire to determine the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of non-residential facilities manager. Results from this research are the existing reduction of non-residential solid waste is 5.34%, potential reduction of the waste source is optimization of plastic and paper waste with the reduction rate up to 19,52%. The level of public participation existing amounted to 46.79% with a willingness to increase recycling efforts amounted to 72.87%. Efforts that can be developed to increase public awareness of 3R are providing three types of bins, modification of solid waste collection schedule according to a type of waste that has been sorted, the provision of the communal bin.