Reduction Of Ring Research Articles

Electronic Materials: An Antiaromatic Propeller Made from the Four‐Fold Fusion of Tetraoxa[8]circulene and Perylene Diimides

The synthesis of an antiaromatic tetraoxa[8]circulene annulated with four perylene diimides (PDI), giving a dynamic non-planar π-conjugated system, is described. The molecule contains 32 aromatic rings surrounding one formally antiaromatic planarized cyclooctatetraene (COT). The intense absorption (ϵ=3.35×105 M−1 cm−1 in CH2Cl2) and emission bands are assigned to internal charge-transfer transitions in the combined PDI-circulene π-system. The spectroscopic data is supported by density functional theory calculations, and nuclear independent chemical shift calculation indicate that the antiaromatic COT has increased aromaticity in the reduced state. Electrochemical studies show that the compound can reversibly reach the tetra- and octa-anionic states by reduction of the four PDI units, and the deca-anionic state by reduction of the central COT ring. The material functions effectively in bulk hetero junction solar cells as a non-fullerene acceptor, reaching a power conversion efficiency of 6.4 %.

Electronic Materials: An Antiaromatic Propeller Made from the Four-Fold Fusion of Tetraoxa[8]circulene and Perylene Diimides.

The synthesis of an antiaromatic tetraoxa[8]circulene annulated with four perylene diimides (PDI), giving a dynamic non-planar π-conjugated system, is described. The molecule contains 32 aromatic rings surrounding one formally antiaromatic planarized cyclooctatetraene (COT). The intense absorption (ϵ=3.35×105 M-1 cm-1 in CH2 Cl2 ) and emission bands are assigned to internal charge-transfer transitions in the combined PDI-circulene π-system. The spectroscopic data is supported by density functional theory calculations, and nuclear independent chemical shift calculation indicate that the antiaromatic COT has increased aromaticity in the reduced state. Electrochemical studies show that the compound can reversibly reach the tetra- and octa-anionic states by reduction of the four PDI units, and the deca-anionic state by reduction of the central COT ring. The material functions effectively in bulk hetero junction solar cells as a non-fullerene acceptor, reaching a power conversion efficiency of 6.4 %.

Both-Column Acetabular Fractures: Should Pelvic Ring Reduction or Acetabulum be Performed First?

Both-column acetabular fracture is a type that accumulates both the pelvis and acetabulum with complex fracture line alignment and has variant fracture fragments. The selection of different reduction landmarks and sequences produces different qualities of reduction. This study aims to compare the operation-related items, quality of reduction, and hip functional outcome by using different reduction landmarks and sequences for management of both-column acetabular fractures (BCAF). A consecutive cohort of 42 patients from January 2013 to January 2019 with BCAF were treated operatively with different reduction landmarks and sequences: pelvic ring fractures reduction first (PRFRF group) and acetabular fractures reduction first (AFRF group). Preoperative computer visual surgical procedures were applied. There were 22 patients in PRFRF group and 20 patients in AFRF group. The surgical details, complications, radiographic and clinical results were recorded. The quality of reduction was assessed by the Matta scoring system. The functional outcome was evaluated by the modified Merle d'Aubigné and Postel scoring system. The measurement data were analyzed using the t-test of independent samples and rank-sum test of ranked data. The real reduction sequence in both groups was almost identical to the preoperative surgical procedures. The excellent/good quality of reduction in PRFRF group (21/22) was better than AFRF group (17/20). Operative time (152.3 ± 16.3 mins) and intra-operative blood loss (639.5 ± 109.9ml) were significantly reduced in PRFRF group (p < 0.05). The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in PRFRF group (2/22) was less than AFRF group (4/20), but without statistical signification. Selection of an appropriate reduction landmark and sequence could result in better quality of reduction, operative time, and decreased blood loss during treatment of BCAF.

High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor.

We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day–1 (based on 32.2 mmol h–1), using a modified version of our previously reported reactor [Org. Process Res. Dev.2021, 25, 7, 1619–1627], consisting of a static outer electrode and a rapidly rotating cylindrical inner electrode. In this study, we used an aluminum tube as the sacrificial outer electrode and stainless steel as the rotating inner electrode. We have established the viability of using a sacrificial aluminum anode for the electrochemical reduction of naphthalene, and by varying the current, we can switch between high selectivity (>90%) for either the single ring reduction or double ring reduction with >80 g day–1 projected productivity for either product. The concentration of LiBr in solution changes the fluid dynamics of the reaction mixture investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and this affects equilibration time, monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We show that the concentrations of electrolyte (LiBr) and proton source (dimethylurea) can be reduced while maintaining high reaction efficiency. We also report the reduction of 1-aminonaphthalene, which has been used as a precursor to the API Ropinirole. We find that our methodology produces the corresponding dihydronaphthalene with excellent selectivity and 88% isolated yield in an uninterrupted run of >8 h with a projected productivity of >100 g day–1.

Deep learning based correction of low performing pixel in computed tomography

Low Performing Pixel (LPP)/bad pixel in CT detectors cause ring and streaks artifacts, structured non-uniformities and deterioration of the image quality. These artifacts make the image unusable for diagnostic purposes. A missing/defective detector pixel translates to a channel missing across all views in sinogram domain and its effect gets spill over entire image in reconstruction domain as artifacts. Most of the existing ring and streak removal algorithms perform correction only in the reconstructed image domain. In this work, we propose a supervised deep learning algorithm that operates in sinogram domain to remove distortions cause by the LPP. This method leverages CT scan geometry, including conjugate ray information to learn the interpolation in sinogram domain. While the experiments are designed to cover the entire detector space, we emphasize on LPPs near detector iso-center as these have most adverse impact on image quality specially if the LPPs fall on the high frequency region (bone-tissue interface). We demonstrated efficacy of the proposed method using data acquired on GE RevACT multi-slice CT system with flat-panel detector. Experimental results on head scans show significant reduction in ring artifacts regardless of LPP location in the detector geometry. We have simulated isolated LPPs accounting for 5% and 10% of total channels. Detailed statistical analysis illustrates approximately 5dB improvement in SNR in both sinogram and reconstruction domain as compared to classical bicubic and Lagrange interpolation methods. Also, with reduction in ring and streak artifacts, the perceptual image quality is improved across all the test images.

Metabolism of the synthetic cathinone alpha-pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone in humans using UHPLC-MS-QToF

Alpha-pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone (α-PHiP/α-PiHP) is a synthetic drug structurally related to cathine, a natural psychoactive alkaloid isolated from khat plant. α-PiHP is a structural isomer of α-PHP. α-PHP and α-PiHP may be considered as an analogue of α-PVP, a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances by the United Nations. This α-pyrrolidinophenone was first reported to EMCDDA by Slovenia in December 2016. In Hungary it appeared in August 2016 but before 2021 it had been detected in seizures only two times and it had never been identified in biological samples. However, in 2021 its consumption became prevalent in Hungary. α-PiHP was detected in one blood sample and twenty-one urine samples collected during the last two months of 2021 and submitted to our laboratory for forensic toxicological analysis. It means that about 5% of our cases were confirmed positive for α-PiHP during these months. Until February 2022 α-PiHP has been identified in one fatal intoxication case in Poland. This study aims to investigate and rank the in vivo urinary metabolites of α-PiHP. Urinary metabolites of α-PiHP have been investigated by analysing pooled human liver microsome (pHLM) and pooled S9 fraction (pS9) samples in vitro, blank urine samples as negative controls and in vivo urine samples from users ( n = 4) as positive controls using a Waters Xevo G2-XS UHPLC-MS-QToF. The analysis was performed in MSe mode and Unify software was applied to search for metabolites and localize the metabolic transformation according to the fragment ions of the spectra resulted from high energy collisions. Phase I and Phase II metabolites were investigated and ranked according to their relative abundance. In this metabolism study ten in vivo urinary metabolites of α-PiHP were tentatively identified. The identifications were confirmed by use of in vitro metabolites detected in pHLM and pS9 samples. Eight of them were Phase I metabolites and two of them were Phase II metabolites. According to the metabolite ranking study five metabolites were more abundant in urine than the parent compound. For α-PiHP, the two major metabolites via reduction of the keto moiety (M01) and via hydroxylation of the pyrrolidine ring combined with the oxidation of the isoalkyl chain (M06) were identified. The metabolites via the combination of keto reduction and oxidation of the isoalkyl chain (M04), via a ring-opening followed by a caboxylation (M09) and via the glucuronidation of the keto reduced metabolite (M07) were also dominant. The minor metabolites were one Phase II metabolite (M08), two metabolites via oxidation of the isoalkyl chain (M02, M03), one metabolite via the combination of keto reduction and hydroxylation of the pyrrolidine ring (M05) and one metabolite via oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring (M10). As a result of this present study for the urinary metabolites of α-PiHP, its proposed metabolic pathways in humans include reduction of the keto group, oxidation of the isoalkyl chain, oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring to the oxo moiety or ring opening followed by carboxylation, and the combination of these pathways. Finally, it should be pointed out that the detection of relevant metabolites in addition to the parent drug is important for indisputably proving ingestion of the drug. It is especially important in differentiating similar compounds having identical ESI+ fragmentation pattern and very similar retention time but being concerned by different legislation control. Besides, according to the present study the relative abundance for the major metabolites of α-PiHP is much higher than for the parent compound. To sum up, the relevant metabolites are key components in screening and confirmatory methods developed for sensitively and selectively detecting α-PiHP consumption.

N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Iridium and Ruthenium/Iridium Nanoparticles for the Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reaction through C–H Bond Activations

Suppressing aromatic ring reduction in noble-metal-catalyzed H/D exchange reactions remains a challenge. This drawback may be overcome by finding a synergetic effect in bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs). Herein, we report the synthesis of bimetallic lipo- and water-soluble Ru/Ir NPs. They were characterized by state-of-the-art techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared, powder X-ray diffraction, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. These NPs were found to disperse in both organic and aqueous media because of the stabilization and coordination of adequate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands to the NP surface. They were tested in the deuteration of 2-phenylpyridine, 2-methyl-naphthylamine, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthtylamine, and l-lysine using D2 as the isotopic source. Bimetallic NPs showed an unusual selectivity toward the H/D exchange of 2-phenylpyridine, deuterating not only the expected C–H positions close to the N atom but also remote positions on the heterocycle. Additionally, reduction of the aromatic rings, which is a common undesired side reaction catalyzed by Ru NPs, was not observed. These outcomes, rationalized by a synergetic effect of both metals, are enhanced when NHC ligands are on the surface in comparison to model catalysts stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone. With regard to non-aromatic substrates, CH2-α and CH2-ε positions with respect to the amino acid group of l-lysine were fully deuterated, while moderate deuteration of the γ position was observed as the iridium content was increased in the bimetallic system.

Thin-drift-layer n-channel 4H-SiC IGBT with low switching loss and switching ringing reduction

An n-channel 4H-SiC insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with an extremely low switching loss was demonstrated by making 70 μm thin drift layers designed for 6.5 kV blocking voltage, without substrates. A conductivity-modulated bipolar operation was successfully performed as a on-voltage of 4.96 V at a 100 A cm−2 collector current. The turn-off losses under 3.6 kV/32 A operation were 8.8 (at room temperature) and 22.7 mJ (at 150 °C), which were much lower than the estimated losses of SiC IGBTs with thick drift layers. A detailed investigation on turn-off transition of SiC IGBTs specifically focused on a voltage-slope increase was also conducted. This phenomenon can cause ringing in switching characteristics. A device structure has been proposed to eliminate it by controlling the expansion of a depletion layer. Voltage-slope control and ringing reduction without noticeable degradation in static characteristics and switching loss were demonstrated with the SiC IGBT with the proposed device structure.

Proton-coupled electron transfer of macrocyclic ring hydrogenation: The chlorinphlorin

SignificanceThe chemical reduction of unsaturated bonds occurs by hydrogenation with H2 as the reductant. Conversely, in biology, the unavailability of H2 engenders the typical reduction of unsaturated bonds with electrons and protons from different cofactors, requiring olefin hydrogenation to occur by proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Moreover, the redox noninnocence of tetrapyrrole macrocycles furnishes unusual PCET intermediates, including the phlorin, which is an intermediate in tetrapyrrole ring reductions. Whereas the phlorin of a porphyrin is well established, the phlorin of a chlorin is enigmatic. By controlling the PCET reactivity of a chlorin, including the use of a hangman functionality to manage the proton transfer, the formation of a chlorinphlorin by PCET is realized, and the mechanism for its formation is defined.

Anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation by a new salt-tolerant/halophilic and nitrate-reducing Virgibacillus halodenitrificans strain PheN4 and metabolic processes exploration

The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under hypersaline environments has received increasing attention, whereas the study of anaerobic PAH biodegradation under hypersaline environments is still lacking. Here, we found a pure culture designated PheN4, which was affiliated with Virgibacillus halodenitrificans and could degrade phenanthrene with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor and a wide range of salinities (from 0.3% to 20%) under anaerobic environments. The optimal salinity for biodegradation of phenanthrene by PheN4 was 5%, which could degrade 93.5% of 0.62 ± 0.04 mM phenanthrene within 10 days with the initial inoculum of 0.01 gVSS/L. Meanwhile, an increased microbial amount could efficiently promote the phenanthrene biodegradation rate. The metabolic processes of anaerobic phenanthrene biodegradation under hypersaline conditions by PheN4 were proposed based on intermediates and genome analyses. Phenanthrene was initially activated via methylation to form 2-methylphenanthrene. Next, fumarate addition and β-oxidation or direct oxidation of the methyl group, ring reduction and ring cleavage were identified as the midstream and downstream steps. In addition, PheN4 could utilize benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene as carbon sources, but Benz[a]anthracene, pyrene, and Benzo[a]pyrene could not be biodegraded by PheN4. This study could provide some guidance for the bioremediation of PAH pollutants in anaerobic and hypersaline zones.

Morphological Asymmetry of Pelvic Rings: A Study Based on Three-Dimensional Deviation Analysis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the morphological asymmetry of pelvic rings existing in healthy individuals in terms of three‐dimensional (3D) geometric shapes.MethodsThis study was a retrospective self‐control study. CT images of healthy pelvises, scanned from Jan 2014 to Jan 2019, were taken from 159 subjects (88 males and 71 females) aged 20 to 59 years (39.1 ± 8.7 years). Digital pelvic ring models were reconstructed from CT images and then flipped over the corresponding sagittal planes to obtain their mirrored models. A 3D deviation analysis of a pelvic ring was conducted between the original model and its mirrored model via model registration and quantification of the geometric differences. Next, the pelvic rings were split to the left and right hipbones. The same flipping procedures as done by pelvic rings were performed for left hipbones to obtain their mirrored models. A 3D deviation analysis was also performed between the left and right hip bones. Quantitative variables representing deviation mainly included the average deviation (AD) and the maximum deviation (MD). MDs over 4 mm and 10 mm were deemed as critical levels for evaluating the severity of asymmetry as per Matta's scoring system. The quantitative assessments of the asymmetry covered pelvic rings, bilateral hip bones and the specific anatomic regions of a hip bone.Results157 out of 159 pelvic rings (98.74%) had more than 4 mm of the MD and 27 (16.98%) of them exceeded 10 mm of the MD. The MD of pelvic rings was 1.23 times as high as that for the bilateral hip bones (7.46 mm vs. 6.08 mm, P < 0.05). The ADs of pelvic rings and bilateral hip bones were 1.28 mm and 0.94 mm, respectively (P < 0.05); 2.27% of the surface points of a pelvic ring had more than 4 mm geometric deviations compared with its mirrored model, while 0.59% (P < 0.05) of bilateral hip bones were on the same level of deviation. 119 out of 159 pelvic iliac crests (74.8%) had MDs more than 4 mm, and 15 (9.4%) reached 10 mm or more. Only 15 (9.4%) pelvises presented asymmetric features in the area of obturator foramen where the MDs exceeded 4 mm.ConclusionsPelvic asymmetry exists in the general population, but 3D geometric symmetry is present in specific anatomic regions. It implies that restoring the 3D symmetry of specific anatomic regions is more reliable than “restoring the symmetry of pelvic ring” in pelvic ring reduction or pelvic fixation design.

Three-year functional outcome after open pelvic fracture treatment: a retrospective case series from a level I trauma center

PurposeOpen pelvic fractures have high mortality rates, and survivors may have ongoing functional deficits from severe trauma and invasive life-saving procedures. However, there are limited reports regarding the functional status evaluation following open pelvic fractures. We aimed to report the treatment experiences and short-term functional outcomes of patients with open pelvic fractures.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the data of 19 consecutive patients with pelvic fractures who underwent treatment at a single institute between January 2014 and June 2018. The resuscitation protocol, osteosynthesis strategy, reduction quality of the pelvic ring, and functional outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThe incidence and mortality rates in patients with open pelvic fractures were 4.9 and 21.6%, respectively. Ten, one, and seven of the open wounds related to the pelvic fractures were located in Faringer zones I, II, and III, respectively. Fractures of four patients were categorized as classes 1 and 2, and those of 11 patients as class 3, according to the Jones–Powell classification. Eleven of 19 (57.9%) and 9 of 19 (47.5%) revealed excellent reduction quality by Matta/Torenetta and Lefaivre criteria, respectively. The Merle d'Aubigné score improved at each evaluation but stagnated after 24 months. The Majeed hip score also improved at the 12-month evaluation but the improvement stopped thereafter. At a 3-year follow-up, the patients with excellent reduction of the pelvic ring showed the highest functional performances.ConclusionImprovements in functional status of patients with open pelvic fractures can be anticipated based on the reduction quality of the pelvis ring.

Effect of Percutaneous Posterior Pelvic Ring Reduction and Fixation on Patient-Reported Outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to assess patient outcomes using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurements Information System (PROMIS) scores after closed reduction and percutaneous fixation (CRPF) of the posterior pelvic ring and determine whether quality of reduction affects the outcomes. This is a retrospective cohort study. The study involved a Level I trauma center. The study included 46 adult patients with operatively treated pelvic ring injuries (63% OTA/AO 61-B) who underwent CRPF between 2014 and 2018 at a single institution. The intervention involved closed reduction and percutaneous posterior pelvic ring fixation. The main outcome measurements were postoperative patient PROMIS scores, including physical function, pain interference, anxiety, and depression, and radiographic measurements of postoperative displacement and pelvic deformity. After CRPF, PROMIS scores of physical function, pain interference, and anxiety were significantly improved at the time of final follow-up when compared with the first postoperative visit. The amount of malreduction or pelvic deformity did not significantly affect outcome scores; however, results were limited by small sample size. CRPF of posterior pelvic ring injuries results in good functional and radiographic outcomes. Degree of malreduction may not affect outcomes as much as previously believed. Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Behavior and fate of a novel neonicotinoid cycloxaprid in water–sediment systems through position-specific C-14 labeling

Neonicotinoid insecticides are ubiquitous worldwide, are problematic for pollinators and other nontarget creatures and affect the stability of the environment. These negative impacts prompt the ongoing development of alternatives. Cycloxaprid, a novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid, exhibits high efficacy against imidacloprid-resistant pests and is viewed as a promising alternative candidate. However, information about the fate of cycloxaprid in water–sediment systems is limited. To bridge this knowledge gap, radioactive isotope-labeled 14C-cycloxaprid was employed to determine the formation of residues, transformation products, and degradation pathways. First, the mass balance analysis of residue was investigated. The extractable residue of cycloxaprid accounted for 100–40% of the total radioactive residue; cycloxaprid could transform into bound residue (0–54%) and mineralization (0–0.015%). It was partitioned from the water phase to sediments with dissipation half-lives of 6.62 d in the Dianshan Lake sample and 4.61 d in the Jinhui Port sample. Three degradation products were then detected and identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Its main metabolite, 2-chloro-5-[(2-(nitromethylene)-1-imidazolidinyl)methyl]pyridine, was more toxic than the parent compound and should be given priority in monitoring. Ring opening, carboxylation, and reduction of nitro groups were confirmed as the primary degradation pathways. The present study assessed the fate of cycloxaprid in two different water–sediment systems for the first time, and this information could provide insight into the potential ecological impacts of cycloxaprid and more precisely into evaluating its environmental risks in the future.

Tile Type C Pelvic Fractures: Initial Management, Surgery and Rehabilitation Results of 12 Cases with Literature Review

We report the results of 12 patients followed for Tile type C pelvic fractures treated with percutaneous sacroiliac screwing combined to anterior ring reduction and fixation provided by plate or external fixator during the last 4 years. this study was carried out in the light of literature review to focus on the therapeutic principles of the initial management, the different surgical techniques described for the definitive treatment of bone lesions, the current attitude regarding the rehabilitation of patients and the perspectives under development.

Exploration of the biotransformation of phenanthrene degradation coupled with methanogensis by metabolites and enzyme analyses

The ubiquitous environmental contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can be aerobically biodegraded. Strategies for biodegradation of PAHs are needed for the persisted character of it in anoxic environments. In current study, we obtained a highly enriched anaerobic, PAHs-degrading co-culture DYM1, from petroleum-polluted soil. DYM1 significantly degrades a range of PAHs in 4 days without supplementary terminal electron acceptors. Co-culture DYM1 is consists of two microorganisms (a degrading bacterium Paracoccus sp. strain PheM1 and an aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta concilii.) that utilize different carbon sources in a syntrophic metabolic process of phenanthrene. About 93% of phenanthrene (104.5 μM) has been removed under methanogenic conditions after incubation with co-culture DYM1 for 4 d, and produced 33.68 μmol CH4. Carboxylation, which is catalyzed by UbiD-like carboxylase, was proposed as the initial steps of methanogenic phenanthrene-degrading pathway based upon the detection of 2-phenanthroic acid and 4-phenanthrene acid. Reduction and hydration of the benzene rings were followed by the initial reaction. Hydrated phenanthroic acid metabolites were newly detected and characterized under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic degradation of phenanthrene without terminal electron acceptor addition not only sheds light on a poorly understood and environmentally relevant biological process, but also supply a novel approach to recover the energy of toxic pollutant in forms of methane.

Scalable Birch reduction with lithium and ethylenediamine in tetrahydrofuran.

The Birch reduction dearomatizes arenes into 1,4-cyclohexadienes. Despite substantial efforts devoted to avoiding ammonia and cryogenic conditions, the traditional, cumbersome, and dangerous procedure remains the standard. The Benkeser reduction with lithium in ethylenediamine converts arenes to a mixture of cyclohexenes and cyclohexanes; this is operationally easier than the Birch reduction but does not afford 1,4-cyclohexadienes. Here, we report a Birch reduction promoted by lithium and ethylenediamine (or analogs) in tetrahydrofuran at ambient temperature. Our method is easy to set up, inexpensive, scalable, rapid, accessible to any chemical laboratory, and capable of reducing both electron-rich and electron-deficient substrates. Our protocol is also compatible with organocuprate chemistry for further functionalization.

Synthesis and characterization of axially modified Zn(II) porphyrin complexes for methylene blue dye oxidative degradation

In the present work, we report synthesis, structural elucidation and photophysical properties of new pentacoordinated Zn(II) porphyrinates (1-2). Complexes with formula [Zn(TEBOP)(DABCO)](DABCO) (1) [TEBOP = meso-tetrakis(ethyl-4(4-butyryl)oxyphenyl) porphyrinato), DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane], and (2) [Zn(TEBOP)(pyz)] [pyz = pyrazine] have been studied to explore the effects of axial ligand on the structural and photophysical properties of [Zn(TEBOP)]. Both the solution and solid-state characterization unambiguously confirmed the pentacordinated nature of the complexes 1 and 2. The X-ray molecular structures showed that these complexes exhibited high ruffling deformation. We showed here that some of the optical properties (absorption features and quantum yield) could be modulated by varying the axial ligand whereas emission wavelength (λem) and lifetime (τf) values were found to remain unchanged. Electrochemical studies suggested that the characteristic reduction and oxidation potentials of the porphyrin ring varied with the axial ligand. Finally, [Zn(TEBOP)] and complexes 1 and 2 were checked for the oxidative degradation of methylene blue (C0 = 30 mg/L, T = 22°C, pH = 6, H2O2 = 4 mL/L). The degradation yields followed the order: [Zn(TEBOP)] + H2O2 (47%) > 2 (38.5.9%) > 1 (26.9%).

An Improved Commercially Feasible Process for Flecainide Acetate

Commercially viable manufacturing process for Flecainide Acetate (I) conforming to regulatory specification and cost effective process is reported. Specifically, an improved process for the preparation of Flecainide Acetate allows isolation of anhydrous hydrochloride salt of Compound III, which facilitates the reduction of the pyridine ring with the only catalytic amount of platinum on carbon within 2 hours Therefore, simplifies the synthesis and isolation of Flecainide acetate on a commercial scale to a considerable extent.

Remediation of Diethyl Phthalate in Aqueous Effluents with TiO2-Supported Rh0 Nanoparticles as Multicatalytic Materials

An innovative “domino” process, based on an arene hydrogenation followed by a photocatalytic step, was designed for the remediation of endocrine disrupting compounds, in highly concentrated aqueous effluents. The novelty relies on the use of TiO2-supported zerovalent Rh nanoparticles as multicatalytic materials (MCMs) for this two-step treatment, applied on diethyl phthalate, which is a model aromatic pollutant frequently present in aquatic environments. This nanocomposite advanced material, which was easily prepared by a green, wet impregnation methodology, proved to be active in the successive reactions, the reduction in the aromatic ring, and the photodegradation step. This sustainable approach offers promising alternatives in the case of photoresistive compounds.