Reduce Pollution Levels Research Articles

Trends, Extreme Events and Long-term Health Impacts of Particulate Matter in a Southern Indian Industrial Area.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-023-06302-y.

The effect of community mobility changes to air quality in Java-Bali during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic

Previous studies found a reduction in pollution levels when travel was banned due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify the changes in community mobility and air quality, as well as to analyze the effect of community mobility changes on air quality during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used daily secondary data from Google Mobility Report and station data archive of Air Quality Monitoring System (AQMS) which records Air Pollutant Index Standard (ISPU). This study focused on the early phase of the pandemic (15th Feb – 15th June 2020) in six provinces in Java and Bali. This study used panel regression and GIS. The results show that there is 35-90% reduction in mobility and also some decreases in air quality pollutants. Furthermore, it was shown that there is a positive relationship between ISPU and mobility. Community mobility explains ISPU in Bali, the Special Region of Yogyakarta, the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, and East Java by 24%, 53%, 13%, 3.7%, 20%, and 39% respectively. Meanwhile, the combined influence of the six provinces is 18.8%. The variable that has a significant effect is the community mobility changes on transit stations. Every 1% increase in the transit station's mobility is capable to increase ISPU by 0.4.

Hydrogen supply chain: Current status and prospects

AbstractIn the current world energy scenario with rising prices and climate emergencies, the renewable energy sources are essential for reducing pollution levels triggered by carbon‐based fuels. Hydrogen rises in the world energy scenario as an important non‐carbon‐based energy able to replace fossil fuels. For this reason, the rapid development of hydrogen‐related technology has been seen in recent years. This review paper covers hydrogen energy systems from fossil fuel‐based hydrogen production, biomass and power from renewable energy sources, to hydrogen storage in compressed gases, liquefied and solid materials, and hydrogen‐based power generation technology. It represents a quiet complete set of references that may be effective in increasing the prospects of hydrogen as a fuel in the coming years. The main conclusions drawn are that natural gas and coal supply nearly all of the current hydrogen. The commercially available technologies for hydrogen production are steam methane reforming, partial oxidation, and alkaline electrolysis. The most economical methods for hydrogen production are partial oxidation, steam methane reforming, coal gasification, and biomass gasification. Metallic cylindrical reservoirs are the most promising alternative to underground storage of compressed hydrogen at large scales. Some metal compounds and composites can store a significant amount of hydrogen while maintaining reasonable adsorption and desorption kinetics. The transportation sector is likely to see widespread use of hydrogen in the future, helping to reduce pollution. Vehicles can be powered by fuel cells, which are much more efficient than internal combustion engines. There are still several obstacles in the way of widespread hydrogen utilization. The first one is that the cost of producing hydrogen from low‐carbon sources is elevated. As the cost of renewable energy declines and hydrogen production is scaled up, it is anticipated that the hydrogen production costs would decrease over the next years. Innovative technologies are expected to increase the interest on thermochemical hydrogen production to massively substitute electrochemical technologies since they are theoretically cost‐effective. More research is needed to fix concerns with some of the thermochemical cycles in order to rise its maturity. Increasing the chemical reaction conversion ratios, which can be resolved utilizing nonequilibrium reactions, is one of them. The transportation sector is likely to see extensive use of hydrogen in the future, helping to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The power required by vehicles may be supplied by fuel cells, which are more efficient than internal combustion engines.

Battery thermal management system for the cooling of Li-Ion batteries, used in electric vehicles

Conventional technology has avital role in increased greenhouse gas emission, which is harmful for the environment. A major part of rising emission is emitted by traditional vehicle technologies. The use of carbon-based fuels plays a major roll in rising pollution levels. The amount of pollution can be reduced nearly sixty percent. Globally by avoiding fossil fuel. Vehicles are gaining popularity. Now day Electric vehicles (EVs) have nearly negligible tail emissions, which contributes significantly to reduce pollution levels. Lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries in EVs, performance well within a small temperature range. There for management of temperature of Li-Ion battery pack is important for battery pack & cell life BTMS is used for effective temperature management. The Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is the component in charge of controlling and dissipating the heat produced by the electrochemical reactions taking place in the cells, enabling the battery to function safely and effectively. Air-based, liquid-based, and phase change material (PCM)-based are the three most frequent mediums utilized in BTMSs. Future work will focus on liquid-cooled BTMSs, PCM based & hybrid type BTMSs. The lithium-ion battery pack gives better performance in the temperature limits of 15 °C to 35 °C. This review paper talks about how thermal management systems (BTMSs) can be used with different methods and materials to keep the temperature within the desirable range (15 °C to 35 °C).

Reduced pollution level and ecological risk of mercury-polluted sediment in a alkali-chlorine factory’s brine water storage pond after corrective actions: A case study in Southern Taiwan

Reduced pollution level and ecological risk of mercury-polluted sediment in a alkali-chlorine factory’s brine water storage pond after corrective actions: A case study in Southern Taiwan

A Low-Cost Wearable Autonomous System for the Protection of Bicycle Users

A bicycle is a form of transport that not only positively impacts the health of users, and the general population by reducing pollution levels but also constitutes an accessible and affordable means of transport for developing societies. However, when coexisting with other forms of transport, the accident rate is elevated, and the risk is high. Among the factors contributing to accidents involving bicycles are collisions with motor vehicles. These accidents can occur when a motor vehicle maneuvers and does not see the bicycle or when a motorist drives distracted. These types of accidents can be avoided if cyclists and motorists are aware of the environment and respect traffic laws and safety regulations. This research aims to develop a low-cost autonomous electronic system that provides extra protection to bicycle users, particularly by making them visible to other road users on cloudy days or at night. The system uses a 32-bit processor with brightness and acceleration sensors that trigger visual alerts to both the bicycle user and possible nearby vehicles. It also monitors and logs the signals on a server for route evaluation. The laboratory successfully evaluated the prototype, demonstrating its autonomy and performance. The test results obtained demonstrate the system’s capacity to provide extra protection, in addition to its robustness and accuracy.

Investigations on reduction of pollutants in spark ignition engine

With a great vulnerability to oil embargoes and shortage of fossil fuels, attention is focussed on development of alternative fuel sources. Therefore alternative fuels like alcohol are preferred due to their comparable properties with gasoline. Reduction of exhaust emissions from engines has been focused and given importance in the development of new engines. The aim of the investigations is to determine and control of pollutants of the variable speed engine with piston surface, coated with copper and also inner side of the cylinder head as well as liner fuelled with gasohol [80% of gasoline blended with 20% of ethanol] by varying timing of spark ignition coupled with catalytic converter using catalyst of sponge iron incorporating air injection in catalytic chamber. The operating conditions of the investigations were configuration of the engine and ignition timing, with and without the provision of catalytic chamber. The exhaust emissions of carbon mono oxide (CO), un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. CO emissions, UBHC emissions and NOx levels were evaluated with sophisticated analyzer at various values of BMEP of the engine. Copper coated engine with gasohol at its optimum ignition timing reduced pollution levels. Catalytic converter reduced pollution levels by 40% and further reduction of emissions were pronounced with the injection of air. The ignition timing which was found to be optimum with CE was 280bTDC (before top dead centre), while it was 270b TDC with copper coated engine (CCE).

Manual Production of Green Current, Green Hydrogen and Green Oxygen for the Benefit of Daily Income of Poor People of Any Country

From Kasmir to Kanyakumari, as India is having many poor people with no daily income, based on humanity, we are making an advanced technical attempt to help them with a possible daily income by manual production of green current, green hydrogen and green oxygen. To have sufficient fuel, to have an efficient fuel and to reduce pollution levels, world transportation system badly needs eco-friendly hydrogen and the whole earthy environment is in a serious quest for oxygen. To resolve the above basic issues, it is planned to produce hydrogen and oxygen by means of alkaline electrolysis with external magnetic field (IIT, Mumbai, India) for a better productivity, accomplished by electricity produced from medium capacity alternators operated by human physical energy. To fulfill this requirement, it is planned to take the help of illiterates, healthy beggars, Rikshawala like poor people and farmers having no crop field or no crop yield. With efficient pedaling and gearing mechanisms associated with heavy fly wheels, 10 of 20 persons forming as a group can be allowed to run any alternator round the clock in 8-hour shift system for 4 alternative hours without any physical strain. By considering our proposal, 1) Hydrogen fuel required for running Fuel cells and Internal combustion engines can be generated in large quantity with a de-central system having unlimited number of medium capacity alternators spread across entire India. 2) Generated oxygen can be released to atmosphere and air pollution levels can be diluted to a greater extent across India. 3) Recycled waste water or sewage water can also be used. 4) Multiple number of small scale units can be set up with 5 to 10 alternators and production of hydrogen by electrolysis can be increased from 5% to (30 to 40) % of total production of hydrogen. 5) To some extent, as long as Hydrogen is considered as a fuel, employment problem, hydrogen scarcity and air pollution issues can be resolved. With further study, research and direct involvement of state and central governments, industrialists, scientists and engineers, this proposal can be implemented a full-fledged manner from Kashmir to Kanykumari. Our proposal can be considered as one of the best coordinating schemes for-fulfilling Indian transportation fuel needs, Indian poor people struggling for getting daily wages and saving mother earth from CO2, SO2 and NOx like harmful gases. This project can be implemented in any country having poor people.

Lockdown as an Empirical Strategy to Curb Air Pollution: Evidence from a Quasi‐Natural Experiment

AbstractIn this study, three approaches namely parallel, sequential, and multiple linear regression are applied to analyze the local air quality improvements during the COVID‐19 lockdowns. In the present work, the authors have analyzed the monitoring data of the following primary air pollutants: particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). During the lockdown period, the first phase has most noticeable impact on airquality evidenced by the parallel approach, and it has reflected a significant reduction in concentration levels of PM10 (27%), PM2.5 (19%), NO2 (74%), SO2 (36%), and CO (47%), respectively. In the sequential approach, a reduction in pollution levels is also observed for different pollutants, however, these results are biased due to rainfall in that period. In the multiple linear regression approach, the concentrations of primary air pollutants are selected, and set as target variables to predict their expected values during the city's lockdown period.The obtained results suggest that if a 21‐days lockdown is implemented, then a reduction of 42 µg m−3 in PM10, 23 µg m−3 in PM2.5, 14 µg m−3 in NO2, 2 µg m−3 in SO2, and 0.7 mg m−3 in CO can be achieved.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on the Quality and Pollution of Irrigation Water in the Dams of Jordan

While the world continues to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on public health and the economy, among other issues (e.g., the environment), water, as a major component of the environment, has been significantly affected. This research aims to examine the quality and pollution of irrigation water in six selected vital dams in Jordan, in terms of the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) and Irrigation Water Pollution Index (IWPI), respectively, in view of determining any changes in the water quality and pollution load between the COVID-19 lockdown and the pre-COVID-19 period. The results of this study revealed that all of the studied dams showed an improvement in the quality of irrigation water and a reduction in pollution levels during the COVID-19 lockdown. This was due to a decrease in industrial, anthropogenic, urban, and agricultural activities, and strict restrictions on mobility and transportation. The improvement percentage in the irrigation water quality during the lockdown based on the IWQI model was in the following order: King Talal dam > Al-Kafrein dam > Al-Wehdeh dam > Kufranja dam > Wadi Al-Arab dam > Zeqlab dam, which is similar to the order of the reduction percentage in pollution based on the IWPI model. Therefore, the results of the IWPI model are consistent with those of the IWQI model. The classification of irrigation water based on the IWQI values indicated that the irrigation water quality of Al-Wehdeh and King Talal dams changed to better categories during the lockdown. All values of physicochemical and biological parameters in the dams’ water were within the Jordanian and international (FAO) standard limits for irrigation, except for the Na concentrations in some dams that were above the FAO standards.

Does green technology advancement and renewable electricity standard impact on carbon emissions in China: role of green finance.

Renewable energy growth should be accelerated in order to meet our goal of carbon neutrality and peak carbon emissions. Laws like the Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) are becoming increasingly important in producing renewable energy. Using green technology advancements is seen as balancing economic growth with environmental security. Though the connection between green technology advancements and CO2 emissions is poorly understood, empirical research is lacking, especially in developing countries. Climate change action now falls under a single overarching contract, signed in Paris on November 4, 2016. Global warming mitigation aims to keep temperature increases to no more than 2°C above preindustrial levels. By 2060, China intends to reach carbon neutrality by developing green technologies (GTI). Because of these interconnections, this research explores the relationship between green technology innovation (GI) and renewable energy investment (REI) in selected Chinese provinces from 2005 to 2019. GI, REI, urbanization, industrial value-added, and income per capita were all considered in the STIRPAT model. We used a panel of chosen regions to test two relatively new panel estimation methods empirically: "continuously updated fully modified" (Cup-FM) and "continuously updated bias-corrected" (Cup-BC). According to our findings, urbanization and green technological developments positively impact CO2 emission reduction. The panel also finds that investments in renewable energy and the industrial sector fail to reduce pollution levels. A positive and negative coefficient of income per capita indicates that the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis is valid for the Chinese provinces. The results provide vital strategy insights and recommendations for the panel of experts and countries worldwide.

Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on environmental health in Kuwait

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. In response, the State of Kuwait applied a series of three lockdown measures in 2020. Previous research highlighted the positive impact of lockdown measures on environmental health and safety by reducing air pollution levels. While this prior work demonstrated the effectiveness of lockdown measures on reducing pollution levels in different geographical locations, there is limited evidence that shows whether the lockdowns implemented in Kuwait were effective in terms of reducing air pollution. Thus, the main goal of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown measures taken in Kuwait on the concentrations of the following pollutants: Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5), Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Ozone (O3). Data from two different air monitoring stations (Aljahra and Alahmadi) was used to compare pollution levels from three lockdown intervals – two partial lockdowns and one total lockdown. A sequential approach was utilized in the current study where air quality data during the three lockdown periods was compared with air quality data during the pre-lockdown period. The main findings indicated that NO2 concentrations decreased by 48%, 63%, and 48% after the first partial, total lockdown, and second partial lockdowns, respectively in Aljahra station. Meanwhile, Ozone concentrations increased by 30-100% across all lockdown periods for both stations. Finally, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations did not decrease after the total lockdown. This research urges public policy experts to consider immediate measures to mitigate the environmental, health, and safety risks posed by air pollution.

Emissions and spatial distribution of air pollutants from anthropogenic sources in Jakarta

This study aims to develop emission inventory and emission spatial distribution of NOX, CO, PM2.5, PM10, NMVOC, BC, and SO2 from anthropogenic sources in Jakarta from 2015 to 2030, using 2015 as a baseline year. The results from this study can be very important to improve the emission data for Jakarta and contribute to the global emission model. Emissions of these pollutants were calculated using GAINS (Greenhouse gas Air pollution INteractions and Synergies) model, considering implementation of emission standards for transport and stationary combustion sources as well as policies stimulating accelerated electrification of vehicle fleets and vehicle scrapping programs. The impact of current policies to emission reduction was also evaluated in this study. The total 2015 emissions of NOX, CO, PM2.5, PM10, NMVOC, BC and SO2 were estimated at around 53 Gg, 144 Gg, 4.6 Gg, 6 Gg, 48.6 Gg, 1.2 Gg, and 20 Gg, respectively. The biggest contribution for NOx, CO, BC and NMVOC emissions originated from road transportation sector which contributed about 57%, 93% and 75%, 96% respectively, while for SO2, industrial combustion contributed about 67%. Heavy duty vehicles contribute the most NOx and BC emissions in the transport sector, while motorcycles emit the most CO. PM2.5 and PM10 in Jakarta are mostly emitted from road transportation and industrial combustion sectors, which contributed around 43%–46% for each sector. Heavy duty vehicles were still the highest contributor of PM2.5 emission in the transport sector. Based on emission spatial distribution and the AERMOD dispersion model, the highest concentration of all pollutants was found in the central of Jakarta, where traffic activities are very busy. Policy implementation could effectively reduce pollution levels in Jakarta. The accelerated implementation of electric vehicles, stringent emission standards, and transport management measures like electronic road pricing could significantly contribute to the reduction of PM2.5, PM10 as well as BC.

Do Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy, and Environmental-Related Technologies Asymmetrically Reduce Ecological Footprint? Evidence from Pakistan

Can Pakistan’s environmental-related technologies (ERT) and nuclear and renewable energy mitigate environmental pollution? As global warming and climate change rise dramatically, economies shift to friendly energy substitutions and eco-friendly technologies, contributing to the mitigation of environmental contamination. In this scenario, policy and academic analysts have paid more concentration to renewable and nuclear energy deployment with ERT installation. To achieve this goal, the present study scrutinizes the asymmetric effects of nuclear energy, renewable energy, and ERT on the ecological footprint of Pakistan. The current research applies a novel non-linear autoregressive distributive lag method from 1991 to 2020. The results of the current analysis show that negative changes in nuclear energy increase emissions levels in the long run, while positive and negative changes in renewable energy deployment significantly overcome the burden on the environment. Similarly, positive and negative changes in ERT reduce pollution levels in the long run. Moreover, these long-run outcomes are analogous to short-run findings for Pakistan. Therefore, there is a dire requirement to increase the consumption of renewable and nuclear energy sources and take advantage of the noteworthy impact of an uncontaminated atmosphere through clean ERT potentials.

Nickel pollution pathways in small ecosystem, Egypt

Nickel has negative human health effects depending on dose and length of exposure; it is classified as a class 1 carcinogen. Nickel pollution threatens Saft Rashin village, Egypt. The area’s crops are highly contaminated with nickel, suggesting them as bioaccumulators. Nickel daily intake exceeds twofold the permissible limits. To fully understand the pollution process, Ni concentrations in every input/output were determined and have been normalized to grams per hectare per year (g ha−1 year−1). Geochemical mass balance (GMB) revealed that dustfall is the major Ni input (88.8%) followed by P-fertilizers (11.2% of the total inputs). Nickel in dust is mainly related to traffic emissions. On the other hand, plant uptake removes about 90% of the total nickel input. The remaining 10% accumulates in the soil with a retention rate of 44.7 g ha−1 year−1. Accordingly, using new diesel models that are more efficient and less polluting can reduce pollution levels; likewise, use eco-friendly fertilizers. Egyptian clover is recommended as a phytoremediator to remove Ni from growth media for its high efficiency and low planting cost.

Effective energy utilization through economic development for sustainable management in smart cities

Innovative cities that use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) while guaranteeing that they meet current generations’ needs for life quality, operating efficiency, and competitive nature are known as Smart Sustainable Cities (SSCs). Green spaces and eco-friendly practices are integrated into the urban area to reduce pollution levels and CO2 emissions and protect the natural resources within the city. Apps for smart cities are designed to control traffic and respond to emergencies in real-time. Therefore, smart cities may be better equipped to react to challenges than those with a straightforward transaction processing relationship with their residents. Existing high-speed internet and underground wiring in major metro areas are both in need of replacement due to deterioration from decades of use. Although the availability of wireless broadband service is expanding, some parts of the country’s largest cities are still without it. In order to maintain cities in a sustainable fashion, there are several obstacles that must be faced. Congestion, a lack of funding for essential services, a lack of suitable accommodation, deteriorating infrastructure, and increasing air pollution are all common problems in cities. The major challenges such as the best use of urban buildings’ energy generation, storage, consumption, fossil fuel use, disregard for the environment, and limited internet technology (IT) architecture are all contributing factors in the city’s decline addressed in this research. Therefore, this paper proposes the social collaboration of renewable energy resources (SC-RER) technique to overcome the basic challenges described above. With the help of the proposed technique, local renewable energy sources can be used to their full potential. Smart block innovation (SBI) is used to make smart community planning mode. Energy-Efficiency (EE) model is framed to reduce the energy consumed significantly. As a result, it helps increase the method’s efficiency to gain a 95.4% maximum level, suitable for making sustainable smart cities.

MEASURING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC POLICIES ON CO2 EMISSIONS: WAYS TO ACHIEVE GREEN ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN THE POST-COVID-19 ERA

Regional attempts to reduce pollution levels emerging from the European Union (EU) relative to 2010 are contrasted with unique policies of individual member countries’ aims to achieve a 10% reduction per country. Given this scenario, this research expands on the topic by developing a novel framework that links macroeconomic policies, total national expenditure per person, traditional energy use, renewable energy use, and CO2 emissions levels in EU countries from 1990 to 2016. The study utilizes the second generation cross-sectional-autoregressive-distributed lag (CS-ARDL) panel data method. According to the study’s findings, the monetary instruments of growth exacerbated the adverse effects of CO2 emissions, and by tightening monetary policy, the harmful effects of CO2 emissions levels have been reduced. Further, the Granger causality test indicates a bidirectional causality between monetary policy and CO2 emissions levels, and unidirectional causality from the policy assessment for energy use. The finding confirms that the assessment policy recommendations on energy consumption have future effects on ecological value.

The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on global air quality: A review.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. As a preventive measure, the majority of countries adopted partial or complete lockdown to fight the novel coronavirus. The lockdown was considered the most effective tool to break the spread of the coronavirus infection worldwide. Although lockdown damaged national economies, it has given a new dimension and opportunity to reduce environmental contamination, especially air pollution. In this study, we reviewed, analyzed and discussed the available recent literature and highlighted the impact of lockdown on the level of prominent air pollutants and consequent effects on air quality. The levels of air contaminants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) decreased globally compared to levels in the past few decades. In many megacities of the world, the concentration of PM and NO2 declined by > 60% during the lockdown period. The air quality index (AQI) also improved substantially throughout the world during the lockdown. Overall, the air quality of many urban areas improved slightly to significantly during the lockdown period. It has been observed that COVID-19 transmission and mortality rate also decreased in correlation to reduced pollution level in many cities.

Predictive modeling to determine oxygen and ozone doses applicable to in situ remediation of polluted water bodies

This work shows the results for the first time of calibrating and validating a mathematical model, capable of predicting the amounts of O3 and O2 necessary to reduce pollution levels in a lake based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and fecal coliforms (FC) concentrations. The model was designed to treat a natural or artificial lake as though it were an aerated lagoon operating as an idealized continuous flow complete-mix reactor. The O3 yield constant for eliminating the non-biodegradable fraction of COD and for deactivating fecal coliforms were laboratory derived and calibrated with field values. Based on the field parameters, the model accurately predicted a reduction in BOD5, COD, TN, TP and FC of 53%, 51%, 39%, 42% and 98%, respectively. The model proved to be effective in predicting O2 and O3 demand and time of recovery of a polluted water body.

A STUDY ON AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDEX (APTI) AND ANTICIPATED PERFORMANCE INDEX (API) OF SOME PLANTS

Due to industrialization, urbanization and increasing number of vehicles air pollution has turn out to be serious problem today. Now a days particulate matter shows the undesirable effects on plants, animals and human beings also. Tree plantation programme is the best ways to control the air pollution. Most of the plants filter the air by their aerial elements. Vegetation naturally cleanses the atmosphere by absorbing gases and some particulate matters through leaves so they work as sink for air pollution and reduce pollution level in atmosphere. Leaves function as an efficient pollutant trapping device. Air pollution can directly affects plants via leaves or indirectly via soil acidification. Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) is an intrinsic quality of trees to control air pollution problems. The trees higher tolerance index are tolerance towards air pollution and can be used a source to control air pollution. Air pollution tolerance index can be used as an indicator of rate of air pollution. By combining biochemical and aggregate factors the anticipated performance index (API) is prepared which is used as development of green belt. Thus, the assessment of APTI and API potential of different trees are used to control air pollution.